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Charles and Elaine Eastman: Their Years in St

Charles and Elaine Eastman: Their Years in St

RAMSEY COUNTY The St. Paul Camera Club Celebrates Its 125th Anniversary HıstoryA Publication of the Ramsey County Historical Society Bob Muschewske Spring 2018 Volume 53, Number 1 —Page 15

Charles and Elaine Eastman: Their Years in St. Paul, 1893–­ 1898 Teresa Swanson, Sydney Beane, and William Beane, page 3

When Dr. Charles A. Eastman and his wife, Elaine Goodale Eastman, right, left the Lakota reservation in and relocated to St. Paul in 1893, they chose a place where Charles had deep ancestral roots as can be seen in this excerpt from Joseph Nicollet’s 1843 map of the Hydrographic Basin of the Upper Mississippi. Nicollet labelled the area where the meets the River COUNTRY. It is also known to Dakota as Bdote, the place “where two waters come together.” Barely discernible on the map are the locations of , St. Anthony Falls, the lakes of , and Carver’s Cave, sites that today are in Minneapolis and St. Paul. The photos of Charles and Elaine Eastman are courtesy of the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.; map courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY RAMSEY COUNTY President Chad P. Roberts Founding Editor (1964–2006) Virginia Brainard Kunz Editor Hıstory John M. Lindley Volume 53, Number 1 Spring 2018 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY the mission statement of the ramsey county historical society BOARD OF DIRECTORS adopted by the board of directors on January 25, 2016: James Miller Preserving our past, informing our present, inspiring our future Chair Jo Anne Driscoll First Vice Chair Carl Kuhrmeyer C O N T E N T S Second Vice Chair Susan McNeely 3 Charles and Elaine Eastman: Their Years in St. Paul, 1893–1898 Secretary Teresa Swanson, Sydney Beane, and William Beane Kenneth H. Johnson Treasurer 15 The St. Paul Camera Club Celebrates Its 125th Anniversary Mari Oyanagi Eggum, Jo Emerson, Thomas Bob Muschewske Fabel, Martin Fallon, Tim Glines, John Guthmann, Susan Handley, Richard B. 22 “An Architectural Freak” Is Saved Heydinger, Jr., Janine Joseph, Judy Kishel, David Kristal, Robert W. Mairs, Jeffry Martin, How St. Paul’s Federal Courts Building and Father Kevin M. McDonough, Jonathan H. Post Office Became Today’s Landmark Center Morgan, Robert Muschewske, Chad P. Roberts, Roxanne Sands, George T. Stephenson, James A. Bob Roscoe Stolpestad, Chris Taylor, Jerry Woelfel. EDITORIAL BOARD Publication of Ramsey County History is supported in part by a gift from Anne Cowie, chair, James B. Bell, Thomas H. Clara M. Claussen and Frieda H. Claussen in memory of Henry H. Cowie Jr. Boyd, John Diers, Martin Fallon, John and by a contribution from the late Reuel D. Harmon Guthmann, Lisa L. Heinrich, John M. Lindley, Jeffry Martin, James Miller, John Milton, Laurie M. Murphy, Robert Muschewske, Paul D. Nelson, Richard H. Nicholson, Jay Pfaender, David Riehle, Chad P. Roberts, Steve Trimble, A Message from the Editorial Board Mary Lethert Wingerd. HONORARY ADVISORY BOARD n the 1890s, St. Paul was a burgeoning city. Dr. and his wife, William Fallon, William Finney, George Elaine Goodale, arrived from the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, where Latimer, Joseph S. Micallef, Marvin J. Pertzik, I James Reagan. Eastman had served as a doctor. Eastman had been to medical school in but RAMSEY COUNTY COMMISSIONERS was brought up in the traditional Dakota way. Teresa Swanson, Sydney Beane, and Commissioner Jim McDonough, chair William Beane recount how, during several years spent in St. Paul, Eastman wrote Commissioner Toni Carter Commissioner Blake Huffman and published a number of culturally accurate Dakota stories in the national press. Commissioner Mary Jo McGuire Commissioner Rafael Ortega About the same time the Eastmans lived in the city, ground was broken on the im- Commissioner Victoria Reinhardt pressive Federal Courts Building, now Landmark Center. Bob Roscoe shares how, Commissioner Janice Rettman Julie Kleinschmidt, manager, through patient maneuvering, cultural leaders in St. Paul managed to save it from Ramsey County the wrecking ball in the 1970s and preserve it for, among other uses, RCHS’s own Ramsey County History is published quarterly by the Ramsey County Historical Society, 323 offices and Research Center! And members of the St. Paul Camera Club, which Landmark Center, 75 W. Fifth Street, St. Paul, MN was organized in 1893, may have taken photographs of that building as it went up 55102 (651-222-0701). Printed in U.S.A. Copy- right © 2018, Ramsey County His torical Society . over the city. Camera Club and RCHS board member Bob Muschewske tells us ISSN Number 0485-9758. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted the history of this group, which reflected growing interest in this art form and still or otherwise reproduced without written encourages it today. permission from the publisher. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by Anne Cowie contributors. E-mail address: [email protected]; web site address: www.rchs.com Chair, Editorial Board

2 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY Charles and Elaine Eastman: Their Years in St. Paul, 1893– 1898

Teresa Swanson, Sydney Beane, and William Beane Ohiyesa remained in Canada with his wedded to a indian uncida, was adopted by his uncle, Phezuta The child poet of sky farm becomes Mrs. Eastman Wahan (Mysterious Medicine), and was raised traditionally. They assumed they One of the most picturesque weddings of the season was that which occurred yes- would never see Wakanhdiota or Hinhan terday noon of Miss Elaine Goodale, eldest daughter of Henry Sterling Goodale, Duta again. But when Ohiyesa was and Dr. Charles Eastman, a Sioux Indian, whose only white ancestor was a fifteen-years old, his father, who had em- grandfather on his mother’s side. The ceremony took place in the Church of the braced Christianity in prison and been Ascension, Fifth Avenue and Tenth Street. The friends of the young couple nearly baptized Jacob Eastman, made his way filled the church, but besides these there were present a large number of persons to Canada to reclaim him. He brought who were attracted by curiosity.1 Ohiyesa to the Dakota community in which he lived at Flandreau, South Dakota. At the request of his father, Ohiyesa was baptized and took the name The married life of Dr. Charles Alexander Ohiyesa’s Story Charles Alexander Eastman. Eastman (Ohiyesa) and Elaine Goodale Ohiyesa was born on February 18, 1858, This youth, who did not speak English, began on June 18, 1891. That they were 4 at a time of transition for . or read and write in his native language, considered a power couple is evidenced Treaties forced his family to leave their spent the next sixteen years in American by their guest list.2 The New York Sun’s home near present-day Minneapolis and schools. His education in the white world description of their nuptials also reflects move to the Lower Sioux Agency in began at the Santee Normal School on the how uncommon it was for an Indian man Redwood County, Minnesota.5 Ohiyesa Santee Sioux Reservation in Nebraska.7 to marry a white woman, especially one was the great-grandson of an important Many mentors, both Native and white so well known. In a noteworthy twist, leader, Mahpiya Wicasta () their lives were mirror images in the and the last child born to Wakanhdiota seven years prior to meeting: Charles (Many Lightnings) and Wakanthankawin was immersed in the world of white (Goddess, the daughter of people while Elaine was immersed in and Stands Sacred). Ohiyesa’s mother the Dakota. During that time, they were died after giving birth and he was raised also developing personal outlooks that by his uncida (grandmother). eventually brought them together. Lastly, In 1862, when Ohiyesa was four- years those seven years, many of which oc- old, his Dakota oyate (relatives), unable curred while they were living in St. Paul, to sustain themselves on the land allotted, forged the arc of their lives. and following continual delays in annuity Theirs was a whirlwind romance payments required to stave off starvation, and engagement that played out against revolted against the U.S. government the backdrop of the heart-breaking and in what is known as the Dakota War of avoidable massacre at Wounded Knee 1862.6 Ohiyesa’s father, Wakanhdiota, near Pine Ridge, South Dakota. That they was wounded in the final battle at Wood were both present during this historic Lake. Pursued by U.S. Army soldiers, tragedy is important for understanding a party of Dakota, including Ohiyesa’s each of them and the significance of how family, fled to Canada. Many, including their lives found recovery in St. Paul.3 Wakanhdiota and his son, Hinhan Duta Equally remarkable, however, is how two (Red Owl, later baptized John Eastman) Dr. Charles Alexander Eastman in about young people, from such disparate back- were captured and returned to Fort 1920. Photo courtesy of the Minnesota grounds, found each other at all. Snelling. Historical Society.

RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 3 The Gibbs Farm and the Ohiyesa Connection Following a tragic accident suf- granddaughter and Ohiyesa’s mother. ture of the 160 acres of land they ac- fered by her mother, Jane Debow She learned to speak Dakota and quired was a Dakota trail that ran in a (Gibbs), who was then a young girl, gained familiarity with Dakota northeasterly direction away from the moved from western New York with lifeways. Mississippi River. Jane reunited with a family and lived at Lake In 1849 Jane married Heman Gibbs Mahpiya Wicasta in 1849 when he and Harriet (1835–1839) in what is now in Illinois and the young couple de- his people crossed the farm while en Minneapolis. There she befriended cided to settle in Minnesota, where they route northward to harvest wild rice. Dakota living at , es- purchased farmland north of St. Paul This kinship undergirds the Dakota pecially Winona, Mahpiya Wicasta’s in Rose Township. A distinctive fea- interpretation at Gibbs Farm today. men, observed his intellect. He received knowledge. An artist friend appeared at odd The Goodale family fortunes began to support from numerous sponsors as he times to instruct us in botany and sketch- wane and her parents’ marriage suffered; attended Beloit College in Wisconsin ing, and one summer a visiting clergyman her father sold the beloved Sky Farm and subsequently completed a Bachelor gave us lessons in Greek. Our education was and Elaine’s parents separated. Lacking of Science at in New overwhelmingly literary and humanistic. funds for college, Elaine took a position Hampshire.8 I was introduced to Shakespeare at the age at Hampton Institute in 1883 in the newly During these years there were seri- of eleven and not long after to The Marble formed Indian Division. After one year ous problems facing American Indians. Faun, The Mill on the Floss, and David of teaching, she expressed an interest in Charles chose medicine as a field of Copperfield- each a milestone! Long eve- visiting where she could study, for as he later wrote, “A high ideal nings are remembered in association with witness life there firsthand. 12 of duty was placed before me, and I was Gibbon and Macaulay. This trip west reinforced Elaine’s de- doubly armed in my original purpose Elaine (born 1863) could read by sire to teach at a site in the Dakotas; as to make my education of service to my the age of three and began writing with Charles, Elaine hoped to make ser- race.”9 This principle guided him for the shortly thereafter. Soon, she and her vice to Indians her focus. After Elaine rest of his life. He earned his medical de- younger sister, Dora, were writing po- made her case, the U.S. Commissioner gree at the Boston School of Medicine etry together. Elaine and Dora were first of Indian Affairs approved her transfer; and on November 1, 1890, Dr. Charles A. published in 1877 when St. Nicholas Eastman was appointed as a U.S. govern- Magazine issued six of their poems. ment physician at Pine Ridge Agency, The Goodale Sisters, as they became South Dakota, by the Bureau of Indian known, were well-received by the gen- Affairs. It was there that he met Elaine eral audience and critics. Two years Goodale. later, Apple Blossoms: Verses of Two Elaine’s Story Children was published by Putnam; Elaine was fourteen.13 Elaine’s path to Pine Ridge was also As with Charles, Elaine’s fifteenth a long and unlikely journey.10 Raised year brought someone into her life who at Sky Farm, her father’s estate in the influenced her future and altered her out- Berkshires of western , she look. Years later she wrote, “a gallant grew to adulthood in a home where char- figure on horseback abruptly draws rein ity and a Protestant ethic were embraced. at the door of Sky Farm cottage and is Although Elaine’s parents came from received with unusual warmth by both old New England families, their circum- parents.”14 General Samuel Armstrong stances were modest, and her schooling entered Elaine’s life and they remained was done at home.11 close until he died in 1893. Armstrong Mother would not send us to the district established the Hampton Normal and school a mile or so away, and we had regular Agricultural Institute in Hampton, lessons at home. She was an accomplished Virginia, following the Civil War. This woman of the era, with a taste for wide and school, designed for African American Elaine Goodale shortly before her marriage to Charles Eastman in 1891. Photo cour- varied reading which never failed, and I am youth, combined educational and manual tesy of the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith glad to say implanted in us a genuine love of instruction.15 College, Northampton, Mass.

