19312 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS STILL MORE INFORMATION OF fighters o1f Hokkaido on October 7, 1952 and which came down 1n the Baltic Sea area on AMERICAN AIRMEN POSSmLY the B-50 destroyed by Soviet fighters over April 8, 1960. The United States Govenunent HELD IN U.S.S.R.! the Sea of Japan on J.uly 29, 1953. This De­ has since that time received reports that partment, however, made ·to specl.f1c inquiry various members o! the crew of this Unl ted with respect to the detention of survivors of States aircraft were, and are, detained in HON. LARRY McDONALD the United States Na'Vy Privateer shot down Soviet detention places in the Far Eastern by Soviet fighters over the Baltic Sea on area of the Soviet Union. In particular, it 1e OJ' GEORGIA AprU 8, 1950, nor with respect to the B-29 informed, and believes, that in 1950 and in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES missing over the area of the Sea of Japan October, 1953 at least one American mmtary Wednesday, June 15, 1977 on June 13, 1952; nor has it made specific aviation person, belleved to be a member of representations with respect to the reported the crew of this United States Navy Privateer, Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, in detention of United States aviation person­ was held 8lt Camp No. 20 allegedly near Tai­ 1975, on two previous occasions I in­ nel who may have come into Soviet custody shet, and Collective Farm No. 25, approxi­ serted in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD during the Korean hostillties. There have mately 54 kilometers from Taishet, said to be items on the missing crewmen of a U.S. been reports mentioned in the communica­ under sentence for alleged espionage. This tions under reference, from Amarican, Jap­ American national was described as having plane shot down by the Soviet Union in anese and other sources indicating specif­ the Baltic in 1950. These two items are suffered burns on the !ace and legs in the ically the detention of American aviation crash o! his aircraft and using crutches or found on pages 34535-34536 of the personnel since 1949 and the possibtlity that a cane. October 30, 1975 REcoRD and on page among them are included crew members of Reports have been received from former 35011 of the November 4, 1975 CoN­ such lost or destroyed aircraft. The Embassies prisoners ot the Soviet Government at Vor­ GRESSIONAL RECORD. At numerous times are, of course, aware of the widely publicized kuta th81t in September, 1950 as many as allegations of the repatriate, Jolin Noble, eight American nationals, believed to be information has come out of the U.S.S.R. which have been corroborated in part by from persons who were in the forced other repatriates, concerning the Navy Prl· members of the crew of the United States labor camps that these and other Ameri­ vateer crew. It is believed that the informa­ Navy Privateer to which reference 1s made, cans were still being held in the U.S.S.R. tion may be specific enough to justify a de­ had been seen ln the Area of Vorkuta and In support of this thesis I recently was parture from the existing practice o! identi­ specifically, that one person who was in­ given the declassified text of a State fying by name individual survivors held in terned at Vorkuta in September, 1950 stated Department message dated June 20, detention; and publicity to the request may that he was serving a twenty-five year es­ encourage other repatriates to come forward pionage sentence and had been a member of 1956 sent to M;oscow and Tokyo for a down United. States aircraft. comment as to how best to approach the with information. Moscow's and Tokyo's comments are re­ For the information o! the Soviet Govern­ Soviet Government relative to the :fliers quested o:r;t the general des1rab111ty of such ment, the crew of the United States Navy from the 1950 incident in the Baltic, as action and particularly on the following pro­ Privateer when it departed for its flight over well as the B-50 plane destroyed by posed note. the high seas of the Baltic consisted o! the Soviet fighters oft' Hokkaido in 1952, VERBATIM TEXT following United States Navy personnel, all nationals o! the United States: since there were indications of survivors The Embassy of the United States of Amer­ in both cases. ica presents its compliments to the Minis­ NAME, RANK AND SERIAL NUMBER Navy and CIA messages recently de­ try of Foreign A1fairs of the Union of Soviet Fette. John H., Lt., 320676 USNR. classified also bolster the case that these Socialist Republics and has the honor to re­ Seescha.!, Ho~ard W., Lt., 264095 USN. men were prisoners. Since these ar..d fer to the question of the detention of United. Reynolds, Robert D., Lt. jg, 368573 USN. other Americans have never been ac­ States military personnel in the Soviet Union. Burgess, Tommy L., Ens., 506762 USN. counted for by the Soviet Union, it seems The United States Governmelllt haa for some Danens Jr., Joe H., AD1, 3685438 USN. to me that we ought to continue to ask time received, from persons of various na­ Thomas, Jack W .• ADl, 2242750 USN. tionalities freed from Soviet Government Beckman, FrankL., ATl, 2799076 USN. and that the Soviets be required to Purcell, Edward J., CT3, 2540438 USN. render a full accounting of these in­ imprisonment during the last several years, reports that they have conversed with, seen Rinnlar Jr., Joseph Norris, AT3, 2542600 cidents, because obviously some of these USN. or heard reports concerning United states Bourassa, Joseph Jay, ALS, 9539864 USN. men were prisoners at one time. It is my m111tary aviation personnel, belonging either intention to contact the Department of to the United States Air Force or to the 2. One or more members of the crew of a State to ask what followup measures United States Navy Air Arm, in actual deten­ United States Air Force B-29 which came were taken and with what results. tion in the Soviet Union. Th& United States down on June 13, 1952, either over the Sea of Japan or near the Kamchatka area of the Whether they are alive now is diftlcult has Government sought in all such cases to Soviet Union. An omcer, believed by the to say but detente notwithstanding, we obtain, 1f possible, precise identlfleation of United States Government to have been a owe it to their families. The text of the American nationals detained by the Soviet member of this crew, was observed in Octo­ State Department message follows: Government, although it notes that by inter­ ber, 1953 in a Soviet hospital north of Maga­ national law and international practice the dan near the crossing o! the Kolyma River [Department of State Instruction, CA-101155, Soviet GovM'nment 1s obliged to inform the June 20, 1956) between Elgen and Debin at a nlace called United States Government first of any Amer­ Narionburg. Th1s officer stated that he had SOVIET DETENTION OF UNITED STATES AmCRAFT ican nationals whom the Soviet Government been convicted, wrongfully, under Item 6 of INCmENT SURVIVORS holds in custody or to permit such nationals Article 58 of the Soviet Penal Code. To: The American Embassy, Moscow. Ameri- to communicate wt.th the proper United For the information of the Soviet Govern­ can Embassy, Tokyo. · States authorities. The reports concerntng ment, the United States Air Force personnel Reference 1s made to the Department's such personnel have now become so persts­ on board the B-29 which has been missing Airgram A-785 of Apr1116, 1954 to the Amer­ tent and detailed, and so credible, that, al­ sines June 13, 1952 were as follows: ican Embassy, Tokyo on the subject "Aircraft though the United States Government 1s not NAME, RANK AND SERIAL NU114BER Incidents-Survivors" and related telegraphic able to identify by name these American na­ Busch, Samuel N .• Major, AO 733811. correspondence, including Section 2 o! Mos­ tionals now detained by the Soviet Govern­ Sculley, James A., 1st Lt., AO 693414. cow's Telegram to the Department No. 944 ment, it requests the Soviet Government to Service, Samuel D., 1st Lt., AO 752509. of February 1, 1954, final paragraph. inform the United States Government in McDonnell, Robert J., 1st Lt., AO 2222264. The Department is considering whether it detail concerning each American mwtary Homer, wuuam B., M/Sgt., AF 7025704. has become appropriate as well as desirable person who has been detained in the Soviet Moore, David L., M/Sgt., AP 15229915. at this time to question the Soviet Govern­ Union at any time since January 1, 1949 of BUzzard, Wllliam A., S/Sgt., AP 19244175. ment specifically with reference to the de­ whom the United States Government haa not Monserrat, Miguel W., S/Sgt., AF 13164064. tention of American filers whose presence heretofore been informed by the Soviet Gov­ Berg, Eddie R., S/Sgt., !J' 17281746. has been reported by repatriates from Soviet ernment, giving in each case the name of the Bonura, Leon P., S/Sgt., AP 18359162. prison camps and detention places, even person :-.nd the circumstances underlying his Becker, Roscoe G., S/Sgt., AP 19391813. though the basic information received in the detention. P11lsbury, Danny H., A/lC, AP 18245964. Department is not as specl.f1c as that which Specifically, the United States Govenunent 3. While the foregoing specific cases involve has underlain the representations made to is informed and 1s compelled to believe th81t the crew members of two aircraft, it may well the Soviet Government in other cases. the Soviet Government has had and con­ be that the Soviet Government has in Its The Soviet Government has already de­ tinues to have under detention the following: custody members of the crews of other United nied knowledge of the whereabouts o! any 1. One or more members of the crew of States aircraft, particularly crew members of crew members of the B-29 destroyed by Soviet a United States Navy ~ivateer-type aircraft aircraft engaged on behalf of the United Na- June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19313 tions Command side of the m111tary action domestic bus manufacturers to produce pro­ capped persons for whom the high floors and in Korea. since 1950. totype buses that would attract greater stairs of current buses provide serious ob­ The United States Government desires that ridership, be accessible to all passengers, In­ stacles and encourage continued competition the Soviet Government make its Inquiry on cluding the elderly and physically handi· among the manufacturers of transit buses. the foregoing subject as thoroughly as pos­ capped. UMTA enlisted the aid of the three major do­ sible, but that it keep this Embassy Informed I am aware that many who are opposed mestic bus manufacturers, AM General, Gen­ of progress a,s soon as possible. to mandating Transbus argue that it is not eral Motors and the Flexible Co. (a wholly­ -An early response as to the Soviet Govern­ now within our ab111ty to produce a low­ owned subsidiary of Rohr Industries), to sup­ ment's intentions wit h respect to the present floor, ramped bus which can operate safely ply prototypes of such a bus !or testing. Pro­ request will be appreciated. and ef!lciently in day-to-day transit service. totypes were built by all three manufac­ End of Verbatim Text. These objections are discussed in detail 1n turers, tested by UMTA contractors and de­ the decision document and are, 1n my judg­ monstrated in actual service in !our cities. ment, satisfactorily refuted. This process enabled the development of Additionally, a Transbus mandate does draft specification for production of TO AID ELDERLY AND HANDI­ not, in my judgment, interfere with the re­ CAPPED PERSONS Transbus. sponsibillty of local otncials to plan for and In July 1976, Robert E. Patricelll, who was implement mass transportation projects. then UMTA Administrator, announced that HON. JOHN BRADEMAS· Transbus, in fact, wlll permit faster and DOT would not mandate TrNlSbus. Insteii.d, more ef!lcient bus service by mlnim1zing the the agency would permit the Antroduction of OF INDIANA time required to take on and discharge all an advanced design bus (''DB"), would IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES passengers, including those who are elderly mandate requirements for making buses ac­ or handicapped. · Wednesday, June 15, 1977 cessible to elderly and handicapped passen­ I believe it is my responsib111ty to insure gers (to become effective on February 15, Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, elderly to the extent feasible that no segment of 1977) and would provide funds !or research and handicapped people in this country our population is needlessly denied access and development of under-the-floor compo­ to public transportation. It is now withm nenets that would be needed by a low-floor are often isolated and homebound be­ our technological capablllty to insure that cause public transportation is not acces­ bus in the future. This decision generated elderly and handicapped persons are ac­ considerable public discussion. Many elderly sible to them. Urban mass transit buses corded access to urban mass transit buses. and handicapped groups asserted that the present barriers to disabled individuals This access is fundamental to the ability of bus accessibility requirements were unsatis­ and the elderly who' cannot board easily such persons to lead independent and pro· factory. Litigation was initiated challenging or without assistance. ductive lives. We cannot deny them rights UMTA's authority to fund acqu isition of To enable more Americans to use pub­ that so many others enjoy, when it is within ADBs. Work on developing Transbus came to lic transportation, the distinguished Sec­ our ablllty to accord them s:uch rights. a virtual halt. retary of Transportation, the Honorable PRODUCTION OF TRANSBUS Shortly after I was sworn in as Secretary of Brock Adams has recently announced A review of the record convinces me that, Transportation in January, I took several that all new public buses purchased with at a minimum, the three major domestic bus steps to address these issues. First, I an­ Department of Transportation grants manufacturers could begin Transbus deliv­ nounced that the decision against mandating eries within 3~ years. This date allows al­ Transbus would be reconsidered and a public will be designed with low fioors and most 2~ years for development before bid­ hearing on the matter would be held on ramps for easy access by older people and ding would begin, and approximately 15 March 15. Second, I waived that portion of handicapped individuals. This new months thereafter before the buses are the regulations on accessiblllty for the elderly program, Transbus, will increase the actually delivered. and handicapped that might have been in­ opportunities of disabled and elderly in­ As I said in my opening remarks at the consistent with a future decision on Trans­ dividuals to lead lives of greater inde­ Transbus hearing, we have a very competent bus, until after that decision was made. pendence. bus manufacturing capab111ty 1n this coun­ Third, I Initiated new policies and procedures try as well as abroad, and I believe competi­ !or the interim acquisition of ADBs. A deci­ Mr. Speaker, I commend Secretary tion, as well as Innovation, must be encour­ sion on Transbus was promised by May 27. Adams warmly for his decision to man­ aged. I am certain that these manufacturers In reviewing this matter I have had avail­ date the Transbus program. At this point can meet the challenge of producing Trans­ abel to me the record on which former Ad­ I insert in the RECORD his statement on bus. Additionally, I believe the pressure of ministrator Patricelll based his decision, the that decision, and the text of the decision effective competition among the manufac­ transcript of the March 15 public hearing, of Secretary Adams: turers wlll result 1n a prompt Introduction written material subsequently submitted for of this needed improvement. If one manu­ STATEMENT OF U.S. SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTA• the record, summaries of staJf discussions facturer substantially beats the effective with interested parties, also in the record, TION BROCK ADAMS AT PRESS CONFERENCE date of the mandate, we wlll consider sole ON TRANSBUS, MAY 19, 1977 and, of course, the relevant statutes I am re­ source procurements to get Transbus on the sponsible for administering. I am announcing today my decision to re­ streets as soon as it is available. quire all new publfc buses purchased with Further, I have decided to leave in effect THK- DECISION Department of Transportation grants to be the interim policy on accessiblllty for the After carefully weighing the data and views designed for easy a.ccess by elderly and 'handi­ elderly and handicapped. That is, manufac­ submitted by manufa.cturers, the American capped persons. turers must continue to offer optional Public Transit Association ("APTA"), indi­ ACCESSIBLE URBAN BUSES wheelchair lifts and local transit authorities vidual transit authorities, groups represent­ ing the elderly and handicapped and others, I am directing the use of a new bus specifi­ must either purchase buses with lifts or cation, requiring all buses offered for bid provide special services for elderly ' and I have decided, for the reasons stated below, handicapped passengers. to mandate Transbus. This mandate will take after September 30, 1979, to have a floor the form of requiring the use of a Transbus height of not more than 22 inches capable of kneeling to 18 inches above the ground SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION, specification for all standard-size buses ac­ Washington, D.C., May 19, 1977. quired with UMTA assistance. The mandate and be equipped with a. ramp for boarding. wlll apply to all procurements containing ve­ This decision is based on a public hearing DECISION OF BROCK ADAMS, SECRETARY OF hicle specifications approved by UMTA, is­ held by this department on March 15 and my TRANSPORTATION, TO M.u."DATE TRANSBUS sued for bid after September 30, 1979. The review of the information and views sub­ INTRODUCTION specifications already developed after consul­ mitted by bus manufacturers, groups repre­ The question before me is whether to man­ tation with APTA and others will be used senting the elderly and handicapped, the date or encourage the acquisition of a low­ with some minor modiflcations. The specifi­ American Public Transit Association, and floor, ramped bus ("Transbus") by all local cations Include a requirement for a station­ others. transit authorities seeking federal assistance ary floor height of not more than 22 inches. A review of the history of the Transbus for the purchase of standard-size mass transit !or an effective floor height including a kneel­ program convinces me that simply encour­ buses, after a certain date. Further question ing feature of not more than 18 inches, and aging Transbus may not result in its Intro­ include: 1f Transbus is mandated, what for a ramp for boarding and exiting. duction now or in the future. Even atter this should be (i) the effective date of the man­ Additionally, I have decided that DOT department invested about $27 million tn date; (11) the design of the bus; (111) the fed­ should encourage the formation of groups of the Transbus program, all serious efforts to­ eral role in introducing the bus; and (iv) the purchasers to make the initial purchases o! ward producing Transbus stopped when the interim bus acquisition policy. Transbus through advertised, low-bid com­ Urban Mass Transportation Administration In 1971, the Urban Mass Transportation petitions. Progress payments w1ll be per­ announced in July, 1976, that it would not Administration ("UMTA") of the Department mitted for these initial purchases. Finally, I bo mandated. of Transportation ("DOT") initiated a :najor have decided to leave in effect the interim MANDATE TO DEVELOP TRANSBUS research project to develop an improved poUcy on accessiblllty for the elderly and As most of you are aware, the Transbus transit but that would attract mass ridership, handicapped. That is, manufacturers must program enlisted the aid of the three major be accessible to those elderly and handi- continue to offer optional wheelchair lifts, 19314 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 and local transit authorities must either pur­ In April 1976, the earlier guidance to grantees The history of change in bus design is not chase buses with lifts or provide special serv­ was formalized and strengthened by the pub­ one of constant innovation. As noted earlier, ices for elderly and handicapped passengers. llcatlon of UMTA's regulations on transpor­ the so-called "new look" bus, the one cur­ Each of these decisions is discussed more tation for elderly and handicapped persons. rently in use, was introduced in 1959.2 ADBs fully below. These regulations set forth a comprehensive will not be in the streets for another year and THE STATUTORY FRAMEWORK scheme of planning, service and design do not offer the advances of Transbus. In 1964, Congress responded to a growing requirements. A review of the statutes that guide this pattern of declining ridership and increasing DOT has long recognized that a low-floor, decision suggests strongly that any inclina­ financial difficulties in the Nation's mass standard-size bus that provides access for tion to postpone a mandate further would transports. tion systems by enacting the ur­ nonambulatory and wheelchair-bound pas­ thwart the intent of the Congress. A review ban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 (UMT sengers would be an effective means to ac­ of recent litigation suggests equally strongly Act). There have been several major amend­ commodate these several statutory mandates. that the courts are also not prepared to ments since 1964, and, as amended, it con­ The Tranbus program was initiated, at least countenance needless delay in making urban tinues to provide the legislative basis for the in part, to test the fea.stb111ty of such a bus. mass transit vehicles accessible to the elderly federal role in urban mass transports. tlon. Of the methods of accomplishing accessi­ and handicapped. Section 2 of the UMT Act states that its pur­ b111ty that were studied and demonstrated Even if the Congressional and judicial con­ poses are: to assist in the development of in the Transbus program, UM'I'A acknowl­ cerns were not as clear as they are, I believe improved mass transportation fac111tles, edged that the ramped Transbus emerged as it is my responsibillty to insure to the extent equipment, techniques, and methods; to en­ the most desirable. The ramp was nonethe­ feasible. that no segment of our population courage the planning and establishment of less not required in the specifications that is needlessly denied access to public trans­ areawide mass transportation systems needed were subsequently developed. The existing portation. It is now within our technological for economical and desirable urban develop­ statutory mandates regarding transportation capabllity to insure that elderly and handi­ ment; and to provide assistance to State and for the elderly and handicapped and the .t:apped persons are accorded access to urban local governments and their instrumentali­ proven feasibility of a low-floor, ramped mass transit buses. This access is fundamen­ ties in financing such systems. Transbus that will result in substantial tal to the ablllty of such persons to lead in­ To accomplish these purposes, sections 3 benefits to the able-bodied as well as the dis­ dependent and productive lives. In my view, and 5 of the UMT Act authorize grants to abled, argue convincingly for a Transbus a decision assuring that access could have State and local publlc bodies to assist in the mandate. been made some years ago. financing of maS3 transportation related Section 16 of the UMT Act, section 504 of Today, the ADB represents the state-of­ capital fac11lties including standard-sized the Rehab111tatlon Act and other statuto['y the-art in bus design from ~he floor up. But transit buses. The federal share of a capital provisions have resulted in a number of law­ their floor height (even with a kneeling fea­ facilities grant under section 3 is 80 per­ suits brought by elderly and handicapped ture) does not make them accessible to the cent of net project cost. Under section 5, persons. Although DOT has generally been elderly and handicapped without a wheel­ which also authorizes payments for operat­ successful in that litigation, litigation suc­ chair lift. The 11ft is an expensive piece of ing assistance, the Federal share of a capt tal cess alone provides no reason to a void or hardware, principally benefiting those in facil1tles grant is a maximum of 80 percent defer a federal mandate ot technological im­ wheelchairs. Many of those individuals, how­ of net project cost.l provements as they become available, espe­ ever, regard the lift as degrading and have Section 6 of the UMT Act, under which the cially when, as here, those improvements expressed concern about the difficulty and Transbus research activities were funded au·­ significantly advance the mass transporta­ safety of. using it. In addition, use of the lift thorizes research, development and de~on­ tion interests of all persons, including the slows bus operations since it takes time to stration projects in all phases of urban mass elderly and handicapped, and when the im­ deploy and other passengers cannot board or transportation. Section 9 authorizes grants provements are quite unlikely to be intro­ exit during that time. for urban mass transportation planning and duced without a federal mandate. The low-floor Transbus can, on the other technical studies. There ls one additional statutory reason, hand, accommodate a ramp. The ramp is A 1970 amendment to the UMT Act de­ apart from improved accessibility, for :nan­ swift to deploy and can be used beneficially clared the mass transports.tion needs of dating Transbus. First, DOT has a statutory by many passengers, including most cate­ elderly and handicapped persons to be of na­ obligation to assist in the development of gories of mobile elderly and handicapped. A tional importance and required DOT to ex­ improved mass transportation fac111ties and low-floor, ramped bus w111 decrease the load­ ercise a special leadership role to insure that equipment. Until the recent introduction of ing and unloading time for all passengers. their rights were protected. This 1970 amend­ ADB's there had been essentially no change It is important to keep in mind that in ment added section 16 to the Act to read in in bus design since the advent of the "new discussing bus accessibillty for the elderly part, an follows: ' look" bus in 1959. The advanced designs and handicapped we are not concerned only SECTION 16. (a) It is hereby declared to be pa-esently being offered are logical intermedi­ with those confined to wheelchairs. We are the national policy that elderly and handi­ ate steps on the way to the introduction of concerned as well with any mob111ty-im­ capped persons have the same right as other Transbus, and in fact, they are in part out­ paire•d person, a group which numbers at persons to utilize mass transportation faclli­ growths of the Transbus program. Yet these least 10 mlllion. At any time there may be tles and services; that special efforts shall be advanced designs fall short of accomplishing many other riders who are at least tempo­ made in the planning and design of mass one of the major goals of the Tra.nsbus pro­ rarilt disabled. We cannot deny these people transportation facillties and services so that gram-a low-floor with attendant benefits in the rights that so many others enjoy when the avallab111ty to elder!