4 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY gave accounts of what they witnessed. Charles wrote, “it took all of my nerve to keep my composure in the face of this spectacle.”19 Today, their reports are considered credible, but at the time, they were censured for their writing, which was published in New York news- papers.20 For Charles, the atrocities at Wounded Knee were deeply disturbing and caused a crisis of confidence; this first-in- a- series of watershed moments caused him to question the reservation system, fostered a lack of trust in the U.S. government, and generated qualms about men holding positions of power and influence in a society that claimed to be civilized. Two Lives Merge During January and February, activi- Elaine Goodale learned how to use a camera during her years in South Dakota. She probably ties at Pine Ridge got back to normal. took this photograph of Lakota schoolchildren and their adult teachers, rear left, in the early Charles and Elaine began to plan their 1890s when she was teaching there. Photo courtesy of the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith wedding and honeymoon. Elaine re- College, Northampton, Mass. signed her position in March and trav- elled east to make final preparations. The she spent the next three years teach- in the army, were consumed by anxiety New York newspapers reported the de- ing at White River Camp in the Lower and fear.16 Elaine had camped on the edge tails of their wedding: Brulé Agency. Described as a good and of such dances; she later wrote “none of It was a few minutes past the hour set for dedicated teacher, Elaine became a part the , speaking the language the ceremony when the bride arrived at the of the community. She made efforts to and knowing the temper of the people as church with her father. . . . Before her walked learn the Dakota language and was close they did, had the least fear of an uprising. the ushers, Messrs. George Hiram Hitchcock, to the families with whom she interacted. We who loved them moved among them Edward L. Williamson, Reddington M. Several years later, she was named as the as freely and with as much confidence as Dayton, J.J.V. Van Santvoord, and the two first Supervisor of Education in the two ever.”17 Nevertheless throughout the fall bridesmaids, Miss Dora Read Goodale and Dakotas, where in the autumn of 1890, of 1890, tensions grew. Miss Rose Sterling Goodale, sisters of the Elaine made her way to the Pine Ridge Finally, on December 29, 1890, the bride. . . . Reservation. U.S. Army’s 7th Cavalry surrounded a band of Ghost Dancers led by Chief Big The bride was met at the chancel steps by Charles and Elaine Meet Foot near Wounded Knee Creek. A fight the dark- skinned bridegroom. . . . He was Elaine Goodale encountered Dr. Charles broke out between an Indian and a U.S. attended by his best man, Dr. Crane F. Eastman in the fall of 1890. Both pro- soldier and a shot was fired. This trig- Roxbury, Mass. It was a very simple cer- fessed it had been love at first site; they gered a brutal massacre in which an esti- emony, and in less than fifteen minutes after were engaged to be married within a few mated three hundred Indians were killed. the bride entered the church she, with her weeks. Charles proposed to Elaine under In the aftermath, clergy and others husband, were on their way to the home of the agency Christmas tree they had deco- assisted Charles in efforts to care for her father, . . . where a wedding breakfast rated together. But the romance between the injured. Elaine, working alongside was served to a few relatives and intimate them unfolded against the backdrop of Charles, comforted terrified women friends of the couple. a tragic, emotionally charged event that and children packed into the mission Dr. and Mrs. Eastman were assisted in re- deeply affected them. house and church. In the following days, ceiving by Mrs. Goodale, the bride’s mother, The Ghost Dance movement began Charles led a group of Lakota men to who was attired in a toilet of gray silk and in the 1870s in response to long- time locate possible survivors. They discov- velvet. Among the guests at the house mistreatment by the U.S. government ered women and children who had been were Mr. and Mrs. Moncure D. Conway, of Indians across the West. It included mowed down by the Hotchkiss guns.18 Mrs. Mary Mapes Dodge, Mr. Charles G. cere monial cleansing, prayer, and dance. The events of Wounded Knee were Whiting, Mr. and Mrs. John Ward Stimson, Many white observers, including factions horrific to Elaine and Charles. They Mr. A. S. Friesell, Mrs. Allea Wellington

RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 5 challenged both of them. In 1891, the federal government awarded $100,000 to the people of Pine Ridge Reservation as reparations for the suffering caused by the . Charles then discovered the disbursement agent was cheating people out of portions of their payments. This launched a months-long battle between Charles and the agent at the center of the controversy. Eventually, the dispute came to the attention of the Commissioner of the and the Secretary of the Interior. Even Elaine became entangled when she wrote letters to eastern newspapers, her fallback position when situations became untenable. The Wounded Knee Massacre fol- lowed by the struggle over disburse- ments were events fraught with injustice. Charles and Elaine stood up for what they believed and reflect early examples Photographers Trager and Kuhn took this gruesome photo of U.S. Army soldiers putting Lakota dead into a common grave at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, about January 17, 1891. Photo of their budding activism. In the end, courtesy of the . Charles was forced to resign or take another assignment. Both Charles and Elaine fiercely held to their principles in Hollins, Miss J.V. Van Santvoord, Mrs. solely on his race, had to have been a situations like this, and on January 26, Jackson, Mrs. Elliot of Boston, Mrs. W. B. blow. 1893, Charles, refusing to compromise, Neitel, Miss Kate Sanborn, Mrs. Winton, Following the wedding, the couple resigned his position. Unemployed and aunt of the bride, and the Rev. Dr. Lyman of spent six weeks visiting schoolmates of unable to remain at Pine Ridge, they de- 21 . Charles in Boston where several recep- cided to move to St. Paul, Minnesota.24 Although this account reflects a lovely tions were held in their honor; honey- event with many influential friends and mooning in the Berkshires; and finally re- The Move to St. Paul supporters of Charles and Elaine in at- turning to South Dakota through Canada Filled with ambivalence about their ex- tendance, behind the scenes their union by train. They stopped at Charles’s family periences at Pine Ridge, the Eastman was met with mixed emotions by her home in Flandreau, South Dakota. Jacob family arrived in St. Paul in February family. Elaine’s mother and brother had passed away, but Elaine received a 1893. They were saying goodbye to were against Elaine marrying an Indian warm reception by his brother, John, and close allies, both Native and white, and and almost boycotted the wedding. Her his family. leaving their first home together. Long sisters were dubious but eventually sup- before Charles attended college, he had ported Elaine. Back at Pine Ridge embraced the idea of serving his people. Months earlier, as family objections Returning to Pine Ridge, Charles and Elaine too had spent years committed to became known, Charles wrote to Elaine’s Elaine settled in. He continued as physi- work she believed was a means to better- sister, Rose, “I love her dearly. We are cian at the agency and she began her role ing Lakota lives. Now, relocating to St. compatibly well corresponded in many as wife and soon- to-be mother. Their first Paul must have raised doubts about their ways. We have many common ideas, de- child, Dora Winona was born on May 31, commitment to those fundamental goals. sires and purpose. It seems rather hasty 1892. In his pamphlet, “Christian Work For the time being, however, the St. but the fact we knew each other’s pur- Among the Dakota Indians,” Samuel C. Paul move also permitted the young pose and objects of life provided oppor- Gilman reports meeting Charles at Pine couple to remove themselves from a dif- tunities of closer acquaintance and when Ridge and that “a little girl had lately ficult situation at Pine Ridge, and more this was gained, a spontaneous reply and come into the home, and now claimed the generally, from the government’s Indian love came on both sides.”22 To be sure, mother- heart more than all these,” refer- policies and the reservation system. In a this was a challenging start to their mar- ring to Elaine’s literary and missionary very real sense, they needed time to re- riage. Charles’s support from prominent work, temporarily on hold.23 vive their spirits. people in the white world was steadfast. But an ugly situation at Pine Ridge Charles was not raised on a reserva- The response by Elaine’s family, based disrupted the young couple’s life and tion. He grew up immersed in traditional