~ and handicapped boarding and existing for all passengers. it is within our ab111ty to accord them such persons of mass transportation which they Thus, a Transbus mandate will bring to rights. can effectively utilize will be assured; and fruition the full benefits of federally-assisted I am acutely aware that many who are op­ that all Federal programs offering assistance research and developmen-t in the area of posed to Transbus argue that it is not now in the field of mass transoortation (includ­ stand~rd-size buses. within our ability to produce a low-floor, ing the programs under this Act) should con­ Finally, as the transit bus ma1·ket has ramped bus which can operate safely and t:tin provisions implementing this policy." moved to new levels of product improvement, efficiently in day-to-day transit service. Equally important, section 504 of the Re­ it has become increasingly difficult to fashion These objections are discussed in detail be­ hab111tation Act of 1973 established the right procurement methods since ADB's are of low and, in my Judgment, satisfactorily of every handicapped person to be free of somewhat different designs, with different refuted. discrimination in any federally-assisted pro­ levels of performance and, quite naturally, Further, a Transbus mandate does not in­ gram. Section 504 reads: different prices. A Transbus mandate will terfere with the traditional responsibility of "No otherwise qualified handicapped indi­ provide the necessary federal leadership in local officials to plan for and implement mass vidual in the United States . . . shall, solely the marketplace to allow transit bus manu­ transportation projects. Routes, schedules by reason of his handicap, be excluded from facturers to plan investments and tooling and fares continue to be matters of local de­ the participation in, be denied the benefits costs around certain required minimum per­ cision and State and local officials retain the of, or be subjected to discrimination under formance and design characteristics. This, in any program or activity receiving Federal turn, wm permit low-bid procurements that :1 The lack of innovation in bus design financial assistance." will assist in the maintenance of a viable and prompted a study by the National Academy Shortly after the adoption of section 16, competitive bus manufacturing industry of Engineering (NAE) documenting the need DOT began implementing the legislative based upon a predictable federal policy. for an improved transit bus. The NAE study mandate requiring special federal lea.dershlo THE NEED FOR A MANDATE concluded that a low-floor bus was: "The in the area of mass transportation for elderly A review of the history of the Transbus most desirable means-within the existing and handicapped persons through written program convinces me that simply encourag­ state of the art-for improving bus trans­ guidelines for UMTA grantees. UMTA also ing Transbus will not result 1n its prompt portation." The low-floor, the NAE noted, financed research .and studies in the area. introduction and may not result in its intro­ would result tn a bus that was "not only ... duction even in the long-run. Even after easy and comfortable to use, but usable 1 The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 .also approximately $27 m1llion of UMTA invest­ readily and without embarrassment by the authorizes capital assistance to mass trans­ ment, all serious efforts toward producing physically and economically handicapped, portation including assistance to acquire Transbus stopped when UMTA announced the aged, the pregnant woman, the business­ standard size transit buses. in July 1976 that it would not be mandated. man, and the young adult." June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19315 authority to plan for and implement all The TPR was developed for DOT by Booz­ There is, however, another important re­ transit services including specialized services Allen Applied Research with full participa­ sponsibility for the government to under­ where these can contribute to overall tion by the APTA Bus Technology Commit­ l;ake in introducing 'lransbus into the mar­ mobility needs. For those communities utiliz­ tee, AM General, General Motors, Flexible, ketplace. We should, I believe, do everything ing standard-size bus service over fixed and UMTA. It was designed to be used by feasible to assure early purchases of sub­ routes, the Transbus will permit faster and procuring agencies in competitive procure­ stantial numbers of the first production more efficient bus service by minimizing the ments of Transbuses under the UM:TA Capi­ Transbuses. To this end, we will encourage time required to take on and discharge all tal Grants Program. formation of purchaser groups to make in­ passengers, including those who are elderly It was originally intended that the Trans­ itial procurements of Transbuses from each or handicapped. Better accessibility, new bus prototypes developed by each manufac .. manufacturer through advertised, low-bid styling features and a. better ride will attract turer would be tested and evaluated and a competitions. While I do not think it is ap­ and retain new ridership, and to the operat­ winning design selected for use by all manu~ propriate to allocate the market in an effort ing revenue of transit operators and enhance facturers. However, while the three Trans~ to guarantee that each manufacturer's bus the image of mass transportation in every bus manufacturers met the performance re­ will be bought, we will permit each consor­ community. Moreover, testimony at the pub­ quirements for Transbus prototypes, all tium to make initial Transbus purchases lice hearing, as well as a. number of com­ three used different approaches based on from more than one manufacturer if the ments on the Transbus question, indicate their individual body styling, construction consortium members so desire. that several communities have been and con­ and manufacturing techniques. UMTA con­ Additionally, we wlll agree to make progress tinue to be vitally interested in obtaining cluded that to require all three manufac­ payments in connection with these initial low-floor standard-size buses, but have been turers to build buses around one manufac­ purchases to help defray start-up produc­ unable to do so because of the commercial turer's design would put two of the manu­ tion costs. As I have already stated, we will unavailabllity of Tra.nsbus. A Tra.nsbus man­ facturers at an unnecessary competitive dis·· also consider making sole source procure­ date will permit DOT to be responsive to advantage and would stifle innovation. ments of any manufacturer's Transbus which these locally conceived mass transportation Thus, the design specification approach was is available substantially earlier than the objectives, as contemplated by the UMT abandoned on January 8, 1975, when UMTA others. Act. announced a. policy which would permit all I believe that these steps represent the maximum necessary federal role in intro­ THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE MANDATE three designs to qualify for production if ducing Transbus. The record of the March 15 hearing (and they met a. performance specification to be the hearing conducted by UMTA in 1976) developed by UMTA as a result of testing INTERIM ACCESSmiLITY POLICY contains conflicting projections of when and evaluation of the prototype vehicles. I am aware that even after Transbus is Transbus could be ready for production. AM The specifications that were develope:i as mandated purchases of conventional buses General indicates that Transbus could be a result of this decision nevertheless include will continue, with UMTA financial assist­ available approximately 34 months from the certain design requirements such as floor ance, for slightly more than two years. Inas­ date of a. mandate. Flexible says 36-60 height, door width, step riser height and much as these newly purchased buses wm months, and G~nera.l Motors says five years. tread depths intended to insure that acces­ continue in operation for 12 or more years, These manufacturers have different views sibility goals are met. The specifications in­ I believe it is necessary to announce the pol­ about the deslrablllty of Transbus and the clude options for features such as power icy that we wlll follow concerning accessi­ adequacy of ADBs, and their existing in­ plant size, air-conditioning, bus width, bus bility of mass transit for elderly and handi­ vestments reflect these judgments. length, etc. The TPR requires every manu­ capped in the period before the introduction My analysis of the enttre record con­ facturer to be able to bid on any specified of Transbus. I have decided that our existing vinces me that all three current manufac­ combination of options in direct cost com­ policy in this matter should be continued. turers could begin deliveries in 3 Y2 years. petition. The specifications are intended to That policy is based on requirements that This date allows almost 2 Y2 years for develop­ be modified, from time to time, as improved all manufacturers offer optional equipment ment before bidding would begin, and ap­ components or designs are developed. (e.q., lifts) for loading wheelchair-bound proximately 15 months thereafter before the I am today adopting, with some modifica­ and other handicapped passengers, and that buses are actually delivered. tions, the specifications developed and set local transit authorities must either pur­ As I sa.ld in my opening remarks at the forth in the TPR. The most important modi­ chase accessible buses, or provide special Tra.nsbus hearing, we have a. very competent fication is the one which makes the ramp services suitable for transporting elder!y bus manufacturing industry and I believe a mandatory feature of the bus. The TPR and handicapped passengers. competition, as well as innovation, must be as modified, will be available from UMTA o~ :Many handicapped passengers have ex­ encouraged. I am certain that these manu­ June 13. pressed concern about the operation and facturers can meet the challenge of produc­ In my judgment, use of this specification safety of the lift. Additionally, the lifts are ing Tra.nsbus. Additionally, I believe the will promote the earliest availability of cumbersome and time-consuming to operat e pressure of effective competition among the Transbus without stUUng innovation in and will become entirely outmoded by the manufacturers will result in a. prompt intro­ manufacture and design. Transbus ramp. They do, however, ma1:e duction of. this needed improvement. If one THE FEDERAL ROLE IN INTRODUCING TRANSBUS buses accessible to mobility-impaired pas­ manufacturer is ready substantially before sengers. On the other hand, many elderly As I indicated above, DOT has already in­ and handicapped representatives oppose spe­ the effecive date of the mandate, we will vested approximately $27 million in the consider sole source procurements to get cial services since they require advance noti­ Transbus program. As a result of that invest­ fication or have other dlsadavantages not Tra.nsbus on the streets as soon as tt 1s ment we have learned what is and is not a.valla.ble. associated with regular scheduled bus serv­ technologically feasible in connection with ice. These representatives argue that "sepa­ Accordingly, as I stated above, I am order­ development of a low-floor, ramped bus. We ing that all bus procurements utlllzing rate but equal" transit services are inher­ have identified the problems of the proto­ ently unequal and do not enable elderly and UMTA capital assistance funds must use the type buses as well as solutions to them. we Tra.nsbus specifications after September 30, handicapped persons to lead the most fully have determined which components need integrated lives possible. 1979. I urge those manufacturers who can further development, and which are pres­ to make Transbus available voluntarily at ently able to be produced. In my judgment, Accordingly, I believe it appropriate to al­ an earlier date. tho $27 mlllion was well spent. low local governments to decide how best to serve their elderly and handicapped popu­ THE DESIGN OF TRANSBUS I am aware that costs remain in connection lations until Transbus is ready for produc­ In connection with the research effort with going to production models of Trans­ bus. I am convinced, however, that this type tion. Those who purchase lift-equipped buses to develop Tra.nsbus. UMTA developed a. will thereby offer substantially enhanced complete procurement document-the of cost should properly be borne by the man­ ufacturers. Direct federal funding for tool­ accessibility to their elderly and handicapped Tra.nsbus Procurement Requirements (TPR) citizens. Those offering special services wt.ll -for use by local transit authorities tn ing and start-up costs is not appropriate given the knowledge and experience already provide valuable experience for the period buying Tra.nsbuses. The document contains after Transbus is introduced since even fUlly four parts: gained through the DOT investment. Prod­ uct quality, production methods and related accessible fixed route buses wi11 not meet Part I: Bid Requirements/Contractual the transportation needs of all elderly ar:.d Provisions. Provides legal and other instru­ matters are and shoUld be uniquely the re­ sponsibility of the manufacturer. handicapped. DOT will carefully monitor the ments for procuring coaches; activities of grantees of UMTA funds to be Part II: Technical Specifications. Specifies This would not be the case had the federal certain that the transportation needs of the buses being procured; investment not already proven the under­ lying feasibillty of Transbus. We could not elderly and handicapped citizens are being Part III: Quality Assurance Provisions. reasonably require manufacturers to invest addressed. Specifies the minimum quality control re­ in a wholly unproven technology. But, as THE TECHNOLOGICAL FEASmiLITY OF TRANSBUS quirements in the manufacture of the discussed more completely elsewhere, I am A critical factor in determining the desir­ buses; and convinced the technology for Transbus is ability of a Federal mandate of Transbus IS Part IV: Warranty Provisions. Describes proven and consequently I believe it appro­ technological and economic feasibility. I find the warranty coverage on the buses after priate to require the manufacturers to put that a bus that meets the existing Transbu s their acceptance by local transit authorities. that technology into production. specifications, as modified to require a ramp, 19316 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 serves the needs of the elderly lind handle The record of the public hearing and stud­ BALTIC STATES GENOCIDE DAY capped, can be produced in a reasonable pee ies done for UMTA demonstrate the emcacy riod of time and would be operationally ac· of the ramp in providing access for those oeptable. with mob111ty impairments. The Transbus HON. TOM CORCORAN Axles, tires and brakes are the most unique specifications call for a ramp that wm yield OF n.LINOIS components of the Transbus. These compo­ the full benefit of this technology. The spec­ nents do not require technological break­ ifications provide that the maximum ramp IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES throughs, but merely enough time for proper angle on a level street with no curb must Wednesday, June 15, 1977 development. The Transbus prototypes, not be more than 14 degrees. This means manufactured by AM General, General that on a level street With a six-inch curb, Mr. CORCORAN of Dlinois. Mr. Speak­ Motors and Flexible, showed that in at least the ramp angle will be less than ten degrees; er, during the night of June 14, 1941, one instance the new axles were lightweight, even with a typical crowned street and no hundreds of Soviet Secret Police swept used many existing internal subcomponents curb, the ramp angle would be approxi­ through the three tiny Baltic States of and can accommodate the current design mately 15 degrees. This is within the range Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. These automatic transmission. in which most wheelchair-bound persons can Similarly, Transbus will probably require be expected to make unassisted entry al­ "merchants of terror" arrested thou­ tires which are substantially smaller than though in some cases those in wheelchairs sands of citizens, dragging them from those presently available. Such tires have may need assistance in exiting. These angles their beds to be transported to the hor­ been undergoing development for some time can be accommodated with a ramp not more rors of slave labor camps in the far and could be put into production in time than 6 feet long and a slight incline where reaches of the Soviet Union. Many of for Transbus deliveries. While I understand the ramp meets the bus floor. This type of these people were never heard from that these tires will have shorter lives than technology has already been utmzed by at again. current tires, estimates of Transbus operating least one of the prototype manufacturers. This despicable act ended the brief costs, as discussed later, include an assumpe Probably the most complex feasib111ty tion that the smaller tires will be used. In questions with respect to Transbus involve reign of liberty in the Baltic States, my view, any problems that the tires may its economic viab1lity. The Transbus proto­ which had begun only two decades cause are more than offset by the greater types included spacious seating arrange­ earlier. accessib111ty of the Transbus. ments with seating capacity for 42 to 43 peo­ Since then, the tribulations of the Bal­ Transbus brakes will also be somewhat ple as compared to the maximum seating tic people read like a modern day Book different than existing bus brakes, yet wm capacity of current production buses of 51 of Job. They have suffered the collectivi­ utilize essentially the same technology. Dee to 53. Actually, Transbus could have a seat­ zation of their farms and the nationali­ spite the smaller diameter wheels, the Transe ing capacity of 47 if it is designed with that zation of their industry. They have en­ bus specification provides for more brake goal in mind. ADBs seat between 43-47 pas4 area per pound of vehicle weight than on sengers, depending on their seat design. dured religious persecution and their current buses. Since this specification can Therefore, I do not believe that there will be children have endured brainwashing at be met using conventional drum brakes, very a serious loss of seating capacity. Moreover, the hands of Communist teachers. little development will be required. full load capacity is more relevant in deter­ Hundreds of thousands of Latvians, Several Transbus operating issues have mining transit system revenues, and Trans­ Estonians, and Lithuanians have been arisen. These include road clearance, prob­ bus will have a full load capacity comparable deported-scattered to the far corners of lems associated with the kneeling feature and to current buses. the Soviet Union-to be replaced by the appropriate width of the front door. Be­ A similar situation exists with regard to cause the Transbus prototypes experienced weight and fuel economy. The Transbus spec­ usurpers from other parts of the Com­ minor road clearance problems, the final ifications require that curb weight not exceed munist confederation. The reason for Transbus specifications require additional 26,000 pounds. This weight is about 1,000 to this wholesale forced migration is simple: road clearance. After the prototypes were 2,000 pounds more than current production the Communist masters wish to destroy tested, every observed ground clearance prob­ buses but is the same as the ADB speclfi­ the national identity of the Baltic peo­ lem was carefully analyzed and the final ca tions. The added weight is a reflection of ple. They know that the surest way to specifications written so as to eliminate those the need for an additional axle and related conquer a people is to destroy their iden­ problems within the limits of the prototype components. Transbus rel1ab111ty and main­ tity as a nation. technology. The specifications call for road ta.inablllty have become issues as a result of clearance equivalent to or better than that the greater complexity of Transbus proto­ Try as they might, though, the masters attained by all three current model buses. types, especially as compared to current of the Kremlin have not been able to ex­ Some problems have been experienced in buses. The low-fioor of the Transbus neces­ tinguish the "Light of Liberty" complete­ the past with the kneeling feature found on sitates greater mechanical complexity in the ly. It is only a dim glow, but it is there. ADBs, some current buses and Transbus. running gear of the bus, but does not neces­ And like a smoldering ember in a forest, First, the earliest kneeling devices did not sitate new or unique technology. It is impor­ it waits only for a fresh breeze to burst always operate properly. This was found to be tant to remember that there has been no sig­ into life. a result of corrosion within electrical com­ nificant change in bus design in almost 20 ponents. When greater protection for that years. It is not surprising, therefore, that The Baltic people in this country nur­ system was provided, the problem was solved. those with responsiblllty for maintaining ture that tiny glow. They continue to Further, there were complaints of drivers buses are concerned. Experience and famll~ maintain their national traditions-reli­ not kneeling the bus when passengers needed iarity with these changes and good product gious, civic, and cultural-and to work in it. While this remains a potential problem, design will remedy this problem. I am, there­ behalf of th~ir countrymen, who are it can be overcome by proper driver training. fore, convinced that bus maintainabllity and pinned beneath the boot heels of their A bus that can kneel to at least 18 inches reliab111ty will not be seriously affected. Above Russian oppressors. wlll benefit all passengers, not just those who the fioor, Transbus will be similar to ADBs. need the ramp. These benefits far outweigh We will have had considerable experience These people have not given up, and the dimculties. with ADBs before Transbuses are actually on neither should we. So long as the Soviet The front door width called for in the the street. Union continues to treat the Baltic peo­ specifications is 44 inches. This is wide Because of its greater complexity, smaller ple as conquered subjects; as long as the enough to allow room for wheelchair-bound diameter tires and slightly increased weight, Russians treat the Baltic people like passengers or to allow for a double stream the Transbus wlll cost more than the cur­ cattle, to be shipped wherever it pleases of ambulatory passengers. This feature is rent bus. The most reliable cost estimates the Moscow regime; in short, as long as desired by many operators because it allows indicate that, while the initial cost of Trans­ the Russians continue their program of an inbound and outbound stream at the bus will be approximately 15 to 18 percent national genocide, we in the United same time, thus shortening the loading and more than current buses, this is only about States must continue to refuse to recog­ unloading time. Some operators prefer a nar­ five percent more than ADBs. A comprehen­ row (24") door making a double stream sive analysis of cost estimates showed that nize the illegal Soviet domination of the impossible and, therefore, fares easier to col­ the Transbus would have operating costs Baltic States. lect. The productivity improvements stem­ only about one percent higher than current Furthermore, if President Carter is ming from the wide door and consequent re­ sincere in his desire to promote human duced loading time should more than offset buses. I conclude that these added costs are any occasional inconvenience in fare collec­ not unreasonable in light of the substantial rights throughout the world, he must tion, and the wide door is a prerequisite to benefits to all bus riders which Transbus will continue to make clear to the Soviets achieving accessibility. For these reasons, the provide. that the United States will always sup­ narrow door option has been dropped from BROCK ADAMS, port the aspirations of people in the Bal­ the specifications. Secretary of Transportation. tic States to regain their freedom. June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19317 clerk, Ms. Murray was the first woman It is my belief, Mr. Speaker, that the· Go along will of the Baltic people, and their com­ without elected as city clerk, Ms. Murray was the mitment to liberty, will ultimately pre­ enthusi- No first woman to be elected president of vail over the bayonets of the Communist + Pro asm Con opinion the Calumet City Chamber of Com­ invaders. merce. She also has served as the cham­ With regard to the ~roblem ber's secretary and vice president. To ~~ 8n~~J~~hl~~rat i on, those privileged to know her personally, (a) Give 1st priority in our she is a devoted friend, church worker, POPULAR SUPPORT FOR STRONG foreign policy agenda and respected community member. to controlling the NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION spread of nuclear I know my colleagues join with me MEASURES 72 14 8 6 and the people of Calumet City and (b) u~~g~~ry-ban""ihii" sale of sensitive nu­ Thornton Township in commending Ms. clear technology and Murray for her years of service. HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM fuel to nonnuclear OF NEW YORK weapons nations.... 43 20 22 15 (c) Seek agreement with IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES all other nuclear ex­ porting nations to WORLD WAR I VETERANS Wednesday, June 15, 1977 ban the sale of sensi­ tive nuclear technol­ Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, each ogy and fuel to non­ year the Foreign Policy Association con­ nuclear weapons na- HON. CLAUDE PEPPER ducts a poll on a number of key foreign tions______64 13 9 14 OF FLORWA (d) Give priority to devel­ policy issues. The results of the "Great oping nonnuclear en­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Decisions '77 Opinion Ballots" are in er~ sources even if th1s means a slower Wednesday, June 15, 1977 and indicate wide support for strong rate of economic nuclear nonproliferation efforts by the growth for the United _Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, truly, the U.S. Government: 72 percent of the poll's States------51 17 18 14 forgotten man in America is the veteran respondents gave "first priority in our of World War I. His average age is now foreign policy agenda to controlling the 81. Only 850,000 of them survive today spread of nuclear weapons: 64 percent MS. HELEN E. MURRAY out of a mighty horde of 4,750,000 who of the respondents urged the United turned the tide in favor of the Allies who States to "seek agreement with all other were face to face with defeat when the nuclear exporting nations to ban the HON. MARTY. RUSSO first Americans entered the trenches. sale of sensitive nuclear technology and OF ILLINOIS Seventy-five percent of today's living fuel to nonnuclear weapons states. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVI:S Americans were not yet born at that I believe that the Foreign Policy As­ Wednesday, June 15, 1977 time. sociation's poll offers the Congress a For his sacrifice and efforts that cul­ significant indication of how informed Mr~ RUSSO. Mr. Speaker, I would like minated in victory, the World War I vet­ Americans feel about the proliferation to congratulate a distinguished citizen eran, upon discharge, was given train issue. of Illinois and of my district on the oc­ fare home and the princely sum of $60 The Great Decisions poll, as noted in casion of her leaving her post as Calumet cash to buy civilian clothes and get a the Foreign Policy Association's June City city clerk. new start in life. 1977 newsletter excerpted below, involved For 38 years, Ms. Helen E. Murray has Sixty dollars.· more than 60,000 Americans in discus­ been an e1fective. dedicated, and cour­ No GI education bill. no GI housing sion groups throughout the Nation: teous public servant, and on June 24. the loans, no VA hospitalization-except for The 1977 program-23rd in an annual se­ people of Calumet City will honor her at service-connected disabilities--no vet­ ries begun by FPA in 1955-involved an esti­ a testimonial dinner. How many contri­ erans' employment services. And he came mated 60,000 Americans in discussion groups butions she has made during these years. into a civilian economy on a downward across the nation. Participants are not a During World War I. from 1941 to plunge following the war boom years. national cross-section such as 1s used in a 1946, Ms. Murray was the price clerk on Very many could not find jobs. Many Gallup poll. Their participation indicates could not adjust adequately to a non-war that, on the average, they have more educa­ Calumet City's Ration Board. She was assistant city clerk from 1946 until 1957 environment. Many had mental scars tion than most Americans and take a more from the shocks of war. lively interest in foreign affairs. This is prob­ and was elected city clerk three times, ably still more true of those who took the serving from 1965 until the spring of this Within 10 years came the great depres­ trouble to 1lll out ballots. Moreover, those year. sion and many of those who were begin­ ning to get their feet on the ground responding are more inclined than the In the 12 years Ms. Murray served as average citizen to make their views known. found their economic base swept away To a question whether the participant had, city clerk, she set a standard of perform­ from under them. in the past year, "communicated with some ance and respect for the office which will Even a march on Washington was of offtclal or representative in Washington (by be diftlcult to match. City residents knew little avail. Congress, in the early 1930's, letter, telephone, etc. or in person) on some her as the gracious lady in the city hall did issue an "adjusted service certificate" foreign policy matter," some 15% said yes, who offered the services of her office with based on the length of time the veteran a figure far above the national average. Sur­ such efficiency and courteousness and served, but again, it was woefully inade­ veys have indicated that even at the height who insisted that her sta1f do the same. of the VIetnam War, fewer than 3% of the quate. it averaged only $547.50 per population communicated with offtclals in During these years, she made major veteran. Washington regarding foreign affairs. changes in the omce of clerk, such as up­ Other efforts were made to more ade­ Great Decisions participants thus repre­ dating the bookkeeping records, updating quately compensate World War I vet­ sent an tmoortant minority of the elec­ city sticker lists, getting plans adooted erans, but most of this legislation was torate-one which Is above average In Inter­ for recodifying ordinances and, because based on need. Increases in personal in­ ests, knowledge and activity In regard to of such efforts, Calumet City was named come, social security benefits, and others foreign policy. the No. 1 city in Cook County in special all too often nu111fled the payments vet­ Participants were polled on a number assessments. bookkeeping, and bond pay­ erans were meant to receive. of key foreign policy issues including ments. Her administration of the clerk's The ranks of those veterans are thin­ Middle East policy, conventional arms office and its employees won acclaim ning rapidly. Only 1 in 5 survive today. control issues, and the nuclear prolifera­ throughout the State of IDinois. Mr. Speaker, we have delayed long tion dilemma. The results in the latter But her contributions and impressive enough. We have side-stepped justice area outlined below, give a strong indi­ record do not end with the clerk's office. long enough. While there is yet time, cation of the depth of concern held by She is active in the Calumet City Cham­ while some of these veterans still live, the American people on the prolifera­ ber of Commerce and, in addition to this Congress must act to express a small tion crisis: being the first woman elected as city measure of our Nation's gratitude to 19318 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 those valiant men who saved our Nation's options, both will be ruled out anyw'ay if must never allow its dedication to human honor in World War I. the Kremlin ultimately accepts the strategic rights to diminish. arms control package proposed by the Presi­ With the support and cooperation of I am today introducing legislation to dent, which would forbid deployment of new pay service pensions to veterans of World land-based ICBMs and place range restric­ millions throughout this country and With I, their surviving spouses, and tions on the cruise missile. other nations, we can urge the Soviet children. Strategic bombers have some special char­ Union to comply with the human rights acteristics in their favor. provisions of the Helsinki Final Act and Bombers, unlike ballistic missiles, take sev­ ensure that the just cause of Lithuanian eral hours to reach their targets and can be self-determination will not be aban­ THE CASE FOR THE B-1 called back. This is a comforting thought to doned. Presidents, who don't like the idea of order­ ing Armageddon on 15 minutes' notice; it is HON. ROBERT J. LAGOMARSINO an important consideration for the rest of us, SPRING QUESTIONNAffiE OF CALIFORNIA too. The B-1 is designed for high-speed, low­ RESULTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES level penetration of Soviet air defenses. But Wednesday, June 15, 1977 it would be too slow for us~ as a surprise­ HON. JIM LLOYD attack weapon. Thus the B-1 would appear Mr. LAGOMARSINO. Mr. Speaker, a less threatening than the same number of OF CALIFORNIA decision on the future of the B-1 bomber missiles to any potential adversary who IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES is expected soon. As an advocate for con­ thinks that a surprise U.S. attack is a serious Wednesday, June 15, 1977 tinuing the program, I would like to call possibility. to the attention of my colleagues the Los Finally, because bombers can easily be dis­ Mr. LLOYD of California. Mr. Speaker, Angeles Times editorial of June 10, 1977. persed among many airfields and can be air­ I would like to share the results of my borne on short notice, they are relatively in­ spring questionnaire which was sent to I believe the editorial explains concisely vulnerable to surprise attack themselves. and forcefully the reasons for continuing The B-1 bomber is costly. So, unfortunate­ every household in the 35th District. the B-1 bomber program: ly, are all modern weapon systems. But the Energy, the size of the Federal Gov­ THE CASE FOR THE B-1 B-1 would greatly enhance this country's ernment, and crime are recognized as It appears that President Carter w111 soon security-and do it in a way that would least prime concerns of the Nation. Congress announce a decision to go ahead with the interfere with efforts to interest the Russians is responding to these problems and re­ B-1 bomber program. The decision would be in reducing the strategic arsenals on both cently passed legislation which would controversial-especially in view of the Presi­ sides. create a department of energy to con­ dent's preelection skepticism toward the solidate and focus our energy effort. project. Other proposals, such as taxes on gaso­ But, in view of the nature of the Soviet LITHUANIAN OCCUPATION line and gas guzzlers, are the subject of Union's growing strategic arsenal and the REMEMBERED likely shape of an eventual strategic arms intense study and will be ready for a limitation agreement, we believe that a de­ vote within the next few months. cision to proceed with the new bomber would HON. LAWRENCE COUGHLIN The administration has accelerated be sound. OF PENNSYLVANIA congressional efforts to cut back on the Opposition to the B-1 has centered on its size and cost of the Federal Government, cost-$102 milllon per plane, according to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES beginning with zero-base budget studies the latest estimates-and on the argument Wednesday, June 15, 1977 of the Executive omce and major agen­ that manned bombers aren't necessary in an era when nuclear missiles can reach any­ Mr. COUGHLIN. Mr. Speaker, for Lith­ cies. My regulatory reform proposal, place on earth in less time than it takes to uanians, June 15 is a sad reminder that which requires an agency's "self-destruc­ drive to the oftlce. Neither point is persuasive. the right of all men to rule themselves tion" after a set number of years, is part U.S. defense strategy is based on the thesis should not be taken for granted. On this of the proposed Federal Energy Admin­ that this country must maintain strategic day in 1940, the independent Republic of istration's charter and, hopefully, will forces that, even if hit by a surprise nuclear Lithuania was invaded by Soviet forces, become a requirement for all regulatory attack, will be capable of retaliating with occupied, and forcibly annexed to the agencies whose continued existence enough force to destroy the attacking na­ should be periodically justified. tion. The American posture in the SALT Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. negotiations assumes that the Russians are Although Lithuania revolted in 1941 In response to national fears about entitled to the same assurance. and mounted a guerrilla war from 1944 to crime, Congress has drafted and passed The American nuclear deterrent now rests­ 1953, the nation has not been able to a number of bills in such areas as juve­ on a triad of B-52 strategic bombers, land­ free herself from Soviet domination. nile delinquency and law enforcement based Minuteman missiles and submarine­ Lithuania has paid dearly for its fight assistance to local police departments. launched missiles. If the Russians• new Back­ to regain independence. Thousands of The recodification of public laws now in fire bomber is deployed as a strategic weapon, Lithuanians died in the resistance to So­ process will include a recommendation Soviet forces will constitute a similar triad. for mandatory sentencing for convic­ H~wever, the aging B-52s are increasingly viet annexation and hundreds of thou­ incapable of penetrating Soviet air defenses, sands more were imprisoned or deported tions of certain Federal crimes. Man­ and the Minuteman ICBMs are growing more to Siberian prison camps and exiled. To datory sentencing, if it passes the test of and more vulnerable as the Soviet Union the people of Lithuanian descent the courts, will expedite due process and builds up a fleet of superheavy offensive mis­ throughout the world, the sorrow that solve the problem of persons committing siles. additional offenses while awaiting sen­ The sea-based leg of the American triad has afflicted their homeland has not been is still in good shape, and will be in even eased by the years which have passed tencing for a previous violent crime. better shape when subs equipped with larger, since World War II. The House has passed the Water Pol­ longer-range Trident missiles go on station. Despite the recent Soviet signing of lution Control Act and the Clean Air Act No President, though, can feel comfortable the Final Act at Helsinki, documented Amendments, which continue and ex­ about depending too heavily on a sea-based reports of ruthless Soviet oppression of pand Federal efforts to protect the pub­ deterrent. Deep-cruising nuclear submarines Lithuanians continue to reach the west. lic from pollutants and, at the same are out of dependable radio contact for hours time, assist industry in the cost of clean­ at a time. And there is always the posslbl11ty Yet in spite of political and cultural re­ of a breakthrough in Soviet antisubmarine pression and religious persecution, the ing up. The Clean Air Amendments, warfare capab111ties. Lithuanians' gallant spirit continues to which keep existing auto emission con­ Two corrective options are available. It is flourish. Dissidents continue to battle trol requirements in .the interests of possible to reduce, at least for awhile, the for their basic human rights at great energy conservation and employment, vulnerab111ty of this country's land-based personal risk and struggle to keep com­ exempt California from the act, allow­ deterrent by building new, semlmobile MX munications open to the west. ing our State to set the highest standards missiles that would be harder for the Rus­ in the Nation. sians to hit. And existing B-25s could be con­ As a Nation which was founded on verted to carry long-range cruise missiles the primacy of individual liberties and Aside from its effort to cut the cost of that could be fired at Soviet targets from rights basic to all men, the United States Government, Congress furthered its well outside Russian borders. must not forget the plight of Lithuanians stimulus to business by the passage of Leaving aside the cost and effectiveness and the millions of others silenced by the Tax Reduction and Simplification controversies that surround each of these Soviet oppression. The United States Act, which provides hiring incentives and June .15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19319 continues certain tax cuts for small busi­ PhUadelphia Yearly Meeting of the the day when there will be "rebirth of nesses. Rellgious Society of Friends calls on elected omcials: freedom in Lithuania, and Lithuanians More than two-thirds of the question­ To act under existing legislation to end will again be a part of the free world. naire respondents indicated that insuffi­ all aid, credits, and guarantees to any govern­ The text of the resolution follows: cient retirement income was the greatest ment which practices torture or prolonged PRisONERS OF CONSCIENCE PATRIOTS FOB problem facing our senior citizens. Fi­ detention without charges or other flagrant HUMAN RIGHTS nancing the social security system is the denials of 111e, Uberty, or security of the Political repression, religious persecution, subject of committee hearings now. While person, unless such aid directly benefits cultural genocide, deportation to Siberia social security, from its inception, was needy persons; and the denial of basic human rights-these meant only to supplement regular retire­ To amend the Food for Peace Law to as­ are the indignities su1fered by the Lithuan­ sure that U.S. food aid is sent to countries i-an people over the last 37 years at the hands ment income, Congress has recognized with such repressive governments only U it of their Communist occupiers, the Soviet that many persons are not eligible for directly benefits needy people; Union. pensions because of their particular job, To direct U.S. representatives to Interna­ Lithuanians have not su1fered in sUence. mobility, or inability to contribute finan­ tional lending institutions to vote against The Western World has seen and hears of cially. Generous tax deductions now pro­ economic aid to repressive governments un­ the many sacrifices of Lithuanian patriots vide an incentive to persons setting up less such aid directly benefits needy people. for human rights, despite attempts by the individual retirement acccunts. Soviet Union to suppress all such communi­ cations with the Western World. The under­ I think the 95th Congress, only 6- ground publications, ..The Chronicle of the months old, is meeting its responsibilities ANNIVERSARY OF LITHUANIAN Lithuanian Cathollc Church" and "Ausr-a" head on, and I would like to share with OCCUPATION (The Dawn), are published and disseminated my colleagues the opinions of my con­ by Lithuanians, 1n spite of the constant stituents: threat of arrest a.nd imprisonment by their ( 1) In your opinion, what is the most press- Russian occupiers. Indeed, Russian prisons HON. MATTHEW J. RINALDO are filled with such prisoners of conscience. ing problem before Congress? OJ' NEW JERSEY Energy, 31 percent. The Soviet Union has blatently ignored Unemployment, 17 percent. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the human rights provision of its own con­ stitution, the provisions for human rights in Big Government, 27 percent. Wednesday, June 15, 1977 Crime, 21 percent. the United Nations Charter, and most re­ Other, 4 percent. Mr. RINALDO. Mr. Speaker, I have re­ cently it has ignored the implementation of (2) The Defense budget has been steadily quested this time today to join with my the provisions of the Final Act of Helsinki. increasing. Do you favor: colleagues and Americans of Lithuanian Lithuania, a sovereign nation since 1251, Continuing increases, 36 percent. established its independence on February 16, descent in observing the 37th anniver­ 1918, but was invaded and occupied by the Holding the line, 46 percent. sary of the occupation of Lithuania by CUtting back, 18 percent. Soviet Union on June 15, 1940, and subse­ (3) Do you favor the death penalty? Soviet troops. . quently, more than 300,000 freedom-loving Yes, 84 percent. The fate of Lithuania provides us with Lithuanians were deported to Siberian Don't know, 1 percent. living testimony of the worthlessness of forced-labor camps. These tragic events are No, 15 percent. Soviet promises. Though the Soviet con­ commemorated by Lithuanians throughout the Free World on June 15th. (4) Air and water pollution controls should sitution provides for individual liber­ be: This summer, the United States will be ties and the Soviet Union has agreed to attending the follow-up Conference on Eu­ Continued, 45 percent. the Final Act at Helsinki, the Communist Relaxed, 12 percent. ropean Security and Cooperation in Belgrade, Strengthened, 43 percent. dictatorship in Moscow has steadfastly Yugoslavia. The people of Lithu-ania are (5) Business ca.n be stimulated best by: denied independence to Lithuania. In­ anxiously awaiting the outcome of the Bel­ Cutting regulations, 32 percent. stead, it has engaged in systematic per­ grade Conference, because it represents the Providing tax incentives, 25 percent. secution of dissidents and a totalitarian only foreseeable means for them to benefit Balancing the budget, 43 percent. from the provisions of the Final Act of the repression of religious, political, and civil European Security and Cooperation Confer­ (6) What do you see as the major problem rights to the Baltic nations. From 1944 to ence 1n Helsinki. facing senior citizens? 1952, over 50,000 Lithuanian freedom Health and nutrition, 13 percent. There is world-wide concern for Soviet Retirement income, 68 percent. fighters lost their lives trying to return Jewry, and justly so, however, Lithuanians, Housing, 10 percent. freedom to Lithuania. Latvians, Estonians and the people of the Other, 9 percent. The Helsinki accord does not legitimize other Captive Nations also deserve our con­ the annexation of Lithuania. The United cern, and action. The Belgrade Conference presents a States has consistently refused to recog­ Unique opportunity to bring the force of nize the overthrow of the legitimate worid public opinion and the diplomatic PHILADELPHIA YEARLY MEETING Lithuanian Government, and we should power of the Western World to bear on the OF RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF continue to support Lithuanians in their Soviet Union's disregard of the human rights FRIENDS SPEAKS OUT ON HUMAN efforts to throw off the shackles of com­ provisions of the Final Act of Helslnki. The RIGHTS ISSUE munism. Commission on Security and Cooperation in I Europe, established by the United States have introduced legislation-House Congress last year, has documented evidence Concurrent Resolution 235-which calls of the Soviet Union's non-compliance with HON. JOSHUA EILBERG upon U.S. representatives to the Belgrade these provisions. OJ' PENNSYLVANIA conference to confront the Soviet Union We urge the President of the United States, with its noncompliance with the Helsinki and the Secretary of State to direct our rep­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES accord. A1s one of the most important resentatives to the Belgrade Conference to Wednesday, June 15, 1977 foreign policy issues facing up today, I confront the Soviet Union about their non­ compliance and evidence of bad faith. Since Mr. En.BERG. Mr. Speaker, the urge my colleagues to join with me in pressing for adoption of my r~olution. the Soviet Union seeks better relations with Philadelphia yearly meeting of the the Western World for its own purposes, let Religious Society of Friends-Quakers­ Mr. Speaker, the United States cannot us make compliance with the Final Act of has spoken out in a very forthright and afford to be passive in its relations with Helsinki a condition on which those relations commendable manner on the issue of the Soviet Union: we must forcefully depend. human rights around the globe. support the captive nations and apply pressure to Russian leaders to live up A1s a long-time supporter of efforts to LITHUANIAN INDEPENDENCE secure for all peoples the basic right to to the Helsinki pact. which, as human beings, they are en­ I would like to include with my re­ titled, I am proud to place in the RECORD marks a copy of a position paper I have HON. JOHN D. DINGELL the following text of the resolution which received from the Lithuanian-American OJ' MICHIGAN th€y have adopted: Community of the United States. This IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES document succinctly and forcefully ex­ Holding that U.S. trade and aid pollcies Wednesday, June 15, 1977 should be 1n harmony with a deep concern presses the views of Americans of Lithu­ for the observance of human rights through­ anian descent, and I agree wholeheart­ Mr. DINGELL. Mr.. Speaker, today, out the world: edly with their goals. I look forward to Lithuanian-Americans join in com- 19320 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 memorating the military occupation and age in the United States who have diabetes. newal, and strengthening. In other areas, forcible incorporation of Lithuania into As you know, the ingestion of soft drinks l8 such as southern Africa and the Mideast, he a key element of the llfe-style of youngsters has made changes in emphasis as well as the Soviet Union in 1940. It is a most in the U.S.A. today. If saccharin 1s removed major modifications In previous baste policy. timely observation in that worldwide at­ from soft drinks, then diabetic chlldren will In a speech on May 22nd, In which he dealt tention is focusing on the issue of human be tempted to practices which w111 have a broadly with foreign policy, he set forth rights. At this moment, a meeting is con­ very adverse effect on their blood sugar con­ these "five cardinal premises:" vening in Belgrade for review of the trol. This concern can be appreciated if one . "First, our policy should reflect our peo­ Helsinki Accords, pledging respect for recognizes that a normal person whose blood ple's basic commitment to promote the cause fundamental human rights. sugar is 100 mg. per 100 ml. of blood has a of human rights. The tragedy of suppression of inde­ total blood glucose of about 20 grams. An 8- "Next, our pollcy should be based on close ounce soft drink contains about 30 grams of cooperation among the industrial democra­ pendence and expression of individual sugar. A normal chUd has the Insulin secret­ cies of the world-because we share the same rights is well recorded in Lithuania's ing capacity to metabolize this sugar load. values and because together we can help to history. The brutal occupation of the A diabetic chUd clearly does not and the in­ shape a more decent Ufe for all. 1940's infticted indelible scars on a proud gestion of one Coke, for instance, carries "Based on a strong defense capabllity, our and once free people. The indignities with It the acute risk of marked increases in pollcy must also seek to Improve relations were immense and the suffering im­ the blood sugar and a resurgence of the signs with the Soviet Union and with China. In measurable. People were gagged, dragged and symptoms of poor blood sugar control. ways that are both more comprehensive and The chronic effects of several soft drinks per more reciprocal. Even If we cannot heal ideo­ in chains, and separated from loved week may have disastrous consequences In logical divisions, we must reach accommoda­ ones. Churches and schools were trans­ terms of mobidlty and mortality for the tions that reduce the risk of war. formed into concentration camps and juvenile-type diabetic. "Also, our pollcy must reach out to the many died or were maimed both physi­ For the nondiabetic the ingestion of one developing nations to alleviate suffering and cally and emotionally. 8-ounce sugar containing drink dally con­ to reduce the chasm between the world's rich But, despite this travesty of justice sists of a caloric load of about 120 calories and poor. and its perpetuation over many years, with the potential for the gain of one pound "Finally, our policy must encourage all the Lithuanian people have remained every month or ten to twelve pounds per year. countries to rise above narrow national in­ If we really are concerned about the $140 terests and work together to solve such formi­ strong in their determination for a free billion that Is spent annually for health dable global problexns as the threat of nu­ tomorrow. Thein remains a vision of care, and recognize that over half of this clear war, racial hatred, the arms race, en­ hope-a hope for freedom denied a great expenditure is to treat Ufe-style related dis­ vironmental damage, hunger and disease." nation far too long. orders of which obesity, alcohol abuse, and This all sounds fine. But implementation The cause of human rights will not cigarette smoking account for the major por­ is, of course, the crucial test. rest until it is realized by all peoples. It tion, the Congress w111 rescind the Delaney Although, almost instinctively, most Amer­ is symbolic in this commemoration for Amendment and give its attention to the real icans like Mr. Carter's primary emphasis on Lithuanian nationhood, which is ob­ hazards to the health of Americans. human rights, adverse reactions have come I trust these comments w111 be of value 1n from friend and foe. served throughout the free world. your deliberations. In some European countries, government Sincerely, officials have expressed concern that the JoHN A. GALLOWAY, strong public drumming on human rights M.D., F.A.C.P.. Associate Professor o/ will cause more harm than good for the peo­ ON SACCHARIN BAN Medicine, Indiana University School ple under authoritarian regimes in general of Medicine; Member Board of Direc­ and tn eastern Europe in particular. tors, American Diabetes Association; And governments which have long been Immediate Past President, Indiana especially friendly with our country, such HON. ELWOOD HILLIS Diabetes Association. as Brazil, have turned critical or reacted OF INDIANA harshly to the Carter Administration's publlc IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES castigating of them over human rights. The Soviets, particularly, have responded Wednesday, June 15, 1977 CARTER'S EMERGING FOREIGN sharply. They have stepped up their prop­ aganda against our government's policies Mr. HILLIS. Mr. Speaker, I am sub­ POLICY and against Presldent Carter personally. mitting today a copy of a letter which I They have also Increased their repression have rceived from Dr. John A. Gallo­ of dissidents in Russia. And they have been way concerning another one of the prob­ HON. ROBERT J. LAGOMARSINO especially hard-nosed in strategic arms lems which will be present if saccharin OF CALIFORNIA negotiations. · is banned as an artificial sweetener in Now this Soviet reaction may not be bad. IN THE HOUSE OF ~RESENTATIVES soft drinks. I wanted all of my constitu­ For one thing, it 1s causing a more serious Wednesday, June 15, 1977 look than has been recently taken by most ents to be able to have the benefit of Dr. of us at the nature of the Soviet regime and Galloway's opinion on this matter: Mr. LAGOMARSINO. Mr. Speaker, I the implications of their on-going heavy AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION, would like to bring to the attention of my arms buildup. INDIANA AFFILIATE, INC. colleagues the following column by my In the broader world context, though, Sec­ May 10, 1977. constituent, Gen. Henry Huglln. General retary of State Vance wisely said in April: Hon. ELWOOD H. "BUD" HILLIS, "In pursuing a. human rights policy, we must Rayburn House Offtce Butld:tng, Huglin is a retired Air Force brigadier general and syndicated columnist. He always keep in mind the limits of our power Washington, D.C. and of our wisdom. . .. A sure fonnula for DEAR MR. HILLIS: I was pleased for the op­ comments on the questions of idealism defeat of our goals would be a rigid, hubris­ portunity of discussing with you a number versus pragmatism in President Carter's tic attempt to impose our values on others." of issues on the occasion of the kick-off foreign policy. Yet. our government's poUctes relative to brealtfast for the Kokomo fund-raising drive The article follows: for the Indiana Affiliate of the American southern Africa, in particular, seem to fly in Diabetes Association on Saturday, April 30. CARTER'S EMERGING FOREIGN POLICY the face of Mr. Vance's sensible points. I am writing now to state the specifics of my (By Henry Huglln) In Africa, the Administra tlon 1s certainly concern about the effect of banning sac­ To the surprise of most people, President selectively intruding into the internal affairs charin from use in soft drinks. The starting Carter has devoted a great deal of attention of Rhodesia and South Africa and trying to point for the views stated below 1s the fact and action to foreign affairs. This 1s good, as impose our values on them. But the Admin­ that there are no data whatsoever to demon­ foreign and domestic policy and action are tstratio:n. is not paying much attention to strate that saccharin Is~ carcinogenic in increasingly two sides of the same coin of the grave human rights violations in some humans. our national well-being. of the other African nations--or in China., In the discussions on saccharin which have What is emerging 1s a Carter foreign pol­ or Cuba. or Vietnam. been reported in the news media, 11 ttle or no icy based on an unusual amount of idealis­ President Carter and his Administration attention has been given to the plight of the tic moralism, which needs to be tempered st111 have a way to go to sort out feasible for­ diabetic of school age should saccharin be with more pragmatism. eign affairs pollcies and actions that wlll be removed from soft drinks. According to the In some areas, such as our alliances with most effective. report of the National Diabetes Commission Japan and with our NATO partners, Mr. Over-zealousness on such areas as human there are nearly 100,000 ·children of school Carter has wisely emphasized continuity, re- rights and control of nuclear weapons and June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19321 nuclear energy can lead to unfortunate con­ State to press vigorously in all current and Arthur Upton) sponsored by the Ford sequences for our basic national interests and and forthcoming talks with the signa­ Foundation and administered by the MITRE the best interests of other peoples of the tories of the Helsinki accords for con­ Corporation (Ball1nger Publishing Company, world as well. tinued improvement in the political and 1977, 418 pages). But the President has sometimes shown a Even 1! several of this book's 21 authors st rong streak of tough-minded pragmatism. human rights of all unjustly repressed had not accepted influential positions in the Th is w111 likely come to the fore as he has persons and groups in the Soviet Union. Carter administration since completing their to deal with hard foreign a!fairs choices. On this 37th anniversary of the Soviet work on the project, and even 1! the prin­ So, for au the idealistic moralizing, Presi­ Union's brutal attack on Lithuania, it is cipal recommendations made in the book dent Carter w111 probably ease into a middle­ perhaps the most fitting tribute that I had not become presidential policy within of-the-road position in the implementation can pay. weeks of the book's publication, it would of his foreign policy, as have all Presidents still be required reading for anyone with a since World War II-generally applying the serious interest in U.S. energy policy. As itt is, adage President Theodore Roosevelt recom­ A REVIEW OF THE FORD/MITRE NPIC (to which the acronym-addicted en­ mended: "Speak softly and carry a big ergy policy community doubtless will com­ stick." Let's hope so. STUDY ON NUCLEAR POWER press the book's unwieldy title) commands immediate attention beside Amory Lovins' "Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken" as HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. one of the new local points of The Great THE 37TH ANNIVERSARY OF SOVIET OF CALIFORNIA Energy Debate. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Like the President's energy plan itself, the OCCUPATION OF LITHUANIA-WHY? book contains so much more that is reason­ Wednesday, June 15, 1977 able and right than is questionable or ob­ Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. jectionable, and represents so substantial a HON. J. HERBERT BURKE Speaker, the debate over the Clinch River step forward in what for want of a better OF FLORIDA term I will call "establishment analysis" of fast breeder reactor project has fre­ the energy problem, that I am almost reluc­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES quently focused on the fact that Presi­ tant to make any criticisms at all. Better a Wednesday, June 15. 1977 dent Carter's position is a reversal of loud hurrah for both the book and the Presi­ President Ford's position. This is not dent's energy plan, so that no on e m ay sup­ Mr. BURKE of Florida. Mr. Speaker, significant in itself, given the nature of pose that progress is unappreci8ited. In this right now the United States is participat­ politics, but the focus on President Car­ spirit, I shall begin by recording some of ing in a conference at Belgrade, to es­ ter's decision to defer the Clinch River the book's considerable merits. tablish an agenda for a serious discus­ breeder reactor project obscures the fact The authors of NPIC obviously were aware sion of the results of the Helsinki that many other groups and individuals that the issues surrounding nuclear power accords. There are so many individual are woven tightly into the fabric of the have also reconsidered their earlier, broader energy situation, and that it would and group concerns about denial of hu­ short-lived support of this phase of the not be possible to carry out their stated task man rights by the Soviet Union which fast breeder reactor research, develop­ of taking a "fresh and independent look at could be discussed, violations of Basket ment, and demonstration program. the role nuclear power should play in the m of the accords which could be raised, One of the reports which supports the United States and the rest of the world in with the Soviets, that I hesitate to single President's position is the Ford/Mitre this century" without looking at oil, coal, out any person or group for particular study, "Nuclear Power: Issues and conservation, and a good many other things attention. Yet every case like Anatoly Choices." I have previously placed some as well. The pitfall that accompanies this Scharansky is a painful example of what recognition is that the scope of such a study of the findings of this study in the CoN­ may expand out of control--everything being the accords were supposed to accomplish GRESSIONAL RECORD, and WOuld strongly connected to everything else-untll it en­ and did not. Every time we recall the recommend to my colleagues that they compasses the entire indigestible corpus of brave peoples who live under Soviet rule, take time to read this report. However, the human predicament. These authors, how­ \ denied self-determination, we are clearly knowing that most of my colleagues will ever, avoided the pitfall with grace and dex­ reminded that there is a shameful gap not have time to do. so, I would like to ter! ty, managing in a book of 400 pages to between Soviet law and practice. recommend that my colleagues at least 1lluminate most of the essential threads of the nuclear debate while avoiding matters In this connection, Mr. Speaker, I can­ take the time to read a recent book review of marginal relevance and not belaboring not fall to join in commemoration of a. of this Ford/Mitre study. This review some others that are relevant but too clouded day of infamy, June 15, 1940, when the summarizes the key points of this study, by uncertainties to repay exhaustive treat­ sovereign State of Lithuania was invaded which the reviewer claims "provides some ment. by the Soviet Union. Lithuania's position intellectual underpinning for Carter's The organization of the book is excellent. as an unwilling part of the U.S.S.R. is a energy program." It begins with a lucid overview of about 40 modern monument to that day 37 years· Mr. Speaker, since the Committee on pages, summarizing all of the Study Group's ago. Lithuania does not suffer alone, Mr. Science and Technology has rejected the principal conclusions on the issues relevant to policy. The remainder of the boo~ is Speaker; Latvia and Estonia also wait position of the administration, I will be divided into four parts. patiently for a day when they can enjoy offering an amendment on the House Part I, Energy Economics and Supply, cov­ the rights guaranteed by a constitution :floor supporting President Carter's posi­ ers the relation between energy and eco­ which the Soviets imposed by force, or tion on the Clinch River breeder reactor nomic prosperity, the supplies of uranium those called for in the accords reached project. The review, which I will insert and fossil fuels, the comparative economics by the Conference on Security and Co­ in the REcoRD, explains some of the of light water reactors and coal-fired power operation in Europe at Helsinki. But to­ backnound of this debate: plants, and an introduction to alternatives day is Lithuania's infamous anniversary. to fossll fuel and nuclear fission, including [From the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, solar energy, fusion, and energy conserva­ And how ironically apt that prepara­ June 1977] tions are underway for a discussion of tion. A STRATEGY TO BUY TIME-NEW POLICY STUDY Part ll, Health, Environment and Safety, those accords, while thousands of PROVIDES SoME INTELLECTUAL UNDERPINNING covers nuclear accident risks, radioactive­ Lithuanians throughout the free world FOR CARTER'S ENERGY PROGRAM waste management, and routine risks to are joining in spirit with their relatives (Reviewed by John P. Holdren) health and environment posed by generation and friends in their Soviet-dominated Nuclear Power: Issues and Choices, Report of electricity with uranium and coal. homeland to remember how the long of the Nuclear Energy Policy Study Group Part III treats Nuclear Proliferation and night of oppression began. (Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr., Chairman; Seymour Terrorism. Mr. Speaker, this body went on record Abrahamson, Kenneth J. Arrow, Harold Part IV, Issues for Decision, applies the in­ on December 2, 1975, with H.R. 864, as Brown, Albert Carnesale, Abram Chayes, formation developed in Parts I to ill, plus clearly refusing to recognize the force­ Holl1s, B. Chenery, Paul Doty, Phlllp J. Far­ additional descriptive material, data, and ley, Richard L. Garwin, Marvin L. Goldberger, argumentation ~ needed, to develop recom­ able incorporation of the Baltic Repub­ Carl Kaysen, Hans H. Landsberg, Gordon J. mendations on what the U.S. policy should lics into the Soviet Union. I take this MacDonald, Joseph S. Nye, Wolfgang K. H. be concerning plutonium reprocessiilg and highly appropriate opportunity today to Panofsky, Howard Raiffa, George W. Rath­ recycle, breeder reactors, uranium enrich­ urge the President and the Secretary of Jens, John C. Sawhill, Thomas C. Schelling, ment, and exports of nuclear technology. 