6 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY Mahpiya Wicasta and Bde Maka Ska Mahpiya Wicasta (Cloud Man) was and speak about his village. This opment of places in the Dakota ma- a nineteenth century Bdewakanton sparked interest in research focusing koce (homeland), including the Fort leader. He established a unique on Dakota history in the area, includ- Snelling Reserve Area. A meeting with Dakota village on the shores of Lake ing Mahpiya Wicasta’s Village. An ex- the Indian Land Tenure Foundation Calhoun in 1829. Major Lawrence ploration committee created a Cloud (ILTF) in Little Canada, Minn. led to Taliaferro, the U.S. government’s Man’s Village presentation; through- the Dakota Land Research Project, Indian Agent at Fort Snelling, mar- out the following year, members of which funded archival and oral inter- ried Wakanthankawin (Stands Sacred), the committee worked diligently to views in 2008–2009. a daughter of Mahpiya Wicasta. With educate neighborhood groups, includ- Two Rivers CDC subsequently se- this newly formed kinship relation- ing a presentation at the Minneapolis lected Syd Beane to be Project Director ship, Talliaferro supported and encour- Central Library. Building on this ini- for the study; Gwen Westerman led oral aged his father-in-law to establish this tiative, Museum devel- interviews and Bruce White directed village, known in Dakota as Heyate oped a Charles Alexander Eastman archival research. Other contributors Otunwe (“village at the side” of the exhibit focusing on his life as a medi- included Sheldon Wolfchild, Erin lake). cal doctor and naturalist, as well as Griffin, Thomas Shaw, Kate Beane, Mahpiya Wicasta’s oyate (people) his family connection to Cloud Man’s Howard Vogel, and Glen Wasicuna. welcomed missionaries, who estab- Village and Lake Calhoun. Additional funding provided by the lished the first schools in current-day One of the many ideas considered Minnesota Arts and Cultural Heritage Minneapolis. The village was multi- was a historic designation for Cloud Fund administered by the Minnesota ethnic and included children whose Man’s Village, including a name Historical Society made possible the fathers were fur traders, military offi- change for Lake Calhoun. John C. production of a book based upon the cers, and government agents who mar- Calhoun, who was the U. S. Secretary project’s interviews and research. ried women of the village according to of War at the time Fort Snelling was In 2012 the Minnesota Historical Dakota custom. built, advocated maintaining the insti- Society Press published Mni Sota While serving Cloud Man Village tution of slavery throughout his career. Makoce: The Land of the Dakota, first as farmers and later as mis- Calhoun’s views have been identi- which was awarded Minnesota History sionaries, Gideon and Samuel Pond fied by some historians as helping to Book of the Year. This well-researched developed the first Dakota written fuel the Civil War. He also drafted the book depicts a rich history of Dakota language materials. For a time, Jane American Indian Removal Act, which land, place names, and stories. It pro- Debow, the child from New York called for the removal of American vides a respectful and historical ground- who would later marry Heman Gibbs Indians from their traditional home- ing for places like Cloud Man’s Village and establish Gibbs Farm north of lands. Although he never was known and reinforced the recommendation of St. Paul, was a member of this com- to have visited Minnesota, Lake Bde Maka Ska (White Banks Lake) as munity. Generations later, Ohiyesa, a Calhoun was named in his honor. a Dakota name for Lake Calhoun. great-grandson of Mahpiya Wicasta, Over time, there were discus- As part of the Calhoun/Harriet brought this village to life with his sions and petitions aimed at remov- Lakes Area Master Planning process stories. Ohiyesa stayed connected to ing Calhoun’s name from the lake; conducted by the Minneapolis Park the Twin Cities and in October 1930, without an agreed upon name alterna- and Recreation Board (MPRB), the he met with the Minneapolis Park and tive, this idea never came to fruition. Board included a two-year community Recreation Board and shared stories of Proposing a Dakota name was the engagement process with a twenty- Dakota history in the area, including goal, but it became apparent that ex- six member Community Advisory those about Mahpiya Wicasta and his tensive historical documentation and Committee (CAC) and Racial Equity village. an information campaign focusing on Subcommittee. Carly Bad Heart Bull knowledge of Dakota history in this (J.D.) and Kate Beane (Ph.D.), twin A Ten-Year Journey area were necessary. daughters of Syd Beane and descen- On July 18, 2008, at the kickoff of the In 2007, the Two Rivers Community dants of Mahpiya Wicasta, were se- Minneapolis Sesquicentennial, Mayor Development Corporation was formed. lected by commissioners of the MPRB R. T. Rybak and Minneapolis coun- This nonprofit organization was estab- to lead discussions and recommenda- cilmembers invited Sydney Beane, lished to research Dakota lands and tions for recognizing Cloud Man’s a Dakota descendant of Mahpiya stories in Minnesota and it advocated Village and restoring the name Bde Wicasta, to lead a prayer ceremony for Native involvement in the devel- Maka Ska. continued on page 8

RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 7 On May 3, 2017, the Minneapolis memorial space in honor of Cloud Voices for Racial Justice. The support Parks and Recreation Board unani- Man’s Village and Dakota people at for the name change to Bde Maka Ska mously approved the CAC recommen- the lake. Project installation is slated grew with each public hearing. On dations as important elements of the for 2018. November 28, 2017, in a historic move, new master plan. The recognition of Carly Bad Heart Bull and Kate the Hennepin County Board approved Cloud Man’s Village and Dakota pres- Beane and others have tirelessly lent the name change from Lake Calhoun ence in the area included a partner- their voices to efforts on behalf of the to Bde Maka Ska. The DNR approval ship with the City of Minneapolis Art CAC, MPRB, and two grassroots or- followed on January 18, 2018, making Commission to include public art and ganizing groups, Parks and Power and the name official in Minnesota. ways during his youth in Canada and verse city. The population had exploded Columbian Exposition in Chicago in then moved to Flandreau, where his rela- in the last twenty years of the nineteenth 1893. tives and members of the community in century. In 1880, it boasted 41,478 resi- Despite the upheaval at Pine Ridge, which they lived were homesteaders. dents; that number more than tripled in Charles and Elaine regretted their hasty When he began working as a physician at the next decade and in 1895, the popu- decision to resign rather than take an- Pine Ridge, this was his first work expe- lation was 140,292. More than one third, other assignment. From the time they rience on a reservation, a defined federal 48,686 were foreign-born, giving St. Paul left Pine Ridge, Charles received ap- community. The impact of the reserva- a distinctly ethnic flavor.26 peals from colleagues urging his return. tion system was felt by both Elaine and He mounted a campaign to resume his Charles. Years later he wrote: Establishing a Medical medical work at a Sioux Agency. He Practice wrote numerous letters to associates I took up residence in St. Paul where I could expressing his desire to return. These be near the Indians and yet not on the reser- A St. Paul medical practice would pro- supporters included men like Senators vation, for I think I am like my father, I do vide income, allow Charles to stay in Jefferson Kyle and Richard Pettigrew not like reservations. I think the whole sys- his chosen field, and give them time to of South Dakota and Charles Howard, tem is wrong and the average Indian agent consider their next step, but establishing editor of Farm, Field and Fireside, some is only in office for the salary and would such a practice in the 1890s was not easy. of whom he had known for years. They rather have on the reservation dumb animals Just as there was a population boom, so passed his desires on to the Bureau of than the intelligent men. They are easier to too there was an increasing number of Indian Affairs, but for the time being, manage. My father never lived on a reser- physicians in St. Paul; this number had Charles had to be patient. vation after the celebrated Sioux Outbreak, reached 154 by 1889.27 Additionally, in but owned his own farm and cultivated it.25 1887, Minnesota had become the first A Writing Career Begins state to require an examination by a Charles also thought of the move as Once in St. Paul, Charles and Elaine had Board of Examiners to obtain a medical coming out of exile and returning home. the luxury of time to get to know one an- license. Although only half of the forty- Minnesota was his makoce (homeland); other better. They shared events of their his great- grandfather, Mahpiya Wicasta five men attempting the assessment in lives, and he told his life in the form of had established a village at Bde Maka 1893 passed, Charles did well on the stories to Elaine and Dora. In the Dakota Ska (Lake Calhoun) in 1827. This was the three- day examination. language, there is a word, wakanheza, birthplace of his grandparents, mother, Their first home in St. Paul was a which means “sacred being;” another father and siblings. rented, furnished flat at 227 East Tenth translation is “child.” Consistent with There were other considerations as Street, which also served as Charles’s Dakota tradition, he would have spoken 28 well: Charles and Elaine had limited con- office. To build his practice, he joined to his infant daughter as a sacred being tacts in St. Paul; they had a new baby and medical associations in the Twin Cities, who could understand his stories. But in precarious finances; Charles planned to which subsequently led to offers from their telling, Charles was equally com- open a medical practice which presented area doctors for Charles to join them as municating with Elaine about his early additional challenges; and they were an “Indian doctor” or assist in the de- years. These stories were depictions of moving to a big city. velopment of “Indian medicine” within Dakota culture as viewed through the They had spent time at schools lo- their practices.29 Charles declined these lens of Charles’s life. They provided her cated in cities, but they were students, offers, but they added to his growing dis- with deeper understanding of what he engrossed in pursuit of an education, liv- enchantment about white society’s val- most valued. ing in dormitories. Neither had fully ex- ues. At the same time, he was also gain- For Dakota, there exists an endur- perienced city life. St. Paul in 1893 was ing a reputation as an Indian advocate ing tradition of storytelling. Narratives, a hustling-bustling, big and ethnically di- and was asked to speak at the World’s created, recounted and stored in the