19322 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 The book evidently was written to be un­ confidence that there is no direct relation­ ClinCih River liquid metal fast breeder re­ derstandable to intelligent lay persons, and ship between energy costs and the number actor demonstration project; in this respect I suspect it has succeeded ad­ of jobs ... The same processes that have ad­ Call for a two to three year moratorium mirably. There is a compact appendix intro­ justed the economy to technological change by all nuclear-supplier nations on exports ducing the elementary technology and ter­ should respond to energy scarcities without of technology for enrichment of u ranium minology of the nuclear fuel cycle for those significant increases in unemployment." and for reprocessing of reactor fuel, during without prior exposure to it, and the authors On Conservation (p. 147) : "Conservation which time an intensive reexaintnation of have done an uncommonly thorough job of is one of the most effective means of making proliferation risks could take place; providing concise definitions of needed tech­ avallable additional energy to produce de­ Expand domestic uranium-enrichment ca­ nical terms and concepts as they arise in the sired goods and services." pacity, partly to help the United States con­ development of the argument. (Explanatory On nuclear power as insurance against sup­ tribute to the establishment of a stable and footnotes as well as those supplying refer­ ply disruptions (p. 15): "Whlle substantial reliable world xna.rket in low-enriched urani­ ences are at the bottoms of the pages, spar­ changes in energy prices can be accommo­ um for use in light water reactors (on terms ing the reader a constant scramble for the dated in the long run, sudden stoppages or attractive enough to discourage adoption of end of the chapter of the back of the book.) sharp increases can indeed force temporary indigenous reprocessing and enrichment ca­ The reader will discover the meaning of cutbacks in industiral operations with at­ pacity in nations not now possessing it); "forward cost" of uranium resources, the dif­ tendant unemployment and hardship . . . . Develop technology for interim manage­ ference between "fault trees" and "event The amount of nucle9.r power available w111 ment and then perxna.nent storage of unre­ trees" in analysis of reactor-accident prob­ ha7o little to do with the cause, severity, or processed radioactive wastes (that is, spent abilities, and the much-abused subleties in duration of such events." fuel), and, if it seems necessary to serve non ­ the definition of "capacity factor" of nuclear On the Rasmussen report (p. 18) : "Al­ proliferation objectives, otter to take back and coal-fired power plants, for example, though W ASH-1400 is a valuable resource for spent fuel from other nations for storage; much more quickly and surely here than ln the study of the safety problem, we believe Seek a 15-year moratorium on the use of the original literature. that it seriously underestimates uncertain­ "peaceful nuclear explosives,'' which pose In fact, the clarity of the exposition and ties and has methodological flaws that are proliferation problems far out of proportion the extensive use of recent relevant data discussed in our report." to their potential benefits; would make this a better book from which On the usab111ty of plutonium from ltght Urge our industrialized allies, insofar as to teach an introductory course about con­ water reactors for weapons (pp. 331-332): possible, to adopt simllar policies. temporary energy problems than most texts "Earlier, it was believed that reactor-grade It is important to emphasize that the Study designed for that purpose. At the same time, plutonium would be unsuitable for weapons Group does not recommend abandoning the the pedagogical material has been introduced because of the presence of the isotope plu­ breeder option (nor does President Carter in with sufficient grace and economy of style tonium-240. This isotope, which c!ln poten­ his proposed energy program) . NPIC argues, that it does not seem overly intrusive to the tially lead to disruptive preinitiation of a and President Carter does not appear to dis­ specialist reading the book for its policy con­ weapon, 1s now not regarded as a prohibitive agree, that it is conceivable this country and tent. In all, this is the best written book I barrier to successful weapons ptoduction." the world will need plutonium breeders even­ have ever encountered that was produced by On existing safeguards against nuclear tually as a long-term energy source, and that a committee. terrorism (p. 302, p. 311): "As presently op­ the option should be kept alive for now as a The deliberations of the Nuclear Policy erated, the security system even in the Amer­ hedge against the possibility that more agree­ Study Group and the production of this book ican nuclear industry does not appear ade­ able long-term sources turn out not to be were sponsored by the Ford Foundation quate to meet the potential threat of terror­ adequate. through a grant to the MITRE Corporation, ism .... The federal government appears to which managed the project. The work was The recommendations are based on the be poorly prepared to respond to an act or view, hcwever, that neither Clinch River nor carried out, according to the author's pref­ threat against a reactor or the theft of nu­ ace, without the intervention or Influence early plutonium recycle are needed to keep clear materials." the breeder option alive, and that a decel­ of either organization in matters of intel­ On the coal-nuclear comparison in terms lectual substance. The 21 participants were erated and more diverse breeder program has of health, environment, and safety (p. 17): few costs and many benefits (especially for chosen, writes McGeorge Bundy in his fore­ "The range of uncertainty in social costs 1s word, as individuals "highly qualified in their proliferation) compared to the path the so great that the balance between coal and country has been on until now. own fields of investigation and analysts" and nuclear power cou!d be tipped in either di­ "e~sentially open-minded on the general de­ rection with resolution of the uncertainties." In putting forward their proposals, the 1 bate raging around nuclear power." On the economic benefits of nuclear power Ford/MITRE authors make it perfectly clear No one is likely to argue much with the (p. 15): "Even with assumptions favorable that they are aware proliferation is a com­ first of these assessments, although some to nuclear power, the benefits from the con­ plex political problem-one for which there may question whether the national distribu­ tinued growth of light water reactors and can be no solution through technical fixes tion of highly qualified people really is such the early introduction· of the breeder are alone.. or through unilateral action by the as to require naming Harvard professors to very small in this century (a small fraction United States, and indeed for which there is fully a third of the 21 slots. of 1 percent of GNP), and only 1 or 2 percent no complete solution at all. They discuss the Institutional affiliations other than uni­ in the next century." alternative pathways to nuclear-weapons versities include the International Bank for On the timing of decisions about nuclear capab111ty outside commercial nuclear power, power (p. 4): "While nuclear power is one and they describe some political initiatives Reconstruction and Development, the Brook­ unrelated to nuclear power that the United ings Institution, and Resources for the Fu­ of the options that should be pursued, it is ture. The breakdown by disciplines was: eco­ not as critical to future economic develop­ States might take to relieve international nomics, law, and pollcy studies, 14; physics, ment as it advocates claim. There is there­ tensions in general and incentives toward 4; environmental and life sciences, 3. As for fore time to assess carefully the potential proliferation ln particular. openmindedness, environmentalists will risks as well as the benefits of nuclear power Their position is therefore not that manip­ probably find a pro-high-technology if not a and to avoid hasty and uncritical decisions." ulating nuclear power is the only way to in­ pro-nuclear leaning in prior position taken The central issues in U.S. nuclear policy, fluence proliferation, nor that stopping the by members of the Study Group, and ana­ as the Ford/MITRE Study Group sees them, spread or the evolution of nucle3r power lysts of m111t~ry nuclear policy wlll certainly involve proliferation of nuclear weapons and would stop proliferation. It is rather that find a pro-arms-control, anti-proliferation the potential influences of U.S. decision­ slowing the spread of the most "sensitive" leaning. making on that process. (Proliferation in this technologies (enrichment, reprocessing, context means the spread of nuclear-weapons breeders), and slowing the evolution of com­ CONCLUSIONS OF STUDY GROUP capab111ty among nations; the acquisition of mercial nuclear power toward plutonium­ What, then, were the conclusions of this suoh weapons by subnational groups is also based systems, can slow proliferation down. body? On a variety of important points, the given considerable attention in the book, but Theirs is, in other words, a time-buying strat­ conclusions are not new but are nevertheless the emphasis on the international dimen­ egy, and in a sensible world the time that is of great significance bec~use their endorse­ sion 1s much greater.) Based mainly on pro­ bought will be used to implement political ment here by authors of such impeccable liferation considerations, the authors suggest measures that can reduce more permanently credentials will do much to remove them that the United States should: the chance that nuclear weaoons will be used. from the realm of controversy. For example: Defer indefinitely domestic reprocessing of (If statesmen cannot or will not use the time On the relation of energy and GNP (p. 14): spent reactor fuel and the recycling of plu­ this way, we are all dead no matter what else "Although there has been historical correla­ tonium and, more specifically, not supply happens.) tion between energy and economic growth, federal assistance for the completion and Two questions about this sort of strategy there is no re3son to believe that the same operation of the Barnwell (South Caroldna) come immediately to mind. How much time relationship wm hold under conditions of reprocessing plant; can really be bought thereby? How expensive rising rather than falling energy prices." Postpone beyond the end of the century 1s the time that is bought? The NPIC au­ On energy prices and employment (pp. 48- any decision to commercialize the plutonium thors admit the answer to the first question 49) : "For the long run, we can only say with breeder reactor, and probably cancel the ts somewhat uncertain. Countries that want June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19323

nuclear bombs badly enough will get them It 1s on these three points that the main particular regions cannot be judged at this by an alternative route-production reac­ substantive attacks on the study by the nu­ time." tors or indigenous enrichment facllities spe­ clear community probably will focus. The first-order effects of both natural cli­ cifically for this purpose, for example. But URANIUM RESOURCES matic change and change induced by carbon­ these routes are expensive, slow, and obvious, dioxide bulld-up would not be the alteration magnifying a government's vulnerab111ty to With respect to uranium resources, the of mean global surface temperature but, internal dissent, external censure; or even supplies assumed in the economic mod­ rather, more complicated associated changes preemptive action. el's "base case" were 2.5 million tons of in patterns of circulation and precipitation. Possessing the appropriate indigenous nu­ uranium oxide at a production cost of $30 or Expecting these to cancel when natural and clear-power technologies, by contrast, legiti­ less per pound and 5.5 million tons at a anthropogenic influences are superimposed mates the development of a bomb-relevant production cost of $100 or less per pound. would be a bit like expecting two random technological base, greatly shortens the time These numbers are roughly consistent with malfunctions in the innards of a watch to between a decision to make bombs and ac­ those developed to date in ERDA's National counteract each other in a way that left tually having them, and increases the num­ Uranium Resource Evaluation Program its timekeeping abllity unchanged. The ber of bombs that can be produced in a (NURE), which include actual plus potential short-term effect on mankind of any non­ short time. It is these "attractive nuisance" reserves of 3.7 million tons at "forward costs" cancelling perturbations, moreover, is over­ characteristics of enrichment and reprocess­ below $30 per pound. Much lower estimates whelmingly likely to be negative, owing to ing technologies that suggest that slowing have been put forward by some other ana­ the adaption of existing agricultural systems their spread will slow proliferation signifi­ lysts, and it is fair to say that the question of to existing climatic conditions. uranium supply remains one of the most cantly. ENERGY CONSERVATION It is often argued that the United States controversial ingredients of the breeder can no longer have much infiuence over the debate. In the event that the Study Group 1s spread and character of nuclear power I believe the situation reflects a classic judged to have overestimated uranium re­ abroad, because other industrial nations will confrontation of the geologist's versus the sources, or to have been too sanguine about sell what the United States will not, and be­ economist's approach to resource estimation, the prospect..~ for expanding the use of coal, cause the incentives for developing countries the geologist deriving low figures from the it has left itself a comfortable, compensating to buy are so strong. The Ford/MITRE group, tangible but limited geologic evidence in cushion 1n its analysis of conservation. and evidently President Carter, reject that hand and the economist deriving much It assumed that energy use would increase view. The Study Group puts great weight on higher estimates from extrapolation and the in direct proportion to income 1! energy the potential infiuence of the United States expectation that higher prices will stimu­ prices stayed constant, probably an overly setting an example in deferring its own re­ late new discoveries. cautious assumption, 1n my view, in the face processing and breeder-deployment pro­ My own view is that the economist's view of trends toward miniaturization, toward grams. They write (p. 357) : 1s more reasonable early in the development more etnclent industrial processes, and from "The United States has played a major role history of a given mineral (as I would argue manufactured goods toward services (all of in shaping world expectations regarding is the case for uranium), whUe the geologist's which were underway before real energy l:'reeders and indeed, inspired many of the view 1s more realistic late in the development prices started to rise) . foreign breeder programs now underway. Re­ history (as I think is the case for oU) . This It assumed a "base case" price elasticity of demand for energy of 0.35--a reasonable fig­ examination of U.S. needs and estimates of view puts me in sympathy with the NPIC po­ what it is possible to do at economic advan­ sition (known to rest mainly on the analysis ure but one likely to prove low as more ex­ tage or low cost in delaying commitment to of Study Group member and Resources for perience with higher prices accumulates. a plutonium economy can still have an im­ the Future economist Hans Landsberg). At It assumed that only 3 percent of society's pact on decision processes in other coun­ the same time, I think the Study Group can capital stock can be adjusted each year to tries." fairly be faulted for not exploring more ex­ respond to energy-conserving opportunities. And on p. 381: plicitly the sensitivity of their conclusions And it gave little credit to energy conserva­ "Any U.S. proposal for international reex­ to the real uncertainty about who is right tion induced by factors other than price. amlna tion of the fuel cycle could hardly be concerning uranium. The Study Group explicitly acknowledged credible 1f the United States were forging I do not accept the view, put forward by that these assumptions tended to understate ahead with its own plans for reprocessing some breeder proponents, that the most pru­ the potential of energy conservation; the fuel for LWSs and with its program for early dent course is always to formulate pollcy on authors chose not to take a stron•Jer position commercialization of the breeder reactor .... the basis of the minlmum resource estimate. on conservation because their conclusions all Other countries may not follow the U.S. lead, If the policies responsive to that minimum seemed robust enough with a moderate one. but most would at least reassess their own estimate have very high costs associated with Critics inclined to claim that the study's plans in the face of U.S. restraint." them, it ts not at all obvious that this is a assumptions were biased against nuclear The authors recognize that some countries prudent course. The saving grace in the pres­ power wlll have trouble with this point. I have stronger incentives than others to pro­ ent case 1s that a good deal more could be believe there is enough slack on the conser­ ceed with plutonium recycle and breeder re­ learned about uranium supply, by means of vation side to sustain the study's main con­ actors and, although they argue that the ra­ a vigorous program of resea.rch and explora­ clusions even with a considerable reduction tionale for developing countries to move in tion, in the space of perhaps five years--not in the ~sumed capab111ties in uranium and these directions is especially thin, they con­ a crucial loss even if the low estimates turned coal. cede that a strong U.S. example may not be out to be more nearly correct. My own principal criticism of NPIC is that as effective as they hope. Their position, it does not pursue its antiproliferation argu­ then, 1s not that the strategy they propose The coal alternative, too, is controversial. The Study Group envisions the possibllity of ment quite far enough. I find very compell­ is a foolproof means of buying time agaJ.ru;t ing the arguments adduced in NPIC and proliferation, but rather that it will probably a quadrupling of 1975 U.S. annual produc­ tion of 600 million tons by the year 2000, a elsewhere about the unsuitab111ty of nuclear work to some extent and that the cost of power for meeting the energy needs of most finding out is low. prospect that makes many other analysts queasy. The authors concede that such a developing countries. Nuclear power, even The Study Group's view of the low cost of role for coal would require "more etncient Wzht water reactors using low-enriched time bought by their prescriptions is based mining technology, improved transportation uranium with no reprocessing, is economic largely on an economic analysis of the bene­ systems, better control of sulfur oxides and only in large units, demanding of indige­ fits of early breeder-reactor com.rnercializa­ other emissions, radically improved long­ nous technical sophistication, vulnerable, tion, described in Chap. 12. The conclusion distance electrical transmission, and devel­ unforgiving, and produces only electricity. of that analysis that the benefits (and hence opment of more etncient, lower cost synthetic Most needs in the developing countries are the costs of delav) are small rests, in turn. gas and au conversion." While admitting this for nonelectric enel"6Y and, whether electric on three propositions: is a big order, they suggest that according or not, for technologies that are sturdy, eas­ That enough uranium 1s available in the coal research and development a national ily repaired by local talent, and deployable United States at reasonable cost to support priority equivalent to that which nuclear in dispersed units of modest size. expanded domestic rellance on llght water power has enjoyed could probably accom­ I would therefore rather have seen the reactors and a sisznificant quantity of low­ plish it. They may be right, but I am per­ Study Group explore more thoroughly the enriched uranium for export; sonally nervous that we may get the coal merits of a U.S. position against export of That the coal alternative to nuclear power without getting the envnonmental-control nonbreeder reactors as well as against that can not only be relied upon but can be ex­ improvements needed to go with it. of more "sensitive" technologies. Such a po­ panded rapidly; I also belleve the Study Group has under­ sition would have compelled more attention That economic, price-induced energv con­ stated the carbon-dioxide-and-climate prob­ to the important question of what tech­ servation can reduce the growth of demand lem, in concluding ( p. 20) : "Whether the nical assistance better suited than nuclear !or energy in general and electricity in par­ impacts of carbon dioxide will combine with reactors to the needs of developing ticular to well below traditional .. business natural changes in climate to the net dis­ countries the United States might be as usual" forecasts. advantage or advantage of mankind or to able to provide. And it would have cxxm--1216--Part 16 19324 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 confronted more squarely what I think may his family. We also were aware of the port. This report, written by bank be the real Achllles heel of the Ford/MrrRE great satisfaction he derived from both economist Alan Reynolds underscores position-namel'Y, that developing countries of those interests. With all of their ac­ the need for a major reevaluation of our are unlikely to be more enthusiastic about complishments he and his lovely wife, Federal funding formulae and their re­ dependence on industrial nations for en­ riched uranium than they are about de­ Mary, .took the greatest pride in the ac­ liance upon a simpUstic interpretation pendence on OPEC for oil, and that posses­ complishments of their children, Mildred of existing income data. The message in sion of light water reactors will therefore and Ramsey. Mr. Reynolds' analysis is clear: Adjust­ prove to be a strong inducement to develop His family have our condolences, but ments for regional cost of living are ab­ indigenous enrichment capacity as soon as I know they derive great comfort out of solutely essential if we are to truly target they are able. the achievements of his remarkable ca­ Federal funds to areas of need. Some may also argue that NPIC should reer. We, his friends, his fellow Texans, For the benefit of my colleagues, the have e.xplored the implications for the and all Americans share their grief and American Political Report's summary of United States of centralized versus decen­ Mr. Reynolds' report follows: tralized and electric versus nonelectric pat­ their pride as we reflect on the life of terns of do:rnestic energy development. I Justice Tom C. Clark. BUSINESS POLITICS: THE IMPLICATIONS OF think this would be carping; the study was SHIJ'TING U.S. INCOME GEOGRAPHY supposed to draw conclusions from avail­ New state-by-state income data suggests able information and analysis, not explore that politicians and businessmen can look entirely new ground. There is always more for more actions like the Senate's June 7 to do. NEW YORK AND ALABAMA: PART­ vote to tnt federal urban aid to the North­ The book contains remarkably few factual NERS IN POVERTY east and Midwest. Meanwhile, though, t h is errors; I found only two. The statement (p. same data--drawn from analyses by Chicago 201) that "the amount of solar energy inter­ Bank economist Alan Reynolds in the "First Chicago World Report"-5hows just how cepted by the entire earth's surface andre­ HON. MICHAEL HARRINGTON much ground the old Northern industrial turned to the atmosphere averages 341 watts OJ' MASSACHUSETTS per square meter" is incorrect. The figure states have been losing. given 1s the average short-wave energy inci­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVEO The stunning message of Reynolds' South dent at the top of the atmosphere, and only Wednesday,. June 15, 1977 versus North figures lies in how the Nort h­ about half as much penetrates clouds, dust, ern lead in nominal (unadjusted) per capita and atmospheric gases to reach the surface. Mr. HARRINGTON. Mr. Speaker, over income fades to nothing or a defi cit when The five-year Non-Proliferation Treaty Re­ the past several months we have wit­ adjusted for the purchasing power impact of view Conference (p. 288) was held in 1975, nessed a growing interest in, and sensi­ local living costs, state and local taxes and not 1973. tivity to the special economic dimculties (nominal income-related) federal tax • • • • • of particular regions of the country. To brackets. Nuclear Power; Issues and Choices is, by ·a large degree, the debate over regional Real disposable income by State (1975) any yardstick, a major contribution to the economic trends has been constructive, Snow Belt: · Income 1 Income 2 energy debate. I think it has irreversibly for it has focused attention on deeply Connecticut ------$6, 973 $4,254 moved the middle-of-the-road position, in rooted economic problems which, until Massachusetts ------6, 114 3, 166 the spectrum of views about nuclear energy now, this body has failed to address. Rhode Island.______5, 841 3, 535 policy, a large step to the lett. And one does Maine------4,786 3,244 not have to agree with all its conclusions to There has, however, been a negative side New Hampshire______6, 315 3,293 effect as well. Some of the debate has recognize that the document is painstaking­ Vermont ------4,960 3, 132 ly researched, superbly organized, cogently descended into an atmosphere of re­ New York______6, 564 3,493 argued, lucidly written. It, and the presiden­ gional mistrust and competition. Each Ne~ Jersey ______6,722 4,062 tial energy plan for which it provides much group has armed itself with a new bat­ Pennsylvania------5,943 3,870 intellectual underpinning, wm be much de• tery of selective and sometimes errone­ Ohio------5,810 3,973 bated in the coming months, including, un­ ous statistics to defend its own interests. Illlnois ------6, 789 4,404 fortunately, by people who have read neither. Perhaps, more than anything else, these Indiana------5,653 3,834 Read them both. It is time well spent. Michigan------6,173 3,945 squabbles have underscored our current Wisconsin ------5, 699 3,670 inabil1ty to accurately measure eco­ Florida ------5, 638 4, 122 nomic need. Georgia ------5, 086 3,795 In the fray, the essential concern N. Carolina----'-'------4, 952 3,738 JUSTICE TOM C. CLARK which motivates the regional spokes­ s. Carolina______4, 618 3,530 VJ,rginia -- ~ ------5, 785 4,105 people of the Northeast and Midwest has 3,692 been lost. That motivation is a deep Kentucky ------4, 871 Tennes~ee ------4,895 3,704 BON. JACK BROOKS commitment to a healthy and balanced Alabama ------4,643 3,566 OJ' TEXAS national economy-one in which each Mississippi ------4,052 3, 109 3,745 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES geographical area of the United States Arkansas------4,620 participates fully, both by making its Louisiana ------4, 904 3,663 Wednesday, June 15, 1977 own contribution and deriving its par­ Oklahoma ____ -::______5, 250 4,015 4,313 Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Speaker, last Sun­ ticular benefits. Texas------5,631 day night, Justice Tom C. Clark died. Over the past year or so, leaders in 1 Per capita, unadjusted. His death marked the end to a legal the Northeast and Midwest have at­ 2 Per capita, ad.fusted for local taxes, dif­ career that may well be unmatched in tempted to demonstrate that their re­ ferences in cost of living and per capita fed­ our history. gions no longer enjoy the economic eral taxes. Justice Clark came to Washington in stability which once allowed for a gen­ Reynolds bluntly says "Our calculations 1937 after having engaged in private erous exportation of their development indicate that real, after-tax incomes are now practice in Texas, Throughout his years capital. In fact, ample evidence exists to significantly lower in New York and Massa­ chusetts, t han in, say, Arkansa~ and Ala­ of legal practice he always combined a support the contention that the chief bama." With local cost-of-living and tax calm dignity with a profound sense of capital exporters of the past are now in factors the principal culprits, though, federal practical reality. In his public life, as serious need of the very same economic aid shifts may not have much impact . . . Assistant U.S. Attorney General, as U.S. assistance they once provided the less welfare state economics (the Britainization Attorney General, as Associate Justice developed regions of the South and of New England and New York) appear more of the Supreme Court, and finally as a Southwest. critical. senior judge, he was totally dedicated to Some other implications for business . . . The most recent and disturbing evi­ a larger-than-expected shift of real dispos­ the law, to justice, and to his country. dence of this economic reversal can be able income to the South and West; further Those of us who had the good fortune found in a report on geographic shifts in reinforcement of anti-welfare state business to know him personally can testify to the income issued by the First National Bank relocation factors (Northeast and Great Lakes depth of feeling he had for the two over­ of Chicago and summarized in the June states constitute the bulk of those where riding interests of his life-the law and 10 issue of the American Political Re- taxes are "high and rising" per the Advisory June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMAiq{S 19325

Commission on Intergovernmental Rela· WILDERNESS STUDY LEGISLATION be better able to assess the effect of the tions); and growing need to watch out for legislation upon the National Wilderness federal legislation like the just-introduced "National Employment Priorities Act" (see System and other public land uses. Christian Science Monitor, 6/7) designed to HON. MAX BAUCUS I enclose for the RECORD copies of let­ force relocation-minded corporations to sub­ 01' MONTANA ters which I have sent to Assistant Secre­ mit to investigation, hearings and possible IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tary CUtler, his response, and supporting tax benefits loss. Wednesday, June 15, 1977 materials: Wilderness statistic8 Mr. BAUCUS. Mr. Speaker, I would NATIONAL INFAMOUS ANNIVERSARY OF like to share today with my colleagues LITHUANIAN REPRESSION some observations regarding our national Total wUderness now 1n forest public lands policy. During this system ------14, 903, 690 Congress, we will consider various pro­ MONTANA HON. JOHN J. RHODES posals which, if enacted, will set aside Total wllderness now clas- OF AJUZONA areas for wilderness study and possible s!fted 1D Monta.na______1, 966, 968 inclusion into the National Wilderness IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES System. Anaconda Pintlar------159,086 Wednesday, June 15, 1977 I am keenly interested in these wilder­ Bob Ma.rsha.ll------950,000 cabtnet Mountains ______94,272 Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, 37 years ness study proposals because many of the Gates-ot-the-Mountalns ------28,562 ago the Russians overran and conquered potential study areas are in the congres­ Mission Mountains ______75,500 sional district which I represent. For the Lithuania. Since that time, the people Scapegoat ------­ 240,000 of that land have suffered repression and benefit of my colleagues, I include the Selway-Bltterroot (Montana. violation of their human rights. Many following information which I hope will only) ------419,648 be of assistance as the House considers have been deported to Siberian labor Total wUderness study camps. All have felt the deprivation of various wilderness study area proposals. areas 1D Montana______1, 823, 370 basic human rights and the loss of the The House Subcommittee on Public Lands will mark up H.R. 3454 on Thurs­ freedom that we here take so much for Selected d~g ~------1,353.024 granted. day, June 23. This bill w111 designate communism w111 be lifted from senior Senator, LEE METCALP. This leg­ Endangered American Wilder- all the oppressed nations of Middle Eu­ islation proposes nine areas in Montana ness Act------139,900 rope and freedom once again w111 bless for wilderness study. S. 393 passed the Mount Henry______the citizens of those countries. Senate in late May. In addition, H.R. 22,000 89,000 I am hopeful that the plight of Lith­ 1907 would designate the Spanish Peaks ThomP'"Qn-McGregorWelcome Creek ______------_ uania will be brought forcefully to the and the Beartooth-Absaroka areas for 28,900 attention of the Soviet delegation at the wilderness study. The President, in his B. 393: forthcoming Belgrade Conference, and environment message, recommended an Montana Wilderness Study expansion of the proposed Beartooth­ that we will predicate our future coop­ Act ------952,000 eration with the Russian Government on Absaroka Wilderness Study area. their fulftlllng the pledges they made at Congress must begin to do some lon~r­ MountWest Pioneers Henry------______22,000 Helsinki. range thinking about the ultimate size 151,000 It is fitting that we recall the demise and location of the Wilderness Study ~ylor-Hilgard------­ 289,000 Bluejotnt ------61,000 of the free government of Lithuania and System. The current practice of area-by­ Sapphire ------94,000 resolve that we will continue our eftorts area classification obscures the need for 34,000 TenMiddle Lakes---~------Fork Judith ______to secure and maintain freedom wherever a comprehensive view of the national Big Snow1es ______81.000 it exists in the world today. system envisioned in 1964, when the Wil­ 91.000 June 15 1s the anniversary of an in­ derness Act became law. Hyall te-Porcupine-~Wfalo famous takeover of a small country and I have compiled data regarding the Horn ------151,000 a reminder that communism represents proposed wilderness study areas in Mon­ H.R. 1907: Spanlsh Peaks Study repression for all who fall under its tana. Looking at the various proposals 118,102 mantle. comprehensively, I hope the Congress will 8. ~&1671: ------Beartooth Study Area__ _ 918,500