8 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY collective memory define perspective. and Elaine had done came out of their as well as his separation from his father Each tale relates important events or shared political experiences at Pine and brothers. Like the first, this article knowledge of generations past. Stories Ridge. Now, they arranged for a series includes a discourse of Dakota values. exist for everything; every detail of life of articles focusing on Dakota lifeways, His description of the travois used for on earth is tied to a story, and often the written by Charles and edited by Elaine, moving was compared to modes of “civi- message is linked to a virtuous way of to be published in St. Nicholas Magazine lized vehicles.” But the reader also hears behavior. These stories, and the art of re- from November 1893 through May of a “patient and clannish people whose counting them, lay at the core of being 1894.31 These stories recounted Charles’s love for one another is stronger than that Dakota. youth and provided readers an under- of any civilized people;” a people who Elaine had been published in St. standing of Dakota traditions. Because rarely suffered from disease, are truth- Nicholas Magazine and its founding edi- of the simplicity in which these stories ful and generous.34 Charles continued tor, Mary Mapes Dodge, was a long- time are written, biographers and literary crit- this theme in successive articles entitled friend who had attended Charles and ics have often mentioned them in pass- “Games and Sports,” “An Indian Boy’s Elaine’s wedding. Under her leadership, ing, and they relegated them to the genre Training,” and “The Boy Hunter.”35 The the magazine set high standards and in- of children’s stories. The stories that final article, published in May 1894 pro- cluded a range of articles. Author Paul came from the collaboration of Charles vided something of a departure. Rosta reports, “Mary Mapes Dodge, the and Elaine deserve, however, serious In that last installment of author of Hans Brinker, counted many in-depth examination; a careful reading “Recollections of the Wild Life” enti- writers and artists among her friends provides a rare glimpse of Dakota ways tled “First Impressions of Civilization,” and got them to write and draw for her written as a first-hand account. Charles disclosed Dakota beliefs im- magazine. St. Nicholas published story- Recollections parted to him while growing up. He re- tellers, poets, and illustrators such as of the Wild Life lated that white men were called “Big Tennyson, Longfellow, Kipling, Whittier, Knives.” His description of the “Fire- Twain, William Dean Howells, Louisa The compilation that Charles and Elaine Boat- Walks- on- Mountains” (trains), with May Alcott, William Cullen Bryant, Bret published in St. Nicholas Magazine was a “thunderbird on board, for he fre- Harte, L. Frank Baum, Jack London, A.A. entitled “Recollections of the Wild Life;” quently gave a usual war- whoop” (train each article had a subheading. In the ini- Milne, Frederic Remington, Howard whistle), served as a depiction of a “race tial article, “Hakada, The Pitiful Last,” an Pyle, and Jacob Riis.”30 whose power bordered on the super- important ideal is revealed: Previously, the writing that Charles natural.” References such as family size But we can say for the children of uncivi- (generally far fewer offspring in Dakota lized nations . . . what they receive coming families) and construction of permanent direct from Nature—the greatest school- mistress of all. . . . the Indian children were keen to follow her instructions and derived from her the principles of a true and noble life according to the understanding of our people.32 Charles revealed Dakota principles which continued to underscore his writ- ings. Here for example, he focused on the role nature played for the Dakota oyate. Only then did he shift to include details of his life experiences as a youth. In each article, beginning with descriptions of his birth, he grounded his experiences in a narrative of traditional ways. Examples in that first issue include naming prac- tices; the importance of the cradle board in child-rearing; women’s roles; diet; and legends.33 New York publisher McClure, Phillips & Co. The January issue, “Early Hardships,” released Charles Eastman’s book, Indian focused on the difficulties Charles and Boyhood, in 1902. E.L. Blusenschein pro- his family endured. These included being Charles Eastman published Indian Scout vided the illustrations that appear on the front Talks: A Guide for Boy Scouts and Campfire cover and the book’s interior pages. Photo forced to flee their homeland and resettle Girls in 1914. Photo courtesy of the courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. in Canada following the Dakota War, Minnesota Historical Society.

RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 9 Charles Eastman and the Boy Scouts of Minnesota As Field Director of the International his involvement with the Boy Scouts. YMCA in the early 1900s, Charles Intrigued by this idea, Andrews en- Eastman worked with both Ernest listed Syd and his daughter, Kate Thompson Seton, a founder of the Boy Beane, to develop a project honor- Scouts, and Luther Gulick, a founder ing Charles. This work has taken the of the Girls. The YMCA form of a statute and room that will served as gathering and planning place be elements of the new Northern Star for both of these nature-related move- Council Leadership Center and Base ments. Early YMCA leaders, includ- Camp facility at Fort Snelling. The ing James Naismith, who invented the sculpture will depict a young boy game of basketball, were originally playing LaCrosse (stickball), because from Canada and had backgrounds as after his village won a lacrosse match medical doctors and naturalists much against neighboring rivals, Charles, like Charles. In 1914 Eastman pub- the celebrated player of the day, re- lished Indian Scout Talks: A Guide ceived his name, Ohiyesa (winner). for Boy Scouts and Camp Fire Girls. Over the years however, his contribu- The had titons to scouting have largely been a contractual agreement with Susan forgotten. Norris of New Mexico to serve as From 2006–2011, Syd Beane their official national artist/sculptor. served on the Fort Snelling Upper Post She recently completed a sculpture of Sculptor Susan Norris created this clay and gladly ac- Development Committe with John model for the bronze statue of Ohiyesa Andrews, Scout Executive/CEO of playing stickball (LaCrosse) that she is cepted the offer to work in collabora- the Norther Star Council, one of the making for the Northern Star Council tion on the Ohiyesa bronze. The statue largest councils in the . Leadership Center and Base Camp, Boy is expected to be dedicated when the Scouts of America, at Fort Snelling. Photo Beane urged Andrews to consider courtesy of the Northern Star Council, Boy Leadership Center opens in the fall of memorializing Charles Eastman for Scouts of America. 2018. houses (compared to moveable tipi for jealousy, and they had to fight it out reer of Charles and Elaine Eastman that Dakota) demonstrate real and perceived (Civil War).36 would span decades.37 In addition it was differences between the lives of the two In the mid- to late-nineteenth century, another step in the development of their races. most “factual” accounts of Dakota or lifelong advocacy of Indian rights. Included in this entry, he wrote of other Indians were penned by mission- Dakota-held beliefs which demonstrate Bald Eagle Lake aries or U.S. government personnel. the deeply rooted cultural divide Charles They were infused with misconceptions Elaine gave birth to Irene, their second was forced to navigate each day as he and bias. Popular fiction that dealt with child, on February 24, 1894. Shortly after lived and worked among white people: Indians was written by Euro-American the birth she wrote to her sister, Rose, “I • a heartless nation that kept slaves, authors who often held unflattering or am sitting wrapped in a blanket and intend people whom they had painted black sensationalized views of Indians. to get dressed tomorrow. You write that I to tell them apart from free men; In contrast, the Eastman stories are am doing beautifully! I had a pretty hard • the greatest object of their lives is vastly different from these widely avail- time of it and am thankful to be through the acquisition of possessions—to be able reports and fiction and they are valu- the ordeal.” She did have a nurse and rich; able on many levels. They are among the “Dora’s Papa is with her constantly,” but • their great men make a feast and in- first published accounts that lent agency their lives were now filled with the energy vite many, but when the feast is over to Native people. Charles’s documenta- of a toddler and a new infant.38 Like many the guests are required to pay for what tion saved important narratives at the others, they chose to spend their summers they have eaten; and core of Dakota ways for future genera- away from the hot and dirty city, with the • the Great Chief (president) had al- tions. These initial articles, later incor- stench of horse manure heavy in the atmo- lowed slaves in one part of the coun- porated into An Indian Boyhood (1902), sphere. They moved to Bald Eagle Lake try and not in another; so there was were the dawn of the public writing ca- in White Bear Township that first summer.

10 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY North St. Albans in 1896 and then at 783 Holly Avenue in 1897.42 These flats bet- ter suited a young family (a third daugh- ter, Virginia was born on November 3, 1896), especially as a drastic change in Charles’s employment meant Elaine would be alone with the children for long stretches of time. YMCA John Eastman, Charles’s older brother, was a Presbyterian minister at the First Presbyterian Church in Flandreau, South Dakota, from 1876–– 1906. Charles’s fa- ther, Jacob Eastman, along with twenty- four other Dakota families, had moved from Nebraska to Flandreau in 1869, became homesteaders there, and founded the church. In 1879, in response to the young men of the parish, John and Thomas Wakeman, the son of , organized a Young This photo from 1897 shows what a typical summer cottage at Bald Eagle Lake looked like. The woman and child on the bench are unidentified. Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Man’s Association based on the Gospel Historical Society. and shaped on principles of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA). This was the first YMCA branch started Just north of St. Paul, the lake was a Campers pitched tents on it to sleep under by Indians; and from that time until 1891, summer retreat in the 1890s. There were the stars. new groups were added in the West each resort hotels and cottages for rent, es- Picnickers laid checkered blankets upon its year.43 These early units were recognized pecially along the eastern shore where emerald surface. by the YMCA in 1885 and given the offi- the present- day Bald- Eagle- Otter Lakes Sweethearts embraced in the velvet shade of 40 cial title of Sioux Young Men’s Christian Regional Park boat access is located. By its trees. Association.44 1901, the lake had seventy-five cottages. Drawn by the relaxed and natural setting Charles K. Ober, the Field Secretary A newspaper headline touted: “Bald of the lake, the Eastman family spent of the International Committee of the Eagle Lake rapidly grows in favor with most summers there during their years YMCA, recognized that leadership was St. Paul people as one of the most charm- in St. Paul. They enjoyed the beauty of needed in the Sioux YMCA. Ober pur- ing and accessible of summer resorts. wildlife and the scenery most likely re- sued Charles for such a role. He initially The lake is one of the most picturesque minded them of their youth. They shared declined the offer hoping to build his in the state. Not very large, but very ir- this love with their young children. It also medical practice or take another posi- regular in its shore line, it is full of pretty provided an atmosphere that was condu- tion as a reservation doctor. Recognizing bays.”39 cive for writing. Charles’s niece visited this might be an unexpected means of The Northern Pacific Railway ran the lake and wrote, “he was to have spent working with and positively influencing between St. Paul and White Bear, mak- most of the day alone writing, but would the lives of those living on reservations, ing transportation an easy undertaking. come swimming with the children around Charles changed his mind and on June 1, Visitors came with horse-drawn wagons four in the afternoon. The evenings were 1894, accepted a three-year position as and carts loaded with provisions as well. spent with [me] reading Charles’s hand- the Indian Secretary of the International Bald Eagle Island, the only landmass in writing out loud so his wife could type up Committee of the YMCA.45 the lake, was a central part of summer life the manuscript.”41 While living at Pine Ridge, Charles had in the area. The following sums up the Because they choose to spend the witnessed first-hand how the reservation history of the island: summers at the lake, they were forced to system stripped Native Americans of their Indians camped upon its spiny back to har- find new housing upon returning to the traditional beliefs, but he had adopted vest wild rice. city. In 1895 they lived at Lyons Court Christianity at Flandreau because it fit Fishermen trolled its sandbar to catch perch near downtown. Once they knew the with his Dakota beliefs. Now by embrac- and crappies. area better, they moved further from the ing the values of the YMCA, he hoped he Children swam to it as a rite of passage into city’s hub and rented near the present-day might take steps toward solving some of adulthood. Summit Hill neighborhood, first at 102 the issues facing the Dakota community.

RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 11 Ohiyesa: The Soul of an Indian Documentary Film In this film, Kate Beane, a young ducer/producer. Syd and Kate Beane Broadcasting provided major funding Dakota scholar working on her Ph.D., recruited Christian Berg (producer for producing the film contracting examines the parallels between her life of Dakota Conflict [1993] and Seth with Dakota Eastman Productions. and that of her famous relative Ohiyesa Eastman: Painting the Dakota [2002] The Minnesota Historical Society (Dr. Charles Alexander Eastman), who for Twin Cities Public TV) to serve and the Minnesota State Arts and lived from 1858 to 1939. Her narrative as writer and director of the film’s Cultural Heritage Fund also pro- of his remarkable story, for the first initial, short concept film, Ohiyesa: vided funding. time told from the Eastman Dakota The Soul of an Indian. John Whitehead Ultimately, this unique story is shared family perspective, is a quest to under- and Stephanie Mosher, former produc- because of the generous Eastman family stand the legacy of the man she calls ers with TPT, served on the produc- spirit. Many members of the family grandfather, while exploring her own tion team. Post-production assistance lent their voices to this production, life journey. was provided by Jesse Heinzen, pro- most notably, Syd Beane; his brother, Support for this moving and note- ducer/director; Julianna Olsen, pro- William Beane; and Syd’s twin daugh- worthy documentary came from ducer/writer; and Chad Knudson, ters, Kate Beane and Carly Bad Heart many individuals, organizations, and editor, from the Minnesota Historical Bull. Minnesota Public Television ex- sources. The production team was Society Media Services. Vision Maker pects to release Ohiyesa: The Soul of led by Sydney Beane, executive pro- Media and the Corporation for Public an Indian in June 2018.

In his first month in his new posi- Eastman family had to deal with his ab- relocate to their beloved Bald Eagle Lake tion, Charles visited thirty YMCA sence. On September 12, 1894, Elaine that summer. associations. His January 1895 report wrote to Rose, “It is a long time since I On behalf of the YMCA, Charles confirmsadditional visits to Cherry Creek heard from you—am I the delinquent spent time organizing associations, teach- Standing Rock, Cheyenne River, Lower one? I have scarcely written to anybody ing the Bible, and identifying leaders. Brulé, Crow Creek, and Flandreau dur- this summer, except the doctor. We cor- He pushed for and established summer ing the previous November-December respond almost daily when he is away. It camps as a way of training and providing period. These trips were difficult over- has been a hard summer—I miss him so recreation for young men; these camps land journeys. This frenetic pace contin- dreadfully, and we have all felt the heat, continue to serve as a model for the ued throughout the three-plus years he staying right in the city all summer.”46 YMCA today. From time to time, Elaine worked for the YMCA. Not only was Charles gone a lot during joined Charles on the road, especially at conventions. This young couple, who On the home front in St. Paul, the those first months, but the family did not were financially hard pressed, believed in the goals of the YMCA and donated $300 of their own money to the organization. In short, the YMCA espoused a philoso- phy they could both embrace.47 The YMCA also allowed Charles to incorporate theories emphasizing healthy living, exercise, and the benefits of out- door activity. He held the opinion that the Christian faith might offer a solution to the deteriorating and abhorrent condi- tions which Indians living on reservations faced. On May 16, 1895, he addressed a YMCA convention where he stated, “I sometimes forget my color when I stand before audiences. And then I sometimes wish we were color blind; how much easier it would be for us to do Christian work. It is only through the young men In his Native dress, Charles Eastman spent time with a gathering of Boys Scouts in the Chicago area in about 1930. Photo courtesy of the Northern Star Council, Boy Scouts of that we can save the Indian Race and the America. Young Men’s Christian Association can

12 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY help his people. Elaine Goodale Eastman assisted, supported, and guided her hus- band. She shared his goals and fought alongside him throughout the troubles at Pine Ridge. The years spent in St. Paul were also challenging, and as with any period of change, at times unsettling. But during the five years they spent in Charles’s makoce, they added two chil- dren to their family, collaborated on Charles’s writing career, and began to use their voices for a larger purpose Epilogue Charles and Elaine Eastman had three more children: Charles A. Eastman II (Ohiyesa), 1898; Eleanor Eastman, 1901; and Florence Bascom Eastman, 1903. They published eleven books and many articles over the next decade. Charles is considered one of the first Indian authors to write American history from a Native point of view. Elaine and Charles worked together at the Carlisle Indian School in in 1899; and returned to Crow Creek Reservation in 1900–1901, where once again Charles worked as a reservation doctor. In 1915, they opened a summer camp for boys and girls in , which operated for several years. Charles was involved in many under- takings. He was an eloquent advocate

Charles Eastman photographed near Minnesota’s Lake Minnetonka in 1927. Edward A. Bromley photo. Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. be made a great power in their behalf if it his people. And so, in the summer of is rightly fostered.”48 1898, Charles, Elaine, and their children made the move to Washington, thus end- Farewell to St. Paul ing their years in St. Paul. In 1897, Charles’s brother John and oth- Charles Eastman was first, last, and ers began to urge him to consider a move always Dakota. His culture, background, to Washington, D.C., to lobby on behalf traditions were grounded in Dakota life- of the Santee Sioux. Battles over long- ways. English was his second language. standing claims concerning the resto- He embraced those Euro- American in- ration of annuities for the Lower Sioux stitutions like Christianity that were con- Santee were at the center of this call to sistent with his Dakota ways. He went An undated photo of Elaine Goodale 49 Eastman. Photo courtesy of the Sophia Smith action. Charles was eventually con- through the American education system Collection, Smith College, Northampton, vinced to take on this responsibility for and attained credentials he needed to Mass.

RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 13 for Indians, and like all important fig- After twenty years of marriage, Teresa Swanson is a public historian ures, the course of his life was affected Charles and Elaine Eastman separated and for ten years was the manager of by the times in which he lived. He trav- and while there has been much specu- the Ramsey County Historical Society’s elled widely as an orator during a period lation as to the reasons, both remained Gibbs Farm. During her tenure there, the when most accounts of the Indian past publicly silent on the subject. Charles Society developed its Dakota interpreta- were romanticized and often misunder- Eastman died on January 8, 1939, at tion to complement the existing Pioneer stood. He represented North American the age of eighty-one; Elaine Goodale interpretation at the farm. Sydney Beane Indians at the first Universal Congress of Eastman died December 22, 1953, at the Races in London in 1911. He served as age of ninety. Neither of them ever again and William Beane are members of the Indian Inspector under President Calvin resided in St. Paul, but the few years they Flandreau Santee Sioux tribe and are Coolidge (1921– 1923) and worked with spent there gave Charles and Elaine a new direct descendants of Mahpiya Wicasta. the Boy Scouts of America as writer, course that gave them a way to serve the Sydney Beane is currently a documen- speaker, camp director, and National Dakota and to voice their commitment to tary film producer and William Beane is a Councilman. the Native traditions they deeply valued. tribal historian.

Endnotes 13. Ibid., 8–15. Much has been written about Elaine Goodale 34. Charles Alexander Eastman, “Recollections of the Wild Life,” St. Eastman. See her biography by Theodore D. Sargent, The Life of Nicholas: An Illustrated Magazine (January 1894): 226–28. 1. “Wedded to a Sioux Indian,” New York Sun, June 19, 1891, p.5. Elaine Goodale Eastman (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska 35. Ibid., (February 1894): 306–08; (March 1894): 437–40; (April Press, 2005). 2. Ibid. 1894): 513– 15. 3. For descriptions of the Wounded Knee Massacre see Jerome 14. Sister to the Sioux, p. 16. 36. Ibid., (May 1894): 607– 611. A. Greene, American Carnage: Wounded Knee, 1890 (Norman: 15. Elaine Goodale Eastman, Pratt, The Red Man’s Moses (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2014) and Heather Cox Richardson, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935). See also American 37. Indian Boyhood, 3– 86 and 239– 247. Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre Carnage: Wounded Knee, 1890 and Wounded Knee: Party Politics 38. Elaine Goodale Eastman to Rose G. Dayton, undated letter, box (New York: Basic Books, 2010). and the Road to an American Massacre. 3, folder 5, Eastman-Goodale- Dayton Family Papers, Sophia Smith 4. Much of what is known of Charles Eastman’s early years is auto- 16. Ibid. Collection, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Mass. biographical. See Charles A. Eastman, From the Deep Woods to 17. Graber, 145. 39. “One of Minnesota’s Beauty Spots,” St. Paul Pioneer Press, June Civilization (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1977) and 18. From the Deep Woods to Civilization, 112. The Hotchkiss gun was 16, 1901, p. 24. Charles A. Eastman, Indian Boyhood (New York: Dover Publications, invented in 1872. Mounted on a light carriage so that it could accom- 40. Catherine Carey, White Bear: A History (White Bear, Minn.: 1971). pany a troop of cavalry, the gun had five revolving barrels capable of White Bear Township, 2008), 94. 5. See Dakota Nation: Institute for the Development of Indian firing 68 rounds a minute with a range of 2,000 yards. Law, The Compilation of the Treaties, Agreements and Selected 19. Ibid., 114. 41. Remembrance of an Interview with Mrs. Grace Moore in Proceedings of the Treaties of the Tribes and Bands of the Sioux Flandreau on March 12, 1971, in the possession of William Beane. 20. Ibid., 163. Nation (Washington: Institute for the Development of Indian Law, 42. R.L. Polk & Co., St. Paul City Directory, 1895, 1896, and 1897. 21. “Wedded to a Sioux Indian.” 1973). 22. Letter from Charles Eastman at the Pine Ridge Agency to Rose 43. YMCA, Box 2, File: Word Carrier, April-May 1886, p. 1, Kautz Gwen Westerman and Bruce White, Mini Sota Makoce: The Land of [Goodale], dated 1/20/90, in the private collection of William Beane. Family Papers, Elmer L. Andersen Library, University of Minnesota, the Dakota (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press; 2012). 23. S. C. Gilman, The Dakota Indians (Indianapolis: Carlton and Minneapolis, Minn. 6. There are many Dakota War sources. For a recent discussion, see Hollenbeck Printers, 1894), 6 in YMCA, Box 1, Folder 1, Kautz 44. YMCA, Box 1, Comp. of Hist. Materials c. 1890–97, “The New Mini Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota. Family Papers, Elmer L. Andersen Library, University of Minnesota, Indian Secretary,” Young Men’s Era, 13 December 1894, p. 1, Kautz 7. For early thought on Indian schools, see Mary B. Hatch Riggs Minneapolis, Minn. Family Papers, Elmer L. Andersen Library, University of Minnesota, and Rueben Dorian, The Beginnings of Santee Normal Training 24. Sargent, 53–56. Minneapolis, Minn. School Founded by Dr. and Mrs. A.L. Riggs (Santee, Neb.: Santee N.T.S. Press, 1928). For contextual sources see Robert Francis Engs, 25. “A Notable Indian’s Work,” New York Times, April 7, 1895. 45. Letter written by Charles A. Eastman, January 10, 1895, in Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited: Samuel Chapman 26. Fourth Decennial Census, State of Minnesota, June 1, 1895, Tables YMCA, Box 1, Comp. of Hist. Materials c. 1890–97, Kautz Family Armstrong and Hampton Institute, 1839–1893 (Knoxville, Tenn.: 5 and 8. Papers, Elmer L. Andersen Library, University of Minnesota, University of Tennessee Press, 1999) and Paulette Fairbanks Molin, 27. C.C. Andrews, History of St. Paul, Minn. (Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Minneapolis, Minn. “‘Training the Hand, the Head, and the Heart’: Indian Education at Mason and Co., 1890), 308–9. 46. Elaine Goodale Eastman to Rose G. Dayton, letter dated Hampton Institute,” Minnesota History 51:3 (Fall 1988): 82–98. 28. R.L. Polk & Co., St. Paul City Directory, 1894. September 12, 1894, Box 3, Folder 5, Eastman-Goodale- Dayton 8. Dartmouth College was established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock 29. From the Deep Woods to Civilization, 136– 38. Family Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special to educate Indians in Christianity and the English culture. By the time 30. Paul Rosta, “The Magazine that Taught Faulkner, Fitzgerald and Collections, Northampton, Mass. Eastman attended, Dartmouth was secularized and admitted Native Millay How to Write,” American Heritage 37 (Dec. 1985): 1. Americans, African Americans, and Euro-Americans. 47. His pay was recorded as $2,000 and was raised in part by Rev. 31. Charles is cited as the author on all the books he published, but he 9. From the Deep Woods to Civilization. John Paul Egbert, the minister at Hope Presbyterian Church in St. credits Elaine as his “companion in thought and work” in the dedica- Paul, who had become acquainted with Charles and Elaine during 10. As with Charles, much of what is known about Elaine Goodale’s tion. See, for example, Charles A. Eastman (Ohiyesa), The Soul of the their years in the city. early years is autobiographical. See Kay Graber, ed., Sister to the Indian: An Interpretation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911; reprint Sioux: The Memoirs of Elaine Goodale Eastman, 1885–91 . (Lincoln, edition, Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1980). 48. “Young Men’s Era,” no. 20, May 16, 1895, YMCA, Box 1, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2004). 32. Charles Alexander Eastman, “Recollections of the Wild Life,” St. Comp. of Hist. Materials c. 1890–97, Kautz Family Papers, Elmer L. 11. Ibid., 3. Nicholas: An Illustrated Magazine (November 1893): 129. Andersen Library, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 12. Ibid. 33. Ibid. 129– 31. 49. From the Deep Woods to Civilization, 152– 59.

14 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION U.S. Postage Published by the Ramsey County Historical Society PAID Twin Cities, MN 323 Landmark Center Permit #3989 75 West Fifth Street Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102

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The monumental architecture of Landmark Center’s granite façade along Market Street provides a complementary background to the colorful garden at the nearby Saint Paul Hotel. Photograph courtesy of Landmark Center. For more on how the Old Federal Courts Building and Post Office became Landmark Center, see Bob Roscoe’s article beginning on page 22.

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