Forests

Kootenai Flathead Beaverhead Bitterroot Custer Helena Dnrlodge Lolo Gallatin Total

Average cut, last 5 Y'--···------In. 6 134.2 18.5 35.6 2.1 18.3 26.5 131.3 17.7 561.8 High year·----·----·------·------(1971) 205.7 (1972) 156.4 (1973) 23.9 (1972) 45.6 (1972) 4. 7 (1974) 25.8 (1971) 39.2 (1972) 158. 1 (1972) 24.6 ------·----­ Low year·----··----·------·--·-- (1975) 142.3 (1975) 114.6 (1975) 12.4 (1975) 24.4 (1973) • 3 (1975) 10.1 (1975) 15.6 (1975) 110.2 (1975) 11.6 ---··----·---­ latest year.. •••..••.....•.•••.•••.• (1975) 142.3 (1975) 114. 6 (1975) 12.4 (1975) 24.4 . 7 (1975) 10.1 (1975) 15.6 (1975) 2 (1975) 6 ------····- Industry trend______(1) (1) (2) (1) (') (2) (1) no. n. Potential yield.----··------·-·---- 239.8 146.3 58.9 63.7 10.4 29.9 64.0 188~1l ~~l-·------uG.-5 Potential yield in roaded areas only.... 199.9 119.0 24.5 34.8 10.3 22.2 55.3 151. 1 41. 0 658. 1 4 4 4 8 ~~,i:t~~~iiailie--iT-roaiiiess·--a-reas- <> <5) <> (5) <'> <> <> (4) (•) ---··------·-- reserved. ___ .••• ______.•....• (7) (') (1) (7) (7) (1) (') Other considerations •. --·. ___ ._ •••• _. (O) ___ •• ____ ------____ •• -----••• ______-·-·. __ -----·· ___ ·------______••• _•• _ (7) (7) ··------··· (0) ------···--···-----·······--

• Declining. • Potential yield in roaded areas only is smaller than industrial use. Thus, if all roadless area 2 Stable. were reserved, industry would have to be reduced. a Downward. 8 Potential yield exceeds industrial consumption. No marginal lands would need to be used . • 4 Potential yield exceeds industrial needs. Some marginal lands may be needed; costs may be 1 None necessary. high. • 89 pet could be maintained. • Added pressure in roaded areas is possibility. 19326 EXTENSIONS OF. REMARKS June 15, 1977 U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, that I will be coming back to you and to the amount of approximately $35.6 million Washington, D.O., May 13, 1977. your colleagues in the Appropriations Com­ will be required to maintain the 1.1 b111ion Hon. M. RuPERT CUTLER, mittee to request the funds needed to en­ board feet program level. In order to achieve Assi stant Secretary for Conservation, Be­ hance production of both public and private a program offering the full potential yield search and Education, U.S. Department lands of the needed balance o! both goods (maximum allowable harvest) level of 1.8 of Agriculture, Washington, D.O. and services." blllion board feet, timber management DEAR SECRETARY CUTLER: I am writing to Another area I woula like to explore with funding would need to be Increased approxi­ ·request your immediate assistance in con­ you in our meeting is the extent to which mately $14.4 million to a level of about $50 nection with two wilderness bllls that directly roadless areas have been studied by the For­ million. affect my legislative district. Le.st week you est Service. In youl' prepared testimony sub­ You inquired about the status of wilder­ testified before a House Interior Subcom­ mitted to Chairman Roncallo, you noted ness studies !or areas in H.R. 3454 and S. mittee in connection with H.R. 3454, the En­ that the Forest Service bas carefully con­ 393-11 areas in total. Of the 11 areas, only dangered American Wilderness Act of 1977. sidered the status and condition of variety two Involve Forest Service designated wilder­ In that testimony, you expressed the Ad­ of wilderness areas. As you know, there are ness study areas. In 1973, we designated the ministration's support for inst ant wilderness currently twelve prospective wilderness areas Hilgard Wilderness Study Area (79,000 acres) designation for the Mt. Henry and McGregor­ now being considered by Congress. Three of and the Hyalite Wilderness Study Area Thompson areas. I would llke to have the those are in H.R.. 3454. Nine others are in (22,300 acres) . B. 393 would designate !or opportunity to discuss with you in some de­ S. 393, but there is one area, Mt. Henry, that wilderness study 289,000 acres in the Taylor­ tail the rationale that the Department fol­ 1s included in. both bllls. Tlle twelfth wild­ Hilgard area and 151,000 acres in the Hyalite­ lowetl til making th is recommendation. erness prospect Ls the Beartooth-Absaroka Porcupine-Buffalo Horn area. In this discussion, I would llke to con­ proposal that Senator Metcalf plans to sub­ Land management planning now under­ sider a number of items, many of which you mit legislation for soon. way proposes to designate a 93,450-acre West can assist me substantially in obtaining back­ For those t welve area.s, I am particula rly Pioneer Wilderness St udy Area (vs. 151,000 ground Information. First, I am particularly interested in t he following Information. acres in S. 393) , and a 10,856-acre wilderness intrigued by a statement made to me the What is the st atus of the Wilderness studies study area (vs. the 94,000 acre Sapphire other day by a friend of mine from the done on them by the Forest Service? How area inS. 393). Land management planning Wilderness Society, Bill Cunningham. Bill long have those studies taken, and how much has been completed !or the Mt. Henry, Ten said that on a sustained-yield basis, the longer is it expected before they are com­ U.S. forests in Montana could provide an Lakes, McGregor-Thompson, and Bluejoint pleted? Roughly, what does lt cost to pre­ areas and decisions made heretofore to man­ annual allowable cut equal to that for the pare those studies? Has the puollc been in­ average annual cut over the pa.st five year$. age them for other than wllderness purposes. volved in the studies, and 1! so, to what Planning 1s incomplete for the Welcome U this is so, it wculd seem to me that the degree? Finally, are there reports available Forest Service can provide enough timber Creek, Taylord-Hilgard and Hyallte-Porcu­ on these studies, and, 1f so, how long are pine-Buffalo Horn areas, and has· not been to the Montana forest products industry to they and are they Immediately available to meet our state's employment needs without my office? started !or the Big Snowies and Middle Fork sacrificing any further intrusion into road­ I would like to sit down with you and dis­ Judith areas. less areas. cuss some of the questions I have raised In Studies have not been started !or the two I am intrigued by this notion, primarily this letter. Ideally, I would like to meet with designated wllderness study areas. Other because almost every time I talk with some­ you on these matters within the next two than the H.R. 3454 and S. 393 areas, Montana body from the forest products industry In weeks because I would like to be a.ble to has 25 wilderness study areas designated by Montana, I am told that it is necessary to make my recommendation to Chairman the Forest Service and two designated by the go into new land if the industry is to sus­ Roncalio on or before June 1. Congress--the Great Bear and tl;le Elkhorn. tain itself at current levels. With best personal regards, I am First priority for completion 1s mandated by Perhaps you oan· help me address this ques­ Sincerely, those congressional studies. tion by providing information on a forest-by­ MAx BAUCUS. Generally speaking, a wilderness study forest basis on the following items. For the takes 2-3 years and costs about $3 to $4 per past five years and for the next five years U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, acre. We also request a minerals study !rom on a projected basis, what is the forest sus­ the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bu­ tained yield, its allowable cut, the amount of FOREST SERVICE, Washington, D.O., June 15, 1977. reau of Mines, both U.S. Department of the board feet actually placed on bid, the amount Interior agencies. Their field work and report of board feet actually purchased, and, Hon. MAX BAUCUS, House of Representatives, preparation usually takes 2-3 years. We do finally, the amount of board feet actually cut? not have cost data !or their work. The If there is a way to disa.ggregate that infor­ Washington, D.O. DEAR MR. BAUCUS: This letter Will sUpple­ size of the area, amount of resource infor­ mation to relate it directly to the wilderness mation available, degree o! public involve­ areas, that would be helpful, but it 1s ·not ment our acknowledgment of June 1 to your letter of Inquiry seeking information about ment, and other !actors determine the length necessary. and cost of the wilderness studies. The pub­ My suspicion is that currently roaded areas timber data and roadless areas in Montana. The following information 1s provided !or lic is invited to participate 1n the study. They may not be able to provide enough In the your review. have an opportunity to present their views way of allowable cuts to sustain Montana's on a proposal at a public hearing and to forest products Industry at existing levels We believe the enclosed Tables 1 through comment on the environmental statements. unless more intensive forestry practices are 4 will provide you with the specific timber We intend to devise means to streamline the used than are currently provided by the U.S. resource data you requested. Also enclosed 1s a Supplemental Statement !or all areas wilderness study process making it less cost­ Forest Service. This 1s not intended as a crit­ ly in funds and time. icism of the Forest Service. Rather, the in­ ln B. 393. This provides a. short summary !or tell;Sity of forestry practices is largely .a func­ each area including data !or commercial The twelfth area 1s the proposed Beartooth tion of budget. Fortunately, the Interior forest lands and potential annual yield. Wilderness. The Wllderness Act of 1964 Appropriations Committee has seen fit to You have asked us to furnish an estima­ (PL. 88-577) directed that all primitive recommend nearly a $200 million increase in tion o! harvest level increases which might areas be studied and reported on within ten the Forest Service budget !or reforestation. be achieved through increased intensive for­ years. The Absaroka (64,000 acres) and the How much impact that will have on Mon­ est management in Montana. We do not Beartoot:tl (230,000 acres) prUnitive areas tana now and in the future Ls something I have information which 1s specific !or Mon­ were reviewed concurrently. Numerous pub­ do not know. However, you may have In­ tana, but we have the following estimates lic meetings were held between May 1968 formation on that particular item, and 1! !or the Northern Region as a whole. By 1980, and the public hearing in March 1974. The so, I would certainly like to know your Views. the annual potential yield (ma.ximum al­ proposed Beartooth Wllderness ( 542,437 lowable harvest) can be increased !rom 1.7 acres) was forwarded by the President to the Perhaps it would be possible to provide Congress in December 1974. A copy of the me actual and projected data on existing al­ billion to 1.8 billion board !eet and the an­ lowable cuts and projected allowable cuts nual sell program increased !rom 1.1 billion proposal and the final environmental state­ given various hypothetical increases in funds to 1.3 blllion board feet. This 1s based on: ment 1s enclosed !or your use. The Beartooth· available !or intensive management prac­ ( 1) the assumption that the commercial Wilderness proposal w1ll be reexamined in tices. For example, In your estimation, how forest land base will not be decreased more light o! the President's recent environmental much would Montana's allowable cuts be than 1.9 milllon acres or below 10.8 million message. affected by national increases in reforesta­ acres, (2) that biological and economic prob­ We will be pleased to answer any questions tion budgets in Increments of $100 million? lems involved in operating in marginal areas you may have after review of this data. Your One final note on reforestation. A good can be overcome, and (3) investments in tnterest in the administration of the Na­ bit of my thinking of late in this area was funding and manpower for intensive prac­ tional Forests is very much appreciated. prompted by a passage from your testimony tices are available in a timely fashion now, Sincerely, before Mr. Roncalio's subcommittee when and In the future. JoHN R. McGUIRE, you stated that, "I can assure the Committee In 1980, timber management !utlding 1n Chief. June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19327

TABLE I.-MONTANA NATIONAL FORESTS (In millions of board feet)

Programed allowable harvest Projected programed harvest 1 Forest 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Beaverhead ______----______59 28 19 30 4 18 42 29 32 32 32 Bitterroot.______------____ 58 36 39 46 53 45 42 38 38 38 38 Custer------______3 1 2 4 5 5 6 5 4 5 5 Deerlodge_. ______------______42 37 19 21 36 25 30 25 30 32 32 Flathead ______------______184 119 112 135 150 104 136 116 105 105 105 Gallatin ______------______18 15 19 28 27 16 22 16 16 16 16 Helena.______18 12 8 14 10 12 18 16 16 16 16 Kootenai______242 184 192 209 184 187 207 190 185 185 195 Lewis and Clark______10 10 9 15 16 10 15 13 13 13 13 Lolo ______------______---- ______187 88 130 150 150 126 153 135 125 125 130 Totals ______---8-21------530 549 652 635 548 671 583 564 567 582

t Furnished by region-midpoint of range. TABLE 11.-MONTANA NATIONAL FORESTS [In millions of board feet)

Potential yield (allowable cut)-sawtimber Projected potential yield-sawtimber 2 Forest 1972 1973 1974 19751 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Beaverhead ______------65 65 60 59 59 59 59 45 45 45 54 Bitterroot______------53 53 53 64 64 64 50 50 50 50 05 Custer __ ------______------10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 49 49 49 64 64 64 64 40 40 40 40 182 182 170 146 146 146 146 120 120 120 120 Gallatin.~~~h~~~9:= __ =• =_____ ======--_-----_------======-- = 48 48 38 45 45 45 45 25 25 25 25 Helena. ______------_-_-_------33 33 32 30 30 30 30 21 21 21 21 Kootenai. __ ------234 234 233 240 240 287 287 230 230 230 230 Lewis and Clark ______40 40 37 23 23 23 23 15 15 15 15 Lolo _____ • ______------192 192 184 189 189 189 189 150 150 150 150 TotaL _____ ------906 906 866 870 870 917 903 704 704 704 704

t Old allowable cuts recast to include marginal component; allowable cut term expanded to ! Furnished by region. potential yield fiscal years 1975 to 1982. TABLE II I.-MONTANA NATIONAL FORESTS [In millions of board feet)

Offered for sale Volume purchased Volume actually cut Forest 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

Beaverhead ______------15 26 20 13 1 16 20 13 1 16 24 22 12 lt Bitterroot.______------30 32 36 45 34 30 32 35 25 25 46 39 23 24 24 Custer __ .------____ ---- ______------10 2 2 5 ------1 2 2 5 ------4 1 I 23 43 19 22 15 23 37 13 22 11 30 27 21 16 19 132 121 113 149 125 132 120 lll 148 117 156 118 133 115 110 Gallatin._------~~~~~~:~~======16 10 19 19 18 8 5 5 12 12 25 13 16 12 5 Helena ______3 8 10 12 10 2 6 6 12 7 16 25 26 10 8 Kootenai__------137 162 167 210 183 137 162 162 201 171 198 172 170 142 152 lewis and Clark ______8 4 10 5 16 6 3 4 5 16 12 19 7 11 8 Lolo. _------85 90 116 104 104 85 69 102 85 87 158 130 114 110 107 Totals ______------449 506 512 581 511 424 450 459 525 449 662 567 536 453 445

TABLE tV.-COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND AND ESTIMATED FREEDOM FOR LITHUANIA in 1954, a House Select Committee POTENTIAL YIELD IN NONSELECTED ROADLESS AREAS to investigate Communist aggression AND UNDEVELOPED AREAS INCLUDED IN THE CALCU­ reported: LATED POTENTIAL YIELD HON. HENRY J. HYDE The evidence is overwhelming and conclu­ OF ILLINOIS sive that Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were Estimated IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES forcibly occupied and illegally annexed by the potential U.S.S.R.; that the elections conducted in yield from Wednesday, June 15, 1977 CFL in non­ July, 1940, were free and voluntary or that non­ Total selected Mr. HYDE. Mr. Speaker, 37 years ago the resolutions adopted by the resulting selected potential road less today-on June 1_5, 1940-the Soviet Un­ parliaments into petitioning for recognition Total roadless Y.ield areas as Soviet Republics were legal, are false and CFL areas (million (million ion invaded Lithuania, even though an (thousand (thousand board board agreement between the U.S.S.R. and without foundation in fact. Forest acres) acres) feet) feet) Lithuania signed on October 10, 1939, And former President Ford stated on stipulated: the eve of the Helsinki Summit, July 25, Beaverhead ______935.5 448.7 59 28.3 Bitterroot.______625.4 395.6 64 40.5 The realization of this Treaty must not 1975: Custer______•• __ 291.9 8. 4 10 .3 infringe the sovereign rights of the contract­ ... the United States has never recognized Deerlodge ______782.0 126.6 64 10.4 ing parties, especially the structure of their Rathead ______971.4 315.9 146 47.5 the Soviet incorporation of Lithuania, Latvia Gallatin ______502.6 167.4 45 15.0 State, their economic and social systems, and Estonia and is not doing so now. Helena. ___ ------597.7 140.4 30 7.1 military instruments and altogether the prin­ Kootenai______1, 599.3 345.7 287 62.0 ciple of non-intervention of one State in the On May 5, 1976, the U.S. Senate joined Lewis and Clark •• 696.7 479.7 23 15.8 Lolo ______internal atl'airs of the other State. this Chamber in passing a resolution 1,423. 2 479.6 189 63.7 stating the sense of Congress: TotaL ______8,425. 7 2,908.1 917 290.6 There is no denying the fact that Lith­ (1) that there has been no change in the uania was illegally annexed and remains longstanding policy of the United States on Note: furnished by region-phone request. so to this day. During the 83d Congress, nonrecognition of the lllegal seizure and 19328 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 annexation by the Soviet Union of the three JuNE 9, 1977. of oil a day in 1984, which is about 4 million Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithu­ Re The President's Energy Proposal. barrels a day more than it did in 1974. ania, and (2) that it will continue to be the Hon. OLIN EARL TEAGUE, And there seems to be agreement among policy of the United States not to recognize House Office Building, the experts that we will have to rely on oil in any way the annexation of the Baltic Washington, D.C. and gas, coal and nuclear power for most of nations by the Soviet Union. DEAR CoNGRESSMAN TEAGUE: In some quar­ our energy supply over at least the next 10 ters, I am sure that this letter I write today years-with oil and gas bearing the largest Furthermore, President Carter stated in will be characterized as parochial. It is not burden. (It has been estimated that the en­ his campaign literature: so intended, but if it sounds that way, it is ergy supply during that time will be 52 % Today, when we look at the list of coun­ only because I sincerely believe that the from oil and gas, 33% from coal, and 14% tries in an atlas or an almanac, the name of highest and best interests of The University from nuclear power under the goals set by Lithuania is generally missing. But no atlas of Texas parallel the highest and best in­ the President's National Energy Plan.] or almanac can wipe out the memory of the terests of the State of Texas and our Nation. Production from existing oil and gas fields illegal way in which the Soviet Union oc­ Neither is my letter intended to suggest is declining-with a resulting increasing gap cupied Lithuania and the other Baltic states that our esteemed President had anything between production from presently proved in 1940 .... I would continue the long-stand­ less than the highest and best interests of reserves and total demand. How do we close ing bipartisan policy of non-recognition of the Nation in mind when he came forth with this gap? the Soviet annexation of Lithuania, Latvia, his recent energy proposal. Indeed, as any As recently stated by Dr. W. L. Fisher, and Estonia. chief executive, he is largely the captive of Bureau of Economic Geology, the University of Texas at Austin~ I remind my colleagues of all of this the ideas of his advisors, unless he has taken "Under the production requirements, as today because we in Congress, represent­ the time neceEsary to explore their notions opposed to the pricing policy of NEP, these in depth, and determine whether or not declines in the producing areas, including ing the American people, must continue their motives stem entirely from good faith, to voice our strong opposition to the So­ Texas, must be reversed. Assuming finding whether or not their assumptions are spe­ rates as a function of exploratory drllling, viet Union's illegal and hostile acts of cious, whether or not their order of priorities and total reserve additions as a function of aggression. Members of Congress have is politically motivated, and, basically, total drilling, we must steadily inC!'ease repeatedly done so. And President Car­ whether or not the conclusions drawn by his ~jrilling to a level about twice that of last ter obviously concurs and he has de­ advisors are based on mis1nformation or year. If this doubling is achieved by the early clared on numerous occasions that the something less than all the facts and logic. 1980's, production declines possibly could be issue of human rights is of the utmost Surely our President has done at least arrested, and restored to last year's level by concern to him and members of his ad­ that, and consequently, I must say that if 1985, and meet the NEP requirements." his energy proposal has errors and omissions, In other words, we close the gap by new ministration. they were honestly made. supply, and new supply of oil and gas de­ Thus, I believe it is imperative that I will not dwell on the fact that an energy pends on potential supply (which is worth­ our U.S. Representatives who are at­ crisis exists, nor wlll I dwell on the contri­ less in the ground) and someone who will tending the followup Conference on butions of indecision, wrong decisions, and explore for new supply. European Security and Cooperation in refusal to face reality, beginning some 20 The potential supply is undoubtedly there; Belgrade at the present time confront years ago, made by our federal government but where are the oil and gas finders? the representatives of the Soviet Union (e.g., natural gas control, oil import program, Dr1111ng rates have moved somewhat up­ concerning their blatant disregard of, east coast off-shore drllling delay, Alaska ward, but by and large, most of those thou­ pipeline delay stemming from the National sands of independents who drill at least 80% and noncompliance with, the Final Act Environmental Policy Act, and the Clean Air of all wells and 90% of the wildcat wells, as of Helsinki. Act amendments), nor on the highly com­ well as the majors, are out there waiting for We share with the Lithuanian people a plex matrix of problems involving alternate a reasonable economic opportunity to buy passion for freedom. Were our home­ energy sources, enlightened tradeoffs between leases, to explore and drill-so they can run land to be invaded today and occupied energy needs and environmental costs, the the 1 to 20 risk o! finding oil and gas and for the next 40 years, I know that we source of investment capital, and the federal make new discoveries. In short, they are Americans would still be fighting as de­ tax structure. waiting for price incentives which w1ll let terminedly to win back our freedom and All of these matters have been treated at them realize a reasonable rate of return on a independence 40 years from now as we great length in the media and professional high risk investment, and furnish them the journals, seminars, speeches, etc., etc. Those retained earnings necessary to generate risk would be tomorrow. And we would be interested have a mass of material on which capital, either by direct use, or as a basis to passing on to our children and grand­ to base their own conclusions. So I will not convince lenders of capital that loans to them children the·same yearning for freedom speak to those points. are sound: and the same determination to fight. Instead, I would like to focus on what all Some would say that the proposed National Such are the feelings of the Lithuan­ of this means to the University of Texas, and Energy Plan orovides those incentives for in­ ian people; how can we not sympathize to other landowners, present and prospective creased activity by those who seek oil and royalty owners, and taxpayers of this great gas. But not so. with such emotions? The American peo­ According to Dr. Stephen McDonald, pro­ ple will never forget their plight and we State of ours. The primary point of impact on the Uni­ fessor of economics of the University of Tex­ will continue to pray for the day when versity of Texas is the income from the 2.1 as, except for incremental tertiary recovery, Lithuanians can celebrate their renewed ·million acres of University Lands, part of stripper oil, and Alaska on, the program independence, rather than commem­ which is under oil and gas leases, which con­ would: orate the day of their homeland's in­ stitutes, in my view, a very attractive oil "1. Allow the price of newly discovered on vasion. and gas prospect for those who seek to find to rise over a three year period to the 1977 those hydrocarbons. It should be noted that world price adjusted for inflation, and there­ Texas A&M University receives one-third of after permit further adjustments for HON. EDWARD CLARK, OF TEXAS, the net income from University Lands, and, inflation. while I do not and cannot speak for that "2. Continue indefinitely the regulated ef­ SPEAKS OUT ON THE PRESIDENT'S great institution, its interests are also at fective prices to producers of $5.25 for old oil ENERGV PROGRAM stake under the propo~d National Energy and $11.28 for old •new' oil (1973-77 vintage), Plan. with adjustments for inflation. HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE The President's Plan, basically, ls a pro­ "3. By means of a tax on $5.25 and $11.28 gram which, in effect, deals with only one oil, bring their market prices (including tax) OF TEXAS side of the energy problem-demand. Al­ to the world price level by 1980, and there­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES though demand spawned by wasteful use of after adjust the tax uoward for inflation. "4. Use the proceeds of the tax to compen­ Wednesday, June 15, 1977 energy 1s important, and needs to be ad­ dressed, the proposed program fails wholly sate the public, by means of tax credits or Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Speaker, under to tackle the other. and much more signifi­ direct payments on a per capita basis, for the increased price of oil." leave to extend mv remarks in the REc­ cant sid~new supply. ORD, I wish to include a copy of a letter The well founded materials I have read Faced with the fact that drilling is in the I have received from the Honorable Ed­ seem to agree that the basic problem is one of doldrums under present price controls, which ward Clark. a member of the board of supply of energy, even when taking account generate only minimal earnings available for of reasonable conservation measures to re­ retention, it is simply incredible to me that regents of the University of Texas svs­ duce demand. Demand will continue to in­ anyone would think that continuation of tem. Mr. Clark, a former Ambassador crease, even though the rate of increase w1ll price controls would encourage a silmlficantly and a lon~time public servant. discusses be lower. Indeed, there are solid opinions higher rate of domestic drilling activity. the President's energy proposals in great that even if the consumption of oil is only It is even more incredible to me that any­ depth and I commend his letter to my one-half of what it has been, the United one would think that domestic production colleagues: States wlll stlll need almost 21 million barrels would be encouraged by taking potential in- June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19329 come from the oil finders, and giving it away ity and let the gas price throughout the na­ cerns President Carter's proposed with­ to the public-thereby, in effect, redistrib­ tion find its competitive level, as it now does drawal of American ground forces from uting risk capital from those who will use it within gas-producing states. This would pro­ Korea. There is very serious ground for to find oil and gas, to those who won't use it vide the most effective lever for the switch for that purpose. to coal from inappropriate uses of natural concern, from the evidence we have to­ I suppose that some additional leasing and gas, as well as the working capital for in­ day, that inadequate planning has gone drilling activity could result in Texas from tensified gas exploration. As those who live into this potentially momentous de­ the permitted graduated increase in the price within gas-producing states know well, that cision. The administration has up to of oil produced from wells drllled under per­ price is not a pleasant fact of life, but lt is now been unable to demonstrate that this mits issued on or after April 20, 1977, 1f (as not catastrophic." withdrawal is part of a rationally calcu­ defined in the NEP) the oil and gas finders I fear that 1f the President's NEP is lated or clearly articulated policy, or that can find locations which are at least 2.5 adopted, we can never expect to realize the it has given due consideration to the miles from the location of any producing income from University Lands that we should well, or which wm have a "depth of produc­ be able to forecast under ordinary free mar­ effects this withdrawal might have on tion of which 1,000 feet or more is in excess ket conditions, either from bonuses, delay America's friends and allies in Asia. This of the depth of production of any well which rentals, or royalties. Moreover, royalties from latter point is particularly important, produced or was capable of producing on existing production from those Lands will since the importance of America's pres­ April 20, 1977"-whatever that last condition not keep pace proportionately with free mar­ ence in Korea is psychological as much as means. ket prices. military. This latter point is the subject But I don't see how that would be much I further fear that producers would be of an excellent column from the Los encouragement, and I don't think that it discouraged from making development in­ Angeles Times which I strongly recom­ would be much incentive to those in the oil vestments, engaging in secondary recovery and gas business, especially in view of the operations, reworking wells, etc., all to the mend to the Members. I include it in the cloudy tax picture most of them now have detriment of University Land production and RECORD: by virtue of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975, income. To ASIANS, THE AMERICANS ARE INSCRUTABLE­ which substantially repealed percentage de­ In answer to the proposed National En­ ABSENCE OF RATIONALE FOR KOREA PULLBACK pletion for nearly 85 percent of domestic oil ergy Plan, I would agree that a "free market" RISKS CONFUSION OVER INTENT and gas, and changes in tax consequences in is the answer. I believe in a "free market," (By Sam Jameson) especially where the interests of The Uni­ typical farm-out transactions under a recent ToKYo.-Maj. Gen. John K. Singlaub, IRS ruling. versity of Texas are concerned, and more especially where the interests of the State ordered home from Korea fo:r publicly ques­ Indeed, as said by one editorial writer, it tioning the military wisdom of President makes about as much sense as a program to anSouth Korea and "the domestic crude on. Because of its role 88 a wm continue to suffer. deep purpose of the South Koreans to defend .premium fuel in industry, the correct price With kindest regards and all good wishes, their own country" as additional justifica­ for BTU for gas should at least equal that I remain, tion. for oil. In the short term, the NEP policy wUl, Sincerely yours, But he also said in the same statement in fact, reduce average unit value of pro­ EDwARD CLARK, that "many leaders . . . in the Republic of duced gas; but over a longer term, it will Chairman, Investments, Trusts and Korea have advocated complete removal of mean a gradual rise in unit value of pro­ Lands Committee, Board of Regents, ground troops from Korea.... President duced gas. On this issue, we would merely the University of Texas System. Park (Chung Hee) himself, the president of agree with the objective judgment of the the Republic of Korea, has called for the London Economist of April 23rd: '[Presi­ removal completely of American troops." dent Carter's) hope to extend federal price A Korea foreign m1litary spokesman controls on natural gas from gas traded inter­ promptly corrected Carter, stating bluntly: state (that is between states) to gas traded TO ASIANS, THE AMERICANS "There have never been any Korean leaders intra-state (within its state of origin) is ARE INSCRUTABLE who advocated the pullout of U.S. armed folly. The Intra-state free market has pro­ forces from our country. It was a proposition vided a good barometer to the price that Initiated by the United States, not by us." should be paid for gas. By eliminating it, HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI Even South Korean di.ssidents who other­ Mr. Carter wlll not merely lose a useful in­ OF ILLINOIS wise oppose Park h~.~ove spoken out against dicatot. He wlll ensure that the same old any American withdrawal. The closest thing bad habit of price control recurs, only more IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to Carter's claim that Park himself had ad­ widely, when the natural gas price starts Wednesday, June 15, 1977 vocated "complete removal" of American bumping up against its new, higher celllng troops was an interview that the South in a few years' time.' Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, one Korean president gave to a foreign corre­ "We have no doubt in our minds that the of the most important foreign policy spondent several years ago. In that interview, correct policy for the nation 1s to face real- questions facing this country today con- Park said only that American troop removals 19330 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 might be considered after-but not before­ structure. What happens in Korea is crucial clear technology which 1n its current form South Korea completed a mllitary buildup to the development of U.S.-Japanese rela­ would greatly increase the risk of nuclear program in 1981. tions, U.S.-Chinese relations and, perhaps weapons prollferatlon. Even wit hout this conflict, Carter's "ra· most important for Asia 1n the long run, to We have launched a major diplomatic ef­ tionale" appeared lacking to Asians. They saw China-Japan relations... fort to persuade others to similarly avoid nothing to answer their doubts that the Now that the policy of withdrawing premature commercialization, and to join troop withdrawal was furth er evidence that ground combat troops from Korea has been us in an international Nuclear Fuel Cycle the United States is gradually turning its made final, the need to explain that pollcy Evaluation Program in which we would back on Asia. in a diplomatic context, reaching beyond the jointly explore ways to make future breeders Japan's Prime Minister Ta.keo Fukuda ex· confines of Korea itself, appears more press­ more proliferation-resistant or find other pressed that misgiving publicly when he vis· ing than ever. alternatives that would satisfy our collective ited Washington in March. He said leaders energy and national security concerns. I am of the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, Ma· encouraged by the initial responses of the laysia and Thailand had asked him to relay countries which have been invited to join it to Carter. The Japanese reaction to Car· SECRETARY VANCE URGES TERMI­ the Evaluation Program. This effort was one ter's explanation as to why he was ordering NATION OF CLINCH RIVER BREED­ of the key topics for discussion at both t he combat troops removed from South Korea is London Economic Summit and the Salzburg best expressed by a Japanese foreign min­ ER REACTOR Conference on Nuclear Power and its Fuel istry diplomat, who said: "All he (Carter) Cycle. Following up the Economic Summit, could tell us was that it was a campaign a group of experts is now working on the promise he made last year." The diplomat HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM terms of reference for the Evaluation, and implied that the campaign pledge was the OF NEW YORK will report its results by July 7. only portion of Carter's explanation that was IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES If we were to proceed towards the early comprehensible to Japanese minds. Wednesday, June 15, 1977 commercialization of the breeder at this time, Lee Kuan Yew, prime minister of Sings.· by funding the Clinch River Breeder Reactor, pore, sald plainly during a visit here that he. Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, in the it would undermine our credibility and call did not view the removal in the terms in next few weeks, the House will be voting into question our motives in calling for a which Carter explained it. He called it "a on one of the most important issues we joint reassessment of the problems associated momentous decision with profound long· will face this year, the ERDA authoriza­ with early entry into a plutonium-based term consequences for the security of economy. I must emphasize that t h is Ad­ Northeast Asia and probably for the rest of tion bill. When this bill comes to the ministration has not ruled out a long term Asia." He also said it was too early to pre­ :floor, an amendment will be offered to breeder option. Indeed, the President's pro­ dict how Japan and the rest of Asia would cut funding for the Clinch River Breeder posed budget for the 1978 ERDA authoriza­ J;'eact-and thereby made it clear that he Reactor back to the levels proposed by tions contains $483 million in R&D for the believed there would be a reaction. President Carter. At this time the key Fast Flux Test Fa.c111ty and the base breeder Phil1pp1ne President Ferdinand Marcos, question will be "Is the Congress going reactor program. But I believe that to pro­ visiting here in April. said With a distinct to give the President's nonproliferation ceed with the Clinch River Breeder Reactor tone of sarcasm that Carter's overall Asian policy a chance to work? Or are we go­ would adversely affect the chances of success policy was "just a. repetition of the same old of the Evaluation Program by sending pre­ pledges to commitments they (the Ameri· ing to undercut ow new policy before cisely the wrong signal abroad at this time. cans) say they will live up to 1n Asia." it is tried and tested by voting to com­ Sincerely, A highly placed American general in South mercialize the plutonium fueled breeder CYRUS VANCE. Korea-not Singlaub-expressed the same reactor?" idea 1n relation to South Korea: "I think the Two days ago, Secretary of State Cyrus Koreans listen to our words about our com· Vance shared his concerns on this issue mitment to their defense, and then they look with the House of Representatives in a THE STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF at our actions-and ftnd a little dl.ftlculty letter addressed to the Speaker which RUSSIA'S BAYKAL-AMUR RAIL­ rationalizing the two... The economic reasons cited by Carter, in­ has been referred to the Committee on ROAD-BAM cluding SOuth Korea's 15% real-growth rate International Relations. Secretary Vance last year, is particularly dumbfounding to stressed the fact that ''if we were to Asians who wonder why Korea, stnl a devel­ proceed towards the early commerciali­ HON. LARRY McDONALD oping nation, should be considered more ca­ zation of the breeder at this time, by OF GEORGIA pable of "self-rellant defense" than Ameri­ funding the Clinch River Breeder Reac­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ca's allies in NATO, where carter has pledged tor, it would tmdermine our credibility Wednesday, June 15, 1977 to keep all of the American forces intact. and ·call into question our motives in Americans respond to such Asian reaction calling for a joint reassessment of the Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, the by saying that NATO 1s more important than Western press appears to have almost Korea-which is exactly what the Asians are problems associated with early entry into concerned about in the ftrst place. a plutonium-based economy." completely ignored the military signifi­ One of President Park's advisers expressed I share Secretary Vance's concerns and cance of this large railroad construction the feeling this way: "Why is the United feel very strongly that this Congress project presently taking place in the States so anxious to pull out? Sen. (Mlke) should not act rashly where such action USSR. In reality, it is the single most im­ Mansfield (now ambassador to Japan) made will clearly serve to undermine a ma­ portant military construction project to proposals for years to withdraw troops from jor, ongoing United States foreign policy take place in Siberia since the trans­ Europe, yet nothing has been withdrawn at initiative. Siberian railroad was double tracked. all. In Asia, you pulled out of Vietnam. You The Soviets themselves term it the "proj­ were thinking of pulling out of the Philip­ Mr. Speaker, I am submitting for the pines. You pulled out one division 'from RECORD the complete text of Secretary ect of the century." In size and scope it Korea in 1971, and now the last division 1s Vance's letter: recalls earlier gigantic undertakings such going. What you see is the decline of Ameri­ THE SECRETARY OF STATE, as the "Dnepr" dam, the White Sea can involvement in Asia. Washington, June 14, 1977. Canal, and the Bratsk dam and has re­ "We wonder 1f U.S. involvement with Asia DEAR MR. SPEAKER: I wish to provide you ceived propaganda fanfare appropriate isn't a freak, one-shot affair-historically and your colleagues in the House of Repre­ to such undertakings. The young Kom­ speaking-that occurred as a result of Pearl sentatives with some additional views con­ somols go off to Siberia in volunteer Harbor. We wonder whether there aren't cul­ cerning recent Administration decisions on groups to assist in the work. Army spe­ tural and ethnic reasons why the United nuclear energy policy, in particular, the ter­ States cannot be a partner of Asia. We are mination of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor cialists from the railroad troops are also not convinced this 1s true, but we are not (CRBR) project. participating, plus any number of con­ convinced it 1s untrue, either." The President's April 7 and April 27 state­ struction organizations of the Ministry Some Washington oftl.cials, at least in the ments on non-proliferation and nuclear of Railroads. As is usual with any ·such past, have recognized the psychological as­ power established for the first time a realistic project in the USSR, there are probably pects of the problems that stood beyond basis for controlling the spread of nuclear a number of "forced laborers" on the Korea itself. weapons capab111ty abroad. One of the crucial scene as unwilling participants. Soviet Morton Abramowitz, now deputy assistant elements of this policy 1s a clear and un­ spokesmen speak of 85,000 workers strug­ secretary of defense for Eastern affairs, wrote ambiguous decision by the United States to gling together, using Japanese, American, in 1971: "Korea cannot be treated in isola­ cancel all construction and licensing of the tion ... Korea is intimately bound up wtth Clinch River Breeder Reactor project. It is and German machinery. the whole structure of peace 1n East Asia, our recommendation that we pause before Blueprints for this railroad were first and cannot be viewed in isolation from that commercializing this next generation of nu- drawn up in 1945. However, only in 1974 June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19331 did Brezhnev proclaim the start of the a fiercely independent and freedom-lov­ ania ask for no material support, but railroad. Initially, it will be single ing people-the Lithuanian people. On they expect the United States to apply tracked, but a roadbed will be prepared this date 37 years ago, the Soviet Union pressure at the upcoming Belgrade con­ for a second track. The line will be more commenced military occupation of Lith­ ference and direct the force of world than 1900 miles long, of which 600 miles uania, thus violating not only the sover­ opinion to the Soviet Union's continued were scheduled for completion by the end eignty, but also the independent tradi­ suppression of Lithuanian dissent in of 1976. Trains are already said to be tion of the Lithuanian nation. violation of the Helsinki accord. In this o~erating on the first 180 miles of track This tradition began when Lithuania's way, Moscow might be induced to loosen between Tayshet and Ust Kut. The entire first king, Mindaugas, in defense against its tyrannic grasp around the Lithuanian railroad is scheduled for completion by Russian aggression in the 13th century, people, and allow them to preserve their the end of 1982. united the Lithuanian tribes into a na­ national identity. The construction of the BAM railroad tion. ln an alliance with Poland, which Although this commemoration of a is usually described as an effort to fur­ lasted from 1350 to 1795, Lithuania nation's heroic striving for freedom will ther open up Siberia in order for the helped to protect Europe from such end within hours, our remembrance of U.S.S.R. to bring raw maetrials out to the threats as German expansionism, and it must not cease. Rather, this anniver­ Pacific. And this is certainly a logical use invasions by the Tatars and the Mongols. sary should be prominent in our minds of the railroad. However, no one seems Its internal policies were characterized as the ~!grade conference and other to have noticed that the eastern ter­ by an unusual degree of freedom for its diplomatic opportunities to support the minus of the line will be a port called subjects. Lithuanian people present themselves. Sovetskaya Gavan. Sovetskaya Gavan After Poland was partitioned, Russia is a Pacific Fleet naval base for sub­ gained possession of Lithuania's terri­ marines and light surface units. It is not tory. Mere territorial control of a nation, a port open to Western shipping. The however, does not insure the loyalty of IN SUPPORT OF THE LITHUANIAN­ new railroad will thus bolster the port's its people, and the Lithuanians made AMERICAN COMMUNITY IN BOS­ role as a naval base. Recent indications several attempts at revolt. After the TON are that the Soviets are moving their third attempt, the tsarist government main naval activity northward in the tried to crush Lithuania's national iden­ Pacific area and placing more reliance tity and impose Russian language and HON. JAMES A. BURKE on harbors such as Petropavlovk-on­ culture. Steadfast opposition by the Lith­ OF MASSACHUSETTS Kamachatka and Sovetskaya Gavan uanian people to Russification of their IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES rather than Vladivostok. culture forced the tsars to abandon those Wednesday, June 15, 1977 The second and more obvious signifi­ policies. cance of the new railroad is that it will Lithuania announced the reestablish­ Mr. BURKE of Massachusetts. Mr. be an alternative to the trans-Siberian ment of its territorial independence in Speaker, the Lithuanian-American line which is too close to the Chinese 1918, following World War I and the community of Boston has asked that border at many points and can be easily Bolshevik Revolution. When the Red we join them today, June 15, in com­ cut-albeit ever temporarily-by the Army attempted to place Lithuania memoration of the 37th anniversary of Communist Chinese Army. The trans­ under Russian domination again, Lith­ the subjugation and f~rcible incorpora­ Siberian railroad is presently capable of uanian fighting units, with the aid of tion of Lithuania into the Soviet Union. supplying about 12,000 tons per day, 4,000 the Polish army, repelled the Soviet in­ I am proud to join in that commemora­ tons per day short of estimated needs of vaders. As a result, the U.S.S.R. signed a tion. the Soviet Far East forces for sustained treaty on July 12, 1920, which recognized It is especially :fitting that today also combat. The addition of BAM would add Lithuania's autonomy and sovereignty, marks the convention of the Belgrade at least 6,000 tons per day and even pro­ and Lithuania was admitted to the Lea­ conference wherein 35 cosignatories of vide a small cushion for Soviet military gue of Nations in 1921. The newly estab­ the Helsinki Accords are beginning a logistic planners. As one Soviet official lished republic made significant progress comprehensive review of the Helsinki put it: "How can we hold in the Far East in advancing agricultural modernization, Agreement of 1975. on one slim thread?" 1 Of course, if the industrialization, educational and cul­ Just as the Soviet Union committed Sino-Soviet dispute is ever reconciled, tural development, and social and labor the ultimate act of repression in 1940, the line could be devoted solely to its reform. that of dominating o.n entire nation, so publicly announced purpose of bringing Despite its progress Lithuania soon saw today there is hope that the Belgrade coal, oil, gas and other minerals out to the specter of Russian domination rise Conference will once again raise the is­ the West in exchange for the high tech­ anew. Imposed installation of Russian sue of human rights to international nology items the U.S.S.R. continues to military bases in Lithuanian territory scrutiny. I sincerely hope that the buy from the West. preceded the actual occupation on United States along with our Canadian Summing up, the Soviets will have an June 15, 1940. The Soviets quickly estab­ and Western Europe allies takes advan­ enhanced ability to fight a war with Red lished a puppet government which "re­ tage of this singular opportunity to doc­ China, support exPanded operations of quested" admission into the U.S.S.R. as ument and admonish other govern­ her Pacific Fleet and indirectly to sup­ a nominal republic. As before, popular ments' repressive tactics where human port new wars of "national liberation" resistence persisted despite foreign oc­ rights are concerned. Recent actions by in the Far East with the completion of cupation, and Moscow responded by de­ Soviet authorities a.gainst Valentyn BAM in 1982. porting more than 30,000 members of Moroz and Mykola Rudenko in Kiev, and the intelligentsia, and driving another Orlov, Sakharov, SChransky, and Ginz­ 15,000 dissidents to flee the country. But burg in Moscow for their efforts to eval­ not even these measures could break the uate Russian observance of the Helsinki LITHUANIAN STRUGGLE FOR spirits of the courageous Lithuania.n.s, Accords are just a handful of examples SELF-DETERMINATION and opposition 1s voiced today through of how the U.S.S.R. handles such e1forts such underground publications as at sincere implementation of the Euro­ "Ausra"-The Dawn-and ..The Chron­ pean Security Conference's 1975 agree­ HON. CHARLES J. CARNEY icle of the Lithuanian Catholic Church." ment. OF OHIO They continue to dissent despite threats Moreover, these tactics are by no IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of arrest and other methods of repres­ means limited to the Soviet Union. In­ Wednesday, June 15, 1977 sion. The severity of this repression is tense government pressure on dissidents documented not only by Lithuanian ex­ in Poland led by Mr. Jerzy Andrzejewski Mr. CARNEY. Mr. Speaker, today I patriates, but also by the Commission on and the signers of the charter 77 in join my colleagues and Americans of Security and Cooperation in Europe. Czechoslovakia indicate that a cohesive Lithuanian descent in observing the While remembering this dark day in campaign is being conducted by the so­ tragic anniversary of an o1fense against Lithuania's history, we must not neglect cialist states to undermine if not openly whatever action we can take to aid this contravene those provisions of the Hel­ 1 As quoted 1n the Christian Science Nation in its struggle to maintain its sinki Final Act that advocate real at­ Monitor, Ma.rch 30, 1970. national identity. The people ot Lithu- tempts to secure individual Uberties. 19332 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 Cognizant of present hopes and mind­ ops an agenda for action on matters of the Employers may not refuse to hire handi­ ful of past aggressions against a proud greatest national importance. capped persons, if reasonable accommoda­ and fiercely independent Lithuanian WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE GOALS tions can be made by them to an individual's handicap and if the handicap does not im­ people, we memorialize the sacrifices Tonight you embark on this Conference pair the ab111ty of the applicant or employer made by those freedom-loving individ­ with three vital goals: to do the specific job. uals who sought to preserve their fledg­ · First, to provide a national assessment of Employers may not require pre-employ­ ling democracy armed with their deeply the problems and the potentials of individ­ ment physical examinations and may not rooted cultural and religious faith. Un­ uals with mental or physical handicaps; make a pre-employment inquiry about fortunately history has not dealt kindly Second, to generate a national awareness whether a person is handicapped, or the na­ with Lithuania. Her domination by the of these problems which have meant that ture or severity of a handicap, although em­ larger nations which surround her has handicapped individuals have in the past ployers may make a pre-employment in­ been an oppressed minority, subject to un­ quiry into an applicant's ab111ty to perform extracted a great deal of lifeblood and conscionable discrimination, beset by de­ job-related functions. talent. We know all too well the manner moralizing indignities, detoured out of the Every handicapped child Will be entitled to in which many Lithuanians were up­ mainstream of American life and unable to free public education appropriate to his or rooted from their homes, families and secure their rightful place as full and inde­ her individual needs, regardless of the nature friends and sent off to work in the Soviet pendent citizens; and or severity of the handicap. In those unusual "gulags" masterfully described by Mr. Third, to make recommendations to the cases where placement in a special residential Solzhenitsyn. Many have been impris­ President and to the Congress which, 1f im­ setting 1s necessary, public authorities Will oned and countless others deprived of plemented, will enable individuals with be financially responsible for tuition, room their rights. But the spirit of the Lithu­ handicaps to lead proud and productive llves, and board. anian people endures and indeed thrives despite their disabilities. Handicapped children must not be segre­ today amidst new atttempts to stamp Too often, however, the promise of a White gated in the public schools, but must be edu­ House Conference has not been realized after cated with the non-handicapped in regular out the civil liberties that we, as Ameri­ the hotels have emptied and the media have classrooms to the maximum extent possible. cans, take for granted. carried away their cameras and typewriters. Educational institutions and other social Indicative of the deep affection for But I know that this Conference will be service programs must provide auxmary aids, their homeland, Lithuanian-Americans different. such as readers in school libraries or interpre­ have not forgotten their brothers. And I know it will be different, in part, because ters for the deaf, to ensure full participation so today all Americans join the Lithu­ of the fine leadership provided to you by of handicapped persons. anian-American community in recogni­ Henry Viscardi, Jr., Chairman of the White All recipients of HEW funds must complete tion of their invaluable contributions to House Conference, and by Jack F. Smith, within one year a self-evaluation process, in freedom. Executive Director of the Conference. They, consultation With handicapped individuals and their many co-workers, have been sen­ and organizations, to determine which of In concert with the President's re­ sitive to the strong demands from all of you their policies and practices need to be newed focus on human rights through­ here tonight--and from the mlllions of hand­ changed to assure equal opportunity for out the world, let us commit ourselves icapped citizens whom you represent--that handicapped Americans. to supporting those efforts by Lithu- . the Conference emphasize practical, sub­ Section 504 and the 504 Regulation con­ aniens to secure the rights entitled to stantive issues that directly affect the lives stitute a striking recognition of the civil them when the Soviet Union acceded of Americans With dlsab111tles. rights of America's handicapped citizens, just to the Final Act of the 1975 Helsinki But the promise of this Conference wlll as Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Accords. be realized for another, more profound Title IX of the Education Amendments of reason. 1972, and their companion regulations, are May the Congress deep commitment critical elements in the structure of law pro­ to human liberties reinforce the unceas­ RIGHTS OF HANDICAPPED INDIVmUALS tecting the civil rights of racial minorities ing efforts of thousands of Lithuanians We are now entering a new era of civil and women. rights for the handicapped individuals of in their struggle for human dignity and America. ENFORCEMENT OF SECTION 504 freedom. And we wm not turn back. But we must now begin the process of mak­ For too long, America's handicapped indi­ ing the new regulation a reality for handi­ viduals have been victimized by demeaning capped Americans. SECRETARY CALIFANO ADDRESSES practices and injustices. But now there 1s I pledge that this process Will be moni­ WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE ON recognition that unjust obstacles to self­ tored forcefully, fairly and expeditiously by HANDICAPPED INDIVIDUALS determination and fair treatment must fall HEW. There are firm timetables 1n the regu­ before the force of law-an understanding lation. We should stick to them. that the nation as a whole must end the Let me briefly share W1 th you some of the shameful neglect of handicapped children steps we have taken or wlll take to assure HON. JOHN BRADEMAS and help translate many of their legitimate compliance With the 504 regulation. OF INDIANA needs into legal rights and meaningful We have an outstanding new team of lead­ programs. ers in HEW's Office for Civil Rights, headed IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Last month, I signed a regulation imple­ by David Tatel, a distinguished attorney With Wednesday, June 15, 1977 menting Section 504 of the Rehab11itation broad civil rights experience. Act of 1973. As you know well, Section 504 We have begun work With the other Fed­ Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, in April prohibits discrimination solely on the basis eral agencies and departments which Will be the Department of Health, Education, of handicap against otherwise qualified issuing regulations similar to the 504 regula­ and Welfare Secretary Joseph A. Cali­ handicapped individ-uals, in programs receiv­ tion and that wlll apply to all recipients of fano, Jr., signed the regulations imple­ ing federal financial assistance. federal funds. menting section 504 of the Rehabilita­ SECTION 504 REGULATIONS We have already begun last week to mall tion Act of 1973. His action marks the The 504 regulation is a landmark in the out 36,000 assurance of compliance forms to beginning of a new era of civil rights for quest of handicapped citizens for equal treat­ HEW recipients. These are due back on July handicapped people. It is a strong dem­ ment, and it will be a fundamental guide­ 5th. And, 1f we do not get a timely and ade­ post to the new era of civil rights for the quate response, we Will move immediately to onstration of President Carter's desire handicapped. It calls for the following dra­ enforce this requiremenli. to afford handicapped Americans their matic changes in the actions and attitudes of We wlll be ready to begin processing com­ legal rights. institutions and individuals who are recip­ plaints brought under Section 504 by June Recently, Secretary Califano addressed ients of funds from the Department of 1st. Over 200 complaints have been filed with the White House Conference on Handi­ Health, Education, and Welfare: the Department. All new fac111tles must be barrier-free, i.e., capped Individuals in Washington, D.C. readily accessible to and useable by handi­ We have prepared, and begun to distribute·, I am pleased to place in the RECORD his capped individuals. brallle and recorded copies of the 504 Regula­ tion so that handicapped citizens can learn remarks made at that time: Programs or activities in existing facUlties firsthand of their rights. WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE ON HANDICAPPED must be made accessible to the handicapped VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE lNDIVmUALS within 60 days, and, 1f no other alternatives­ such as reassignment of classes or home We have planned-and wm soon begin-a Good evening, and a very warm welcome visits-Will achieve program accessib111ty, major public awareness campaign that wlll to the White House Conference on Handi­ structural changes in the fac111tles must be inform handicapped individuals of their capped Individuals. xnade within three years. No exceptions to rights, recipients of their obligations, and the A White House ConfeTence is a catalytic the program accessib111ty requirement will be American people, including business and event--one that focuses concerns and devel- allowed. labor, about the striking new change in law. June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19333 Schools should understand matnstrea.ming: share ith us and for the courage you have but rooting out the Ulegal allens would be colleges should learn about the program ac­ shown us. and an the American people. very hard to do and socially disruptive. En­ cessibility requirements; other reeip1en1s couraging job creation and population con­ should understand how to structure jobs; trol 1n the countries ot origin is a long­ and myths about handicapped and disabled term solution, but even .with technical assist­ people must be dispelled. A manual explain­ THE Sn.ENT INVASION ance programs, 1s pretty much out of the ing 504 w111 soon be ready !or wide distrtbu­ control of the United States. More vigorous tion. efforts at arrest and deportation are popular We will develop a technical assistance unit HON. LEE H. HAMILTON approaches, but the limitations of these ap­ to ass1st recipients 1n complying With Impor­ proaches are apparent. (900,000 persons were tant requirements like mainstreaming and OF INDIANA arrested In 1975, and there were tnsumcient program accessibillty. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tacllittes to hold them.) Rather than appre­ We have established a new position in the Wednesday, June 15, 1977 hending and deporting aliens, a better ap­ Omce for Civil Rights-the Deputy !or Pro­ proach would be to halt illegal entry in the gram Review-who wm work directly with Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, I would first place. Each approach has its dimculties, lf the the other divisions of HEW so that program like to insert my Washington Report for but the greatest difficulty Will come United States does nothing. The crush of omcers include civil rights comp)iance re­ June 15, 10977, into the CONGRESSIONAL quirements in their basic operations. illegal aliens wlll only increase unless the RECORD: Congress starts considering these proposals Through these and other measures, the THE Sn.ENT INVASION with the utmost care. Section 504 regulation can work. niegal aliens are presenting the United Some combination of these approaches But voluntary compliance, aided by deep States With a giant-sized problem. could probably drastically reduce the num­ involvement of handicapped citizens and It is a sllent invasion. Authorities now ber of new Wegal aliens. but most of the groups, Will make the regulation work far estimate tha.t there are 6 to 10 million 11- experts agree that the fiow cannot be stopped more quickly. I1 handicapped individuals, legal aliens in the United sta.tes. They come entirely. recipients, leaders in public and private life, by boat across the Rio Grande River, by The problem of stopping the entry of il­ and the Federal government can be guided by terry into Detroit, and by plane !rom South legal aliens also has foreign policy implica­ sensitivity, fairness and common sense, then America and the Caribbean. The United tions. Diplomats are beginning to ask about the regulation can immediately become a States, which accepts about 350,000 legal the effects of controlling immigration. One charter o! equal opportunity, not an invita­ aliens each year. Is trying to figure a way to expert, tor example, sees chaos in Mexico lf tion to litigation. hold lmmigrart;lon to legal levels. emigration to the United States from that But ending discrlmination is only the first Some groups, of course, do not want to country is shut off. Other experts see drastic step 1n assuring tb.a.t handicapped citizens stop the illegal ftGw of immigrants. Some effects on the U.S., with the probable devel­ can assume their rightful role as participants. employers want chee.p labor, and some fam­ opment of an underground labor market to the fullest extent possible, in American mes want to welcome their foreign kin. The where an the usual protections tor workers society. migrants themselves want to come because would be Ignored. Mexican-American rela­ tions are al.ready badly strained because of ECONOMIC SECURITY POll THE DISABLED they are poor and the United Sta.t-es Is rich. The long borders are undefended and rela­ the 2000 mile border's openness, and a new As the next three days will demonstrate, era of tension and hostillty between these the task of guaranteeing that handicapped tively open, and entrance Into the U.S. Js one ot the e3Siest crimes to commit and one of two countries 1s possible unless steps are individuals have equal opportunities in !act, taken to deal with the prdblem. and not just under the law. will require initi­ the least punished. Once here, the 1mmi­ grants can find wcxk as long as they are not So the movement of people Into the United atives in many facets of our social and eco­ States is out of control. Many of these people nomic life. too fussy about what they do. But as soetal problems have grown here, especially unem­ are wanted, even needed, in the U.S. to do For example, the Disability Insurance pro­ ployment and welfare, the problem of 11- tvork that Americans are reluctant to do. gram. part of HEW's Social Security Admin­ legal aliens has become Important and the But the manner in which the nation handles istration. faces serious 11nanc1&1 problems. seareh 1s on for ways to stem the tide of this problem is important. It wlll affect the The program provides monthly cash pay­ lllegalimmtgrants. future of America's relations with its neigh­ ments to severely disabled adults who have A solution is not easy for a nation of bors, the source of its immigrants, the integ­ work experience covered by Social Secu­ immigrants, who are reluctant to reject rity of its laws. the future of its own econ­ has rity. Four million disabled individuals and other immigrants. Many immigrants come omy, and the lm&ge the world ot the their f&milles receive benefits from the Dis­ because they are anxious to make a living United States as a generous and open nation. ab111ty Insurance program. More than $7 bil­ and to better their Gwn lives, motivations The problem of illegal aliens goes to the lion is paid out annually to these benefici­ which Americans understand very well. But very nature of Amerk:a. Now to stem the aries. something must be done. The Immigration tide presents Washington poltcymakers with As you know, President Carter has re­ and Naturalization Service (INS) estimates one of their sttlfest challenges. cently sent Congress a proposal for restor­ that these Ulegal aliens cost the American ing the sound financial status of the soci&l taxpayer $13 billion a year in social services security system, a.nd the most urgent prior­ and they aggravate the already unfavorable tty in that package is restoring the fiScal balance of payments- by sending home each integrity of the DisablUty Insurance pro­ yea.r $3 m1111on or more. INS also figures that THE UNITED NATIONS, FOREIGN gram. Without the legislation which we are one million jobs held by Ulegal 1illens could POLICY AND THE CARTER AD­ sending to Congress, the Disabillty Insurance be switched to Americans, enough to reduce MINISTRATION Trust Fund would be in default 1n 1979, the unemployment rate a full percentage bankrupting the Disabillty Insurance pro­ point. gram. Moreover, the problem could get worse. President Carter plans to correct the deficit The populations of the countries that supply HON. MICHAEL T. BLOUIN in the Disab111ty Trust Fund. not by adding most of the illegal aliens are growing rapidly OF IOWA to the tax burdens of the low-Income worker. and, as those countries become more crowded. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES but by raJs~ the wage base for employers the pressures to emigrate Will increase. Wednesday, June 15, 1971 and more equitably spre&dtng the costs. A number of approaches to the problem With your support, President Carter's pro­ are under consideration. One includes Mr. BLOUIN. Mr. Speaker, at the in­ posals can ensure that disabled indlviduala tighter border policing, more border guards, vitation of the Campaign for U.N. Re­ covered by Socl&l Security continue to re­ and fencing in critical areas with spotlights form, I had the honor to address the ceive cash benefits. Millions of handicaoped and sensors. Another approach, issuing iden­ Campaign's national convention in St. Americans deserve to have their confidence tity cards to legal aliens, meets with oppo­ in the Social Security system restored. sition from civil libertarians. stw another Louis this weekend. Because I am very During the next few days, you will discuss approach 1s a bill now before the House optimistic about the role which the and debate many issues that, like the health which would prescribe fines and Imprison­ United Nations can play in the develop­ of the Disab111ty Insurance program, are of ment !or employers who hire mega! lmml­ ment of a more peaceful and construc­ great significance to handicaoped Americans. grants. Spanish-speaking workers claim that tive world, I welcomed the opportunity this approach invites discrlmin&tion against On Thursday, I hope to return to you and to discuss with convention participants them and employers claim such a law would. my impressions of the prospects for im­ discuss the work of the Conference and place a dl.fficult screening burden on them. where we go from here. proving the United Nations and the im­ Most students ot the issue favor some kind But for now I just want to stress the of amnesty. Amnesty would conserve time, pact of the Carter administration's warmth of my welcome to you. to echo Pres­ money and manpower and avoid hardships foreign policy approach on those pros­ ident Carter's strong wards of support, and for those who are here megally and tl:teir pects. to thank you-for the wisdom you wm tam111es. Amnesty does reward lawbreaking, If there is no objection, Mr. Speaker, 19334 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 I would like to enter the text of my pre­ In Congress, Senators Baker and McGovern and erroneous tactics of our adversaries, have successfully introduced an amendment sometimes abandoning our own values !or pared remarks for the RECORD: to State Department auhorizations which theirs. We have fought fire with fire, never PREPARED REMARKS DELIVERED BEFORE THE would require the department to formulate thinking that fire 1s better quenched wit h NATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE CAMPAIGN specific reform proposals by January 30th water.'' FOR U.N. REFORM ST. Louxs, Mo., JuNE 10, next year. Both are encouraging develop­ It was to be sure a different time and, 1977 ments because they a.re first of a sort and perhaps, a different world. But in today's It is my impression that the American long overdue. world, as the President said, "we can no people a.re not totally ignorant about foreign Within the United Nations, itself, there is longer separate the traditional issues of war affairs, nor are they totally oblivious to the evidence that tor the first time in 47 years, and peace from the new global questions of fact that much of the time and effort of gov­ the organization 1s moving seriously to make justice, equity and human rights . . . we ernment are consumed in developing, main­ some changes. The "Special Committee on can no longer have a policy solely for t he taining-and from time to time, repairing­ the Review of the Charter for Strengthen­ industrial nations ... We can no longer those affairs. ing the Role of the Organization" has be­ expect that the other 150 nations will follow The average citizen, if he has any contact fore it now a series of reform proposals by 12 the dictates of the powerful. . . ." with the world around him at all, cannot nations (including Mexico, the Phll1ppines, Instead, we can only renew our efforts "to escape an awareness of the interplay be­ Colombia and Romania) . inspire ... to persuade and to lead. Our tween domestic and foreign affairs in a time These proposals reflect many of the same policy must reflect our belief that the world when foreign events have virtually over­ concerns which member nations have ex­ can llope for more than simple survival, and whelmed domestic affairs and occupied hour pressed, suggestions made by knowledgeable our belief that dignity and freedom are after hour of media attention-a time of observers both within and outside the orga­ man's fundamental spirit ual requirements. periodic warfare in the middle east, of a nization itself, and many of the recommen­ Our policy must shape an international sys­ long, controversial and ultimately disaster­ dat ions being made by people in this coun­ tem that wlll last longer than secret ous intervention in Southeast Asia, of grand try. deals.... Our policy must be open and can­ and sometimes grandiose excursions into Those concerns reflect the need: did; it must be one of constructive global foreign affairs by National Leaders (the For a more effective approach in solving involvement ..." President's trip to China, the International third party disputes and the need for more Ambassador Young, both in his actions Summits). specific arbitration procedures; and in the nature of his relationship to the I see this growing awareness most vividly For improved peace-keeping machinery President-a relationship which is, by all I think within my own district in northeast and the need !or a standing, permanent accounts, a very close, personal and infl.u· Iowa, among farmers who have in recent peace-keeping force; ential friendship, em bodies and accentuates years grown increasingly dependent on a For modifications in the voting system, the the President•s· commitment to a new, more vigorous foreign trade and, consequently, need to de-emphasize votes in favor of some dynamic, and certainly more realist ic part· increasingly dependent on relatively stable type of consensus mechanism which does not nership With the world around us. and friendly international relations. They so clearly polarize the membership, !or modi­ Mr. Young has made it clear, I think, that perceive, more so than ever before, the im­ fications in the use of the Security Council the administration--and certainly the Am· portance of foreign affairs and the inherent veto, and, perhaps, !or the introduction of bassador himself--envisons the United Na· interdependence of foreign and domestic some kind of weighted voting procedure on tions as a forum which contributes in a affairs. They do not always perceive the rela­ budget matters which more clearly reflects meaningful way to the development and re­ tionship between that necessary role of in­ the level of support which the member na­ finement of American foreign policy. He has ternational relations and the importance of tions provide. described U.N. debate as "an exploration of the United Nations, but the public opinion Those proposals, reflect, as well, the need: possiblllties;" as a "place to allow our think· polls, if you examine them over the past few To develop a greater role for the Interna­ lng on the issues to evolve.'' years, reveal that the American public in tional Court of Justice, to repeal the Con­ "I think we have to have the kind of general is not as violently anti-U.N. as we nally amendment, to establish some type of mission that is willlng to hear the needs and sometimes imagine--or as some activist international criminal court to deal with the problems of other nations," Mr. Young groups would have us believe. The public is cases of international hijacking or terror­ told the Senate confirmation hearings, "and not always enthusiastic about the UN or ism, and to strengthen the organization's assure them that they are getting serious about how successful the UN is at the job it human rights machinery; consideration by this administration." does, but the polls show that overall, less And to restructure the U.N.'s economic and At another point he explained ·to the Sen­ than 15 percent of the public thinks we .social sections in order to strengthen the ate committee his conviction that "a great ought to abandon the United Nations a General Assembly's role as the principal deal can be done through talking out the consistent 3 out of 4 Americans are com­ forum for negotiation and policy-making on problems of the world.'' He said: "I look at mitted to U.S. participation and U.S. mem .. international economic problems and trade the U.N. as being successful because of its bership in the United Nations. policies. talk. Whether I agree with its talk, the fact If you're choosing sides, put me in the These are all important and encouraging that people are talking and not kllling 1s an column under optimists-the people who developments. But in terms of public atti­ indication of the success of the United Na­ believe that most Americans understand tudes toward the United Nations, and 1n and accept the importance of our role in terms of whether these proposals will ever tions." the world and the importance of the United see their way to implementation, nothing That, if I may say so, seems to me to be Nations, even when they do not thoroughly in recent years is more encouraging than the a rather dramatic departure !rom the atti­ perceive the implications that foreign affairs attitude and approach of the Carter admin­ tude that we became accustomed to in re­ and the U.N. have in our daily lives. And istration. cent years. Previous adm1nistrations seemed even when they do not fully grasp the pro­ The Carter approach to foreign policy­ to reject the possiblllty that the United Na­ found changes which are taking place in and in particular, Ambassador Young's ap­ tions could be used as a positive, construc­ United States policy toward other nation'!­ proach at the· United Nations-wlll redeem tive and effective international forum for including, as that does, our attitude toward the efforts in recent years by this Govern­ settling disputes, discussing problems, and and activity within the United Nations ment to ignore the United Nations as an developing meaningful international agree­ organization. effective and meaningful forum !or inter­ ments-for simply talking, Ambassador There have been a number of developments national discussion and foreign policy Young would say-and for listening. in recent years which I think will contribute development. Too often they chose to fight fire with to an even better awareness among the It is an approach which recognizes that fire, rather than water. In the end they could American people of the importance and the the time has come, as the President said in only say that the U.N. had become a thea­ value of the United Nations. his recent speech at Notre Dame, to aban­ tre of the absurd. Most of those developments relate to one don foreign policies which confined us to Obviously, we have encountered problems of two !actors: efforts, either internally or "almost exclusive alliance(s) among non­ in recent years. The U.N. has not always externally, to improve the United Nations Communist nations." worked as well as it might. Debate some­ itself, and efforts particularly by our gov­ Such alliances in the past, the President times has evolved into angry, unruly--even ernment, to reserve for the UN a more distin­ explained, "led us to embrace any dictator irrational-harangues, designed not so much guished and more significant role in the who joined us in our fear.'' Within the con­ to achieve a constructive solution, but formulation and implementation of U.S. fines of such policy, there was little room merely for the sake of propaganda or postur­ foreign pollcy. for a discussion of human rights. As col· ing. At times that offends our pride and Both efforts, I think, contribute to a much umnist Joseph Harsh has recently remarked, riles our anger, and such is human nature. more effective United Nations, and at the "a country or government or dictatorship But on such occasions I am reminded of same time to a stronger public endorsement had merely to present anti-Communist cre­ Charles Yost's comments in his preface to of the U.N. dentials to get American help. Violation of the Atlantic Council's Task Force Report on Within the administration, the State De­ civil rights was immaterial.'' the U.N. partment has established a Task Force on "For too many years," the President said, "A global organization, embracing all or United Nations Reform and Restructuring. "we have been wllling to adopt the flawed most nations, even though inevitably im- June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19335 perfect and often ineffective, is ... more value the power of words and of the ideas the sovereign state of Lithuania by the indispensable than it ever was," Yost wrote. that words embody.... " Soviet Union. This tragic event and the "Its imperfections, derive, moreover, not "In the life of the human spirit," the subsequent forcible incorporation of primarily from the organization itself but President said, "words are action, much more from the world it refiects, a world of na­ so than many of us may realize who live in Lithuania into the Soviet Union are a tion-states jealous of their sovereignty and countries where freedom of expression is constant reminder of the true attitude fearful of their neighbors, a. world threat­ taken for granted." of the Soviet Union toward basic human ened by nuclear weapons, exploding popula­ Perhaps the President's popularity and the rights. tions, deepening poverty and' deteriorating public's response to his foreign policy ap­ I would hope that this statement and environments.'' But at the same time, Yost proach is only temporary. But we should statements of other Members of the wrote, "only the boldest international coop­ hope that is not the case. His leadership House of Representatives would furnish eration and the strongest possible family of and the moral authority he seems to impart, international institutions. can control and are an invaluable asset to efforts in the Con­ support to our representatives at the Bel­ avert these threats". These, he said, are the gress and among the public to reshape the grade Conference this summer for a objectives of the United Nations. direction and the content of American for­ strong position in condemnation of the As I said earlier, I think a series of recent eign policy, to redefine our role-and it Soviet Union for its disregard of the hu­ events, not all welcome in themselves, have should necessarily be an important, an agres­ man rights provision of the Helsinki Ac­ helped to sharpen the public's awareness of sive, and constructive role-in the world cords. that fact. community. While I share with other Members a For some, the Vietnam experience was a The United Nations must necessarily be a catalyst; for others, recent economic trends pivotal factor in shaping and playing that great desire for good relations with the (the Arab oil boycott, for instance) highlight role. We have, to date, no better alternative Soviet Union, basic human rights trans­ the need for international cooperation and and no better substitute. cend any other measure of the intent of understanding, sometimes in sharp and dra­ The efforts on your part, and at every the Soviet Union to reciprocate this de­ matic contrast to the independence and self­ other level, to reform the U.N., to make it sire. Until political repression, religious sufficiency exhibited in the past. more effective and less devisive, will help at persecution and cultural genocide end in There is a. growing awareness among us the same time to strengthen public support that nation, there is little hope for are­ that we are a minority in the world today: for the United Nations and for U.S. partici­ lationship in keeping with the traditions a minority because we are rich, a minority pation in the United Nations. because we are technologically advanced, and Obviously, the American people will not of freedom which are so firmly embedded for a large majority of Americans, a minority get too enthused about being involved in in our own history and culture. because we are white. And, at the same time, an organization where they are regularly at­ there is a growing-perhaps, in many cases, tacked or embarrassed. They will not look a subconscious-awareness that we are no kindly on our involvement in an organi­ CONFERENCE IN BELGRADE ON longer able to boss people around, even if zation which regularly and deliberately FINAL ACT OF HELSINKI AGREE­ we are rich and powerful. blames America for everything that goes MENT Professor Norman Palmer of the University wrong in the world. of Pennsylvania, writing last year in the for­ But at the same time, an approach to di­ eign policy research institute's "orbis" jour­ plomacy and international affairs which helps HON. JOSEPH G. MINISH nal, made a very interesting observation and the American people understand our role in OF NEW JERSEY I think it bears repeating. the world is also an approach which reduces IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES He warned that Americans did not seem the likelihood that we wlll invite by our own to realize that we are living in a world revo­ actions the bitter and sometimes unfair ac­ Wednesday, June 15, 1977 lution; that we seem impervious to the basic cusations of other nations. Mr. MINISH. Mr. Speaker, very short­ trends and forces that are shaping the world In President Carter, the Nation has elected in which we live. a very •musual global statesman, clearly dif­ ly, an international conference will con­ And then he went on to say: "There 1s a ferent in style, attitude and ultimately I vene in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The pur­ grave danger that we shall be cut off !rom think, in policy, than we were accustomed to pose of those assembled will be to review the mainstream of contemporary life, that before. The success or failure which he has the progress made in implementing the we shall be separated by our own affluence wlll determine more so than anything you or Helsinki agreement reached 2 years ago. from the rest of mankind, that our desire to I do the success which organizations like At the time that the Final Act of the cling to what we have will prevent us from yours will have in electing other individuals Helsinki Conference on Security and taking a broad conception of the national who share that global perspective which I Cooperation in Europe was completed, interest that will win the cooperation and know you find so important and which I not the enmity of other nations and peoples, think is very critical. the people of Europe held great hope that and that we wm. have an increasingly un­ In closing, I want to share with those of the conference's mandates would be real image of the world and in consequence you who may not have seen it yet, a state­ fulfilled. an increasingly unreal image of ourselves." ment which Robert Hutchins wrote shortly The conference agreed on several It would be premature to say that we have before he died on May 14th. policies vital to the survival of Europe. changed so much that Professor Palmer's In a short and very simple statement Mr. These included political-military security fears are over. They linger, surely. But it Hutchins wrote: "We have to have in the for the continent; economic, scientific, seems to me that we must add to the evalua­ United States . . . a strong commitment to technological, and environmental co­ tion a new administration, a new U.N. Am­ the United Nations. It the United Nations is bassador, and a new approach to foreign not in a condition to justify such a commit­ operation; cultural and humantarian co­ affairs. ment, then we have to have a commitment to operation and the consideration of a fu­ And perhaps even more important, we must changing that condition." ture conference. now consider the encouraging fact that the Nothing, I think, summarizes better the As we are all aware, it is the third American people are responding to that for­ task which you have chosen for this orga­ facet of the agreement--cultural and hu­ eign policy approach in a way which was, nization. Nothing better states so simply­ manitarian cooperation-that remains a quite frankly, unthinkable a year or two ago. and yet so profoundly-the task which faces those of us who share, if only in a small way, pertinen. item of international concern. I believe that. I feel that when I talk to There has been widespread publicity people. It's not an overwhelming thing. It's the responsibility !or formulating and im­ not some kind of miraculous conversion. But plementing American policies in a world we given to the numerous violations of hu­ there is a change. now call "The Global Village." man rights in the Soviet Union. Even And there is a growing sense of confidence, now, 37 years to the day since the of self-respect, a willingness to exert our U.S.S.R. ended free government in Lith­ power, infiuence and affluence on behalf of LITHUANIA uania, dissenters throughout Russia are virtues and values which have shaped the being harassed, arrested, and otherwise American character. abused. Although we are "as diverse as the world HON. GUY VANDER JAGT Because of the probability of daily in­ has ever known" as the President said last OF MICHIGAN fringement upon even the most basic month, "what draws us together perhaps IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES human rights, I feel it is of the utmost more than anything else is a belief in human importance that America's representa­ freedom. We want the world to know that Wednesday, June 15, 1977 our Nation stands for more than fi.nancioa.l tives at Belgrade take a firm stand. We prosperity.'' Mr. VANDER JAGT. Mr. Speaker, as must reassure the world that there is And whlle he recognized the fact that there so many freedom-loving people are still meaning to the principles upon are limits to moral persuasion, Mr. Carter aware, today commemorates the 37th an­ which this Nation was founded. reminded us "that it is a mistake to under- niversary of the military occupation of I, with several of my colleagues, have 19336 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 introduced legislation, House Concurrent arating families, and thus attempting to Belgrade representatives of the signatory Resolution 247, which would instruct our weaken that natural human bond, has countries will gather for the Helsinki Re­ delegates to express the U.S. firm com­ transcended many totalitarian regimes, view Conference. I view this occasion as mitment to worldwide human rights. today evidenced in reports from Cam­ an opportunity for my colleagues, some This issue is one of nonpartisan interest bodia and other places having undergone of whom will be in attendance as mem­ and deserves the complete and immediate "socialist transfonnation." The only bers of the Commission on Security and support of this group. change in Soviet actions have been the Cooperation in Europe, to not merely re­ For the people of Lithuania, as well as evolution of more sophisticated means flect upon the past and present status of those of Estonia, Latvia, and for Soviet of eradicating national identification those under the yoke of oppression, but Jews, the followup conference in Bel­ through political repression, religious to renew and strengthen our conviction grade ,stands as the only hope that they persecution, cultural genocide, and the to secure for all mankind their basic in­ ever will benefit from the advancements denial of basic human rights. alienable rights. agreed upon in the Final Act at Helsinki. The Belgrade Conference presents a It is a unique opportunity to bring the unique opportunity to bring the force of force of world public opinion and the dip­ world public opinion and the diplomatic lomatic power of the West to bear on the power of the Western world to bear on BALTIC STATES FREEDOM DAY Soviet Union's disregard for the human the Soviet Union's disregard of the hu­ rights provisions of the Final Act of man rights·provisions of the Final Act of HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. Helsinki. Helsinki. Allowing the Soviet Union to take away the freedom of the Estonians, OF NEW JERSEY Lithuanians, and Latvians to insist on IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ANNIVERSARY OF TWO TRAGIC compliance by the U.S.S.R. with the Hel­ Wednesday, June 15, 1977 EVENTS sinki Agreement, is to relegate the im­ Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, I rise today portance of that treaty to that of an to commemorate both the bright brief empty scrap of paper. freedom and the unfortunate forceable HON. RAYMOND F. LEDERER The Soviet Union is now engaging in annexation of the three Baltic States of OF PENNSYLVANIA the harshest type of repression~ with the Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. It is very hope of silencing the voices of dissent signiftcant that we do so now for at this IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES being shouted by the patriots of Lithu­ W:ednesday, June 15, 1971 time 37 years ago, the free and independ­ ania, Estonia, and Latvia. ent people of these countries were invol­ Mr. LEDERER. Mr. Speaker, today I urge our representatives at this Con­ mttarily subjugated to both Soviet domi­ commemorates the anniversary of two ference not to turn a deaf ear on these nation and the consequent denial of their tragic events for the Baltic States of Es­ cries of freedom. human liberties. tonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Before the conquest of these three na­ On June 15-17, 1940, the Soviet Union tions, there was a short yet great mo­ invaded and occupied these freedom­ ment of free government. After World loving nations, subsequently forcing LITHUANIA ANNIVERSARY War I, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia their annexation into the Soviet Union. all declared their independence and in­ Unable to deal successfully with there­ stalled and enjoyed democratic govern­ sistanc~ of these native patriots, the So­ HON. WILLIAM J. HUGHES ment until 1940. With the advent of the viets carried ,out mass deportations of the OF NEW JERSEY Second World War, Estonia, Latvia, and Baltic peoples to Siberia, 1 year later in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Lithuania lost their freedom when they 1941. were, in accord with a Nazi-Soviet pact, This year, the commemoration of this Wednesday, June 15. 1977 "allocated" to the U.S.S.R. Thousands tragedy can also be a time of hope. Presi­ Mr. HUGHES. Mr. Speaker, as we pre­ of Latvians, Estonians, and Lithuanians dent Carter's human rights policy, which pare to celebrate another year of inde­ su1fered religious persecution and other has rekindled the fire of freedom for the pendence and freedom on July 4th, and denials of their individual freedoms. peoples of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithu­ with the festivities of the Bicentennial Many were removed from their home­ ania, can make giant strides toward its still fresh on our minds, I suggest that we lands because of their resistance to such implementation during the upcomilig pause to remember some of those not as subjugation or because of their di1Jering Belgrade Conference. fortunate as we-the people of Lithuania. political opinions. I urge our representatives at this Con­ I join with my colleagues in commemora­ Such events deserve our observalice for ference to keep in mind the tragic events tion of a sorrowful day in the history of the American and Baltic peoples share a which have triggered this commemora­ the Lithuanian people. Today, June 15 double bond: a cultural or almost famil­ tion and to scrutinize the sharp incon­ marks the 37th anniversary of the in­ ial bond exists between our two soci­ sistencies between Soviet statements re­ vasion and subjugation of Lithuania by eties; America, a land composed of im­ garding the freedom of their nationals the Soviet Union, and the exacerbation of migrants, derives from Lithuania, Latvia, and their repressive treatment of these their plight by the subsequent deporta­ and Estonia some of our finest and most nationals. tion of 300,000 Lithuanians to Siberian talented citizens. People of Baltic her­ Since V. I. Lenin, architect of the mod­ concentration camps~ itage have made many great contri­ em Soviet state and its nationality poli­ Recent suppression and domination butions to American society and culture. cy, wrote the thesis .. On the · National have not quelled the desire for freedom Our two peoples also share a phllosophi­ Question and Proletarian International­ in the hearts of these brave people, nor cal link as well-the American and Bal­ ism," Moscow has boasted that the So­ arrested their prodigious efforts for inde­ tic peoples both possess the same ideals viet Union is an amalgam of independent pendence. The Lithuanian people have of liberty, freedom, and self-detennina­ republics coexisting in hannony with the contended with domination throughout tion. ruling European Russian population. their history. Russian domination In recognizing these common ties, Howev.er, does past Soviet actions re:flect marked the years from 1795 until 1915. Americans of all descent sympathize with this theory? The ,Soviet Government be­ Russian domination was succeeded by and acknowledge the suffering and hard­ gan planning for the mass extennination German occupation during World War I. shipS the people of Latvia, Lithuania, of these non-Russian Baltic peoples soon Two decades of independence were · and Estonia endure in their continuing after signing the Hitler/Stalin .Pact of brought to an end by Russian incorpora­ resistance to political oppression. 1939. According to data collected by the tion during World Warn, followed by a Moreover, in supporting these peoples' Lithuanian Red Cross, 34,160 persons brief period of German reoccupation un­ rights to fundamental dignity and free­ were deported from Lithuania, 32,102 til the Soviet Union again took control dom, Americans acknowledge that all from Latvia, and 33,500 from Estonia. in 1944. people possess the same basic rights as These people were loaded into cattle cars The U.S. Government has consistently expressed in the United Nations' Univer­ with the windows boarded shut. Hus­ denounced the aggression by the Soviet sal Declaration of Human Rights and the bands were separated from wives and Union and has refused to recognize the Helsinki Final Act: freedom of religion. children from parents. This tactic of sep- incorporation of Lithuania. Today in conscience. and exPression, the rights of June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19337 due process; to emigrate freely, and to With the Soviet takeover, Lithuanian as high as Missouri real estate taxes and I govern themselves. progress was destroyed. receive very little governmental service. For It is particularly fitting that the Bel­ has example, the house has been burglarized Today, Soviet oppression destroyed three times.) grade Conference on the Helsinki Ac­ freedoms of the press, speech, and reli­ I have not earned one dime in Maryland cord, so concerned with this issue of gion. The spirit of freedom is still strong and as a matter of principle I wm not pay h uman rights, convenes today. We hope in Lithuania despite some efforts to de­ one dime of taxes to Maryland until the that the delegates to this important con­ stroy the cultural heritage, and human highest court decides that I must pay such ference recognize and remember this an­ rights. taxes if any are owing in excess of my Mis­ niversary of Baltic States' freedom in The people of Lithuania have main­ souri i.ncome taxes. On the other hand, if I their deliberations on human rights. tained a devout belief that they will one earned my income in Maryland. I would be agreeable to paying such taxes. In addltlon. It is in this spirit, then, that I join day regain the independence that is there are several other reasons why I will my colleague from New Jersey, Mrs. rightfully theirs. The nation's fiag of not pay any such taxes which I will raise FENWICK, in introducing a companion to yellow, green, and red indicates freedom later in the proper forum. House Concurrent Resolution 221 which from want, devout hope, and love of If the highest court decides that I owe any affirms the commitment of the American country that is deep in the hearts of all taxes I shall dispose of or lea~e my property people to human rights as guaranteed in Lithuanians. These people continue to in Maryland and begin sleeping in the the Helsinki Final Act and in the U.N. strive for self -rule and refuse to a~cept District of Columbia as I would consider any Universal Declaration of Human Rights. such decision wrong in principle. If that foreign domination. I am happy to join event should occur I would gladly pay any the loyal Americans of Lithuanian de­ such income taxes as the District of co­ scent in the hope for the freedom of the lumbia may levy on my earnings in excess of Lithuanian people and their homeland. my Missouri taxes as the District of Co­ LITHUANIAN TRmUTE lumbia is the place where I earn my money. It appears to me that if you are correct, then I should as a matter of principle in­ HON. FLOYD J. FITHIAN MARYLAND'S TAX ON CONGRESS troduce on your behalf a bill to tax the in­ OF INDIANA come of Maryland residents who earn their IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES living in the District of Columbia. As you HON. RICHARD H. ICHORD are probably aware, the Dist rict of Columbia Wednesday, June 15, 1977 OF MISSOURI is hard pressed for funds to meet its budget. If you are going to proceed against me, Mr. FITHIAN. Mr. Speaker, I rise in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES neither a resident of the State of Maryland tribute to the great nation and people Wednesday, June 15, 1977 or a domiciliary of the State of Maryland, of Lithuania, now suffering under Soviet why should I not try to persuade the Con­ occupation. For 37 years Lithuania has Mr. !CHORD. Mr. Speaker, I want to gress and why will you not support me in been brutally occupied and subjugated share with my colleagues, and particu­ levying earnings or income taxes against by its perfidious former ally, the So­ larly those who live in Maryland, a re­ Maryland residents who earn all their money viet Union. Yet, despite Russification, cent letter I wrote to the chief of the in the District of Columbia. The principle collection and compliar.ce division of the appears to me to be the same. I would be collectivization, antireligious propagan­ happy to receive your views about such an da, and deportation, Lithuanians remain Maryland Department of Treasury. I am effort on my part. as committed to independence for their incensed by Maryland's attempt to col­ Sincerely yours, nation as their ancestors were 800 years lect income tax and set forth in this let­ RICHARD H. !CHORD, ago. ter my intent to fight a matter which I Member of Congress. On February 16, 1918, the Lithuanian find not only unconstitutional but wrong Nation declared its independence. This as a matter of principle. Should any col­ was a goal for which the Lithuanian peo­ leagues similarly affected wish to join in ple had been striving throughout a long this effort, I welcome your participation. BALTIC STATES FREEDOM DAY period of Russian domination, 1795-1915, My letter follows: followed by German occupation during JUNE 10, 1977. GEORGE F. SMITH, HON. JAMES J. BLANCHARD the First World War. After two decades OF MICHIGAN of independence, Lithuania again fell Chief, Collection ancl Compliance. Comp­ troller of the Treasury. State Income Tax IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES under Russian domination when it was Building. Annapolis, Mel. occupied by the Red army in the Second DEAR Ma. SMITH: This is to acknowledge Wednesday, June 15, 1977 World War. It was invaded and occupied receipt of your letter of June 2, 1977, in Mr.- BLANCHARD. Mr. Speaker, yes­ by the Soviet Union on June 15, 1940, which you state that 1.f you do not hear from terday and today mark the 36th anniver­ and subsequently, more than 300,000 me within ten days you wlll proceed to col­ sary of the mass arrest and depOrtation freedom-loving Lithuanians were de­ lect any income tax which you allege to be owing to the State of Maryland for the years of thousands of people from the Baltic ported to Siberian forced-labor camps. 1972. 1973, 1974 and 1975 in excess of the States of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia These tragic events are commemorated income tax I have paid to the State of Mis­ to Siberia by the Soviet Union. by Lithuanians throughout the free souri. In commemoration of that event, June world on June 15. This letter is to further advise you that 15 has bePn designated as Baltic States I believe that it is fitting that the I intentionally ignored your letter of April Freedom Day. United States, a country which values so 6, 1977, as I consider your attempt to collect any income tax from me unconstitutional Next month, the signatories to the Hel­ highly human rights and freedoms, de­ and wrong as a matter of principle. I note sinki Accord will meet in Belgrade, Yugo­ vote time to remind the world that Lith­ that you cite no court decision a~ authority slavia, to review the results of the accord uania and its people will continue to fight for any such liablllty on my part but only the since its signing. for the reestablishment of complete in­ opinion of your chief attorneys, Mr. George On at least one point, the record will dependence and self-government. The H. Spriggs and James T. Swisher. be clear: the Soviet Union has failed to United States has never recognized the As an attorney also, I would advise you live up to the human rights provisions of Soviet incorporation of Lithuania or the that I am neither a domiclllary or a resident Helsinki, as it has conl:jistently failed other two Baltic States, Estonia and of the State of Maryland. I am both a to abide by similar agreements since Latvia. domic111ary and a resident of the State of Missouri where I pay income taxes as well World War II. The Lithuanian people were, indeed, as personal property taxes and real property From the recent announcement that able to prosper under independent rule taxes. I own my home in Missouri. I license Jewish dissident Anatoly Shcharansky as they progressed in social, cultural, and my automobiles in Missouri. My children at­ will be charged with the crime of treason, economic life. The industrial growth was tend school in Missouri and I naturally vote to the arrest of the four Ukrainians who equally great, as the output of Lithu­ in Missouri. It is true that I own a house in led the Kiev Public Group To Promote anian industry grew nearly three times Maryland where I sleep when I am attend­ ing congressional sessions but I do not sleep the Implementation of the Helsinki Ac­ more quickly than that of the world's. in Maryland more than 6 months out of the cords, to the continuing persecution of The agricultural interests of this nation year. Of course, I pay real estate taxes to Nijole Sadunaite and others in the Baltic grew so that Lithuania became one of which I do not object. (However, I would States, the U.S.S.R.'s record has been one the agricultural leaders of the world. note that they are approximately three times of shameful betrayal. 19338 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 It is betrayal fully in accord with the bombers, 1054 ICBMs, 656 SLBMs) 1n its of 244 B-1 bombers 1s estimated to cost $22.8 events of June 14-16, 1941, when 100,000 force. Drastic cuts would have to be made in billion, or $93.6 million for each aircraft. persons in Lithuania, Latvia, and Es­ the present forces to get down to the 1800 However, senator Culver has recently cited figure called for in the Comprehensive SALT internal Air Force estimates mad e to t h e tonia were rounded up without warning, proposal. Even more drastic cuts would have Senate Armed services Com mit tee wh ich in­ loaded into freight cars, and shipped to to be made to allow the B-1 bomber to enter dicate that total B-1 R&D and production Siberia. the force. By the time the 329 most obsolete costs may reach f28.5 blllion, or $117 mllllon In the months that followed, the mass strategic systems were retired., the U .8. would per plane. deportations continued, until ultimately, have to scrap first-line weapons such as the If appreciably fewer t h an t he presently over a million people were deported from B520/Hs in order to phase 1n the B-1 planned 244 aircraft are built, of course, the the Baltic Republics. bombers. unit cost of the B-1 bomber could skyrocket. Mr. Speaker, it is a most unfortunate Clearly, the achievement of the Adminis· According to the Center for Defense In­ truth that these events still have mean­ tion's comprehensive SALT program would formation, the 30 year lifecycle cost of the ing for us today, 1 month from Belgrade. make the B-1 an impractical purchase until B-1 fleet could approach the $100 blllion I think we can all agree that the change at least the late 1980s or early 1990s when mark. In addition to R&D and production of policy which many hoped for after the B-52 force was no longer useful. costs, CD.I. estimates expenditures of $7.9 Even 1f the U.s. and the Soviet Union bUUon for two lifetime buys of oft'ensi ve Helsinki has not occurred. agreed upon the more modest· Vladivostok weaponry, $63 blllion on operation and main­ It is my hope that President Carter, in guidelines instead of the Comprehensive U.S. tenance of the B-1 and supporting tanker a manner consonant with his forceful proposal, the B-1 progTam would force out squadrons, and $2.8 b1111on for production positions on human rights to date, will many capabl and useable B52G/Hs from the of a new Wide-bodied tanker. direct our representatives to the Bel­ U.S. arsenal long before their useful life. So All these costs are in addition to the op­ grade Conference to press the Soviet Un­ added to the cost of the B-1 should be the eration, maintenance and, perhaps, upgrad­ ion strongly about its violations of the lost benefit of the B52 force that had to be ing of 300 B-52's which the Air Force says Helsinki agreements. prematurely scrapped, a force that cost bll­ it plans to keep in its active inventory for lions to bulld and modernize. If 2200 stra­ the rest of the century, even 1f the B-1 is In view of the long and tragic history tegic delivery vehicles were permitted under fully deployed. of repression in that country, we can do the revised Vladivostok kind of agreement in Even the above estimates may be low con­ no less. SALT II, then there would be room for just sidering the tremendous growth in B-1 costs 71 additional missiles or bombers beyond experienced by the program already. Cur­ the current .force before any retirement could rent estimates are nearly triple the original THE CASE AGAINST THE B-1 take place. Also, if the Administration aim is oftlcial estimate of $9.8538 billion for the to reduce strategic dellvery vehicles still fieet, or e40.1 mUllen per plane. Despite Air further beyond the very high Vladivostok Force claims to the contrary, Senate Armed 'HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM limits, then it makes little sense to phase Servlcea R&D Subcommittee Chairman Mc­ OP NEW TOBK new delivery systems into the arsenal on top Intyre has stat€d: "The net growth in pro­ of those like the current B520/Hs that are jected costs for the B-1 cannot be explained IN THE HOU~E OF REPRESENTATIVES good for more than another decade. in terms of 1n.fiat ion, but is teal cost growth." Wednesday. June 15. 1977 If the u.s. wishes to reduce the overall All this growth has occurred despite num­ Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, on Mon­ numbers of strategic delivery vehicles erous major degradations in B-1 perform­ through disarmament negotiations, it makes ance capab111ties (e.g.-lower top speed, be­ day I inserted into the RECORD part of an little sense to increase the numbers of stra­ low supersonic on the deck; weight-range­ analysis of the case against the B-1 tegic delivery vehicles now by adding B-1 payload decrease; take-off distance increase; bomber prepared by the staff of Members bombers. The way to achieve meaningful crew escape capsule elimination; avionics of Congress for Peace Through Law. I disarmament Is to set limits at present forces reduction; reduction of R&D models, stretch­ think many of my colleagues will be in­ levels, and then reduce from th.ose levels. out in R&D schedule). terested in reading the final part of that Artificially high limits act as magnets and B•1 CONSTRUCTION WOULD HAVE AN ADVEBSE analysis. goals rather than as llmits, and the Ad• lEFJ'ECT ON OVERALL EMPLOYMENT A delegation of Members of the House min.1stration should resist the temptation to B-1 spending would create far fewer Jobs and the Senate met with President Car­ produce up to such limits, when doing so w111 than would spending an equal amount on ter on June 10 and presented much of thwart future disarmament. nearly any other government program. this case personally. The President wel­ BARGAINING CHIPS For example, based on statistics provided comed their views and promised a careful Far too much has been made also of the by RockWell International, the prime B-1 B-l's value as a SALT bargaining chip. First, contractor, and the U.S. Bureau of Labor and "lonely" decision by the end of the the U.S. does not have to go into full pro­ Statlstlcs, the following comparison can be month. I hope and trust that he will find duction on the B-1 to credibly threaten the made: the case against this unnecessary and Soviets With full production 1t concessions Number of jobs per $1 billion expended incredibly expensive weapon system a are not made at SALT. Already some es btl­ in 1980 (Peak B-1 produc. yr.) : compelling one, and that we will waste no lion and. 7 years of research and develop­ B-1 production-22,000 jobs; more money on this project. ment have gone tnto the B-1 bomber. The Houstxig construction-36,000 jobs; The material follows: Soviets are weu aware that the u.s. can go Health, Welfare and Sanltation-46,000 ahead With this kind of technology should Jobs; SALT AND THE B-1 BOMBEB SALT fall to cap the arms race. Educa.tlon-52,000 jobs. IMPACT OF SUCCESSFUL BALT ON B-1 Second, finding a suitable bargaining chip The "Jobs BUl" signed May 13 by Presi­ Capping ·the arms race should mean even­ is a fundamental problem. It 1s hard to think dent Carter wlll produce even more jobs per tual acceptance of the kind of limits and of any weapons program that simultaneously $1 billlon expended. By the Administration's disarmament cuts represented by the Ad­ is good enough to worry an opponent and own estimates, the Public service Jobs Bill ministration's comprehensive SALT proposal bad enough for the m111tary to be Willing to wlll create 92,000 jobs for each $1 bUlion offered to the Soviet Union in Moscow by give it up in negotiations. Once the full pro­ spent; the Public Works Jobs BUl, 150,000 SecretayY Vance earller in the year. Whether duction decision 1s made, stopping the B-1 jobs per $1 b11Uon. this kind of agreement is reached In a SALT becomes a difficult political ordeal, even 1f According to a Rockwell-commissioned nor a SALT nt treaty is st111 unresolved., but at some future date the SALT negotiations study by Chase Econometrics Associates, even this is clearly the direction we and the So­ succeed in banning the B-1. a taxcut would create virtually the same viets ought to travel. Finally, weapons systems ought to be pur­ number of jobs (as well as the same increase If the Adm1n1stration's Comprehensive chased solely on their own merits, rather ln GNP) as would the B-1 program. SALT Proposal were to be accepted, both the than as SALT bargaining chips. The United B-1 CONSTRUCTION WOULD BE INFLATIONARY United States and the Soviet Unlon would States and the Soviet Union have already AND INCREASE THE DEFICIT maintain between 1800 and 2000 strategic de­ built billions of dollars worth of such "chips." livery vehicles. The present B52 bomber force No more are required. Pouring billions into B-1 spending is inherently inflationary in should be structurally sound into the 1990's weapons that you plan to abandon at the times of chronic deficits because it creates and should be able to successfully penetrate table makes little sense. demand In the marketplace without creating Soviet air defenses until at least 1990. There any offsetting supply. are now 419 U.S. SAC bombers in the active The B-1 also creates an 1nflat101D.&ry pull on force. In order for the U.S. to get down to the EcoNOMIC. EFFECTS 01' THE B-1 BOKBEK the tons of scarce metals it requires-tita­ overall launcher limit, most of the U.S. PROGRAM nium, magnesium, aluminum and others-­ bombers now stlll good until the 1990s wlll TOTAL COSTS 01' THE &-1 PROGRAM and, in turn, on the vast amounts of energy have to be .scrapped, especially 1f they are to According to the latest oftlcial selected needed to produce these metals. be replaced by the B-1 bomber. The U.S. has Aquisition Report, research & development The amounts by which B-1 spending would 2129 strategic delivery vehicles already (419 and procurement of the entire planned fieet increase the deficit in the next few years are June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19339 considerable. In 1975, with an estl.ma.ted pro­ fund federal outlays for education for 10.4 Locals of Amalgamated Clothing and Tex­ gram cost of only $20.6 billion, the following years. tile Workers Union B-1 expenditures were forecast by the Ford Locals of Service Employees International POLITICS AND THE B-1 BOMBER Administration: Union Fiscal year 1978-$1.95 billion; The President and the Administration will Locals of United Electrical, Radio, an d Fiscal year 1979-$2.62 billion; get the overwhelming support of these who Machine Workers Fiscal year 198Q--$3.19 billion; have opposed the B-1 Bomber, 1f the B-1 is Locals of United Shoe Workers of America Fiscal year 1981-$2.83 billion; stopped. Conversely, the decision to produce Council for a Liveable World Fiscal year 1982-$2.55 billion; the B-1 will produce a very strong reaction These groups will strongly support stop­ Fiscal year 1983-$2.34 billion; and in Congress, among the various groups ar­ ping the B-1 and condemn production. Fiscal year 1984--$ .51 billion. rayed against the B-1, and in public opinion. These lists do not include the millions of LIMITED GEOGRAPffiCAL DISTRmUTION OF The B-1 issue is seen as a litmus test of other Americans who also have an opinion the Administration's good faith by those that that the B-1 bomber should not be built. ECONOMIC BENEFITS followed defense issues in the campaign. In a Within the Congress, those who would sup­ From 1970--1975 four states received over message to the Democratic platform com­ port an Administration effort to drop the 85 percent of total B-1 expenditures; ten mittee the President wrote that "Exotic B-1 from production will win out over those states received over 94 percent. Over the life weapons which serve no real function do not who would seek to impose this aircraft on of the R&D and production program (1970-- contribute to the defense of this country. the Administration, provided the President 1985) forty-one states will pay more in fed­ The B-1 13 an example of a proposed system and his administration come out strongly eral taxes to support the B-1 program than which should not be funded and would be against a B-1 production decision. they will receive back in contracts and sub­ wasteful of taxpayers dollars." (June 12, 1976 Opponents of the B-1 see no new argu­ contracts, according to the figures of Rock­ message) Many voted for the President and ments for the B-1 that have been generated well International (only Cal., Ga., Kan., Md., the Democratic ticket thinking that that since last year when President Carter made Okla., Ohio, Tenn., Vt. and Wash. will experi­ pledge was solid and would be carried out. his campaign pledge to not fund the B-1. ence a net financial gain if the B-1 is pro­ To reverse on the B-1 i.Esue would disillusion Indeed, the only new arguments that have duced). many who thought this administration was been generated are negative ones. The EFFECTS OF PROGRAM CANCELLATION ON B-1 cutting out wasteful and exotic programs Democratic Administration won office on an WORKERS such as the B-1 Bomber. antl-B-1 campaign. The American people The jobs impact of a decision to cut the overall public opinion also is against the reiterated their sentiment last January in a B-1 program now would be far less than it B-1 bomber. In the last Harris poll on the poll on the B-1 where they came out against will be in a year or two. In fiscal year 1976 subject (January 1977) the American people it. The only things that have changed are Rockwell International employed 8,700 work­ were recorded as being 42% against the B-1. the growing costs of the B-1 bomber, now ers on the project. By the end of this fiscal with 33% for the B-1, and the rest un­ over $101 milllon per aircraft, and the in­ year it will be employing 13,000, and by fl.scal decided. creased modernization of other components year 1981, if the program continues as sched­ Moreover, the Anti-B-1 Coalition is well­ of the U.S. strategic forces, including some uled, the number will reach 28,000. Propor­ organized and vocal. Some 34 national or­ secret breakthroughs which favor U.S. offen­ tional increases can be expected for the many ganizations are formally organized in the sive capabilities even further over Soviet air other employers involved. National Campaign to Stop the B-1 Bomber. defense ca.pabi11ties, making the B-1 even Congressman Jonathan Bingham has re­ These include: less nece:::sary and cost-effective. The only cently introduced legislation which would American Baptist Churches new developments related to strategic forces aid B-1 workers in case of program cancella­ American Friends Service Committee favor cancellation of the B-1 bomber. tion through monetary payments, relocation Americans for Democratic Action aid and job retraining assistance. Business Executives Move for New National Priorities Camaign for a Democratic Foreign Policy SoCIAL, EDUCATION, HEALTH AND HOUSING OCCUPATION OF LITHUANIA TUDE-oFFS WITH THE B-1 BoMBER* Catholic Peace Fellowship Church of the Brethren The thirty year life cycle of the B-1 bomb­ Clergy and Laity Concerned HON. NORMAN F. LENT er will cost approximately 100 billion dol­ Coinmon Cause OF NEW YORK lars; this 100 billion dollars could also fund Congress Watch-Public Citizen the federal energy program for approximately EnvironiDental Action IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 11.5 years. Episcopal Peace Fellowship Wednesday, June 15, 1971 Fiscal year 1978 budget authority for So­ Federation of American Scientists lar Energy Research and development is Friends Committee on National Legislation Mr. LENT. Mr. Speaker, today marks equal to 3.75 B-1 bombers; 5.25 B-1s are Friends of the Earth a sad occasion in the history of the equal to FY 1978 budget authority for coal Gray Panthers conversion. world. For 37 years ago today, the proud International Longshoremans and Ware- and independent nation of Lithuania The fiscal year 1978 program for the pre­ housemans Union vention and control of health problems is Jesuit Conference was forcibly annexed by the Soviet Un­ equal to approximately 10 B-1 bombers. National Association of Social Workers ion. According to Congressional Budget Office National Coalition to Fight Inflation and In that annexation, numerous atro­ estimates a Premium Financed National Unemployment cities were committed: families split, Health Insurance plan would require an ad­ National Organization for Women-Labor refugees banished to Siberia to perish ditional 20 billion dollars of federal expen­ Caucus in the cold. young men who might oppose ditures per year, if the plan were initiated in National Student Association the annexation summarily executed. FY 1978. The plan could be funded for 5 National Taxpayers Union years by 100 b1llion dollars, the life cycle NETWORK And 37 years later, the repression con­ cost of the B-1 program. A Catastrophic Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers Union tinues. It continues despite the ratifica­ Health Insurance plan would require an ad­ SANE tion bv the Soviets of the Helsinki ac­ ditional expenditure of only 10--11 billion Southern Christian Leadership Conference cords and the provisions of that treaty federal dollars a year; the B-1 program Textile Workers Union of America calling for the guaranteeing of basic hu­ could alternately fund this program for ap­ Unitarian Universalists Association man rights. proXimately 10 years. United Church of Christ The procurement cost of the B-1 bomber War Resisters League The Soviet ree:ime. however, has touted fleet (assuming that 240 are built) of 24.2 Women's International League for Peace the provisions of the Helsinki pact recog­ billion dollars could finance federal expend­ and Freedom nizing the borders they seized after the itures on Mas3 Transit for 10 years. Wom,en's Strike for Peace war. while ignoring the human rights Other Anti-B-1 Groups outside the official Payments for the operation of low income provisions of the treaty. coalition include: housing projects (based on Budget Authori­ AFSCME-Amerlcan Federation of State, Today also marks the opening of the zation, FY 1978) could be financed for 40 Belgrade Convention on the review of years by funds that might otherwise pur­ County, & Municipal Employees chase 240 B-1 bombers. National Farmers Union the Helsinki agreement, and the timing The cost of the B-1 bomber life cycle could National Council of Churches of this convention is most appropriate. Menonite Church Conference As the delegates come together today in Presbyterian Church Belgrade, let us remember the Soviet • The life cycle and procurement costs of National Council of Senior Citizens Coalition for a New Foreign and Military action 37 years ago, at'1d the atrocities the B-1 are adjusted upwards for antici­ committed on the Lithuanian people. Let pated inflation; the extrapolations from the Policy FY-1978 proposed budget are ne>t. These ex­ Locals of the United Auto Worker3 Union our Nation's review of the Soviet's con­ penditures are also assumed to remain con­ Locals of the United Steelworkers of Amer­ tempt for the human rights provisions stant in the future. ica Union of the Helsinki pact be conducted with cxxm--1217-Part 16 19340 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 the ciear recognition that the Soviet grants and on a national mental retardation Greyhounds have exhibited the style of Government's contempt for people has information center. play that has made baseball our na­ not changed since that sad day 37 years In 1973 and 1974, Miss Thoben directed and tional pastime. monitored all employment actions for dis­ To these young men and their coaches ago. abled employes in the Social and Rehabilita­ t ion Services of HEW. I offer my congratulations for a job well Although disabled, she traveled extensively, done, my best wishes for success in the PATRICIA JOAN THOBEN representing the federal government at na­ future. tional and international meetings on employ­ ment of the handicapped and rehab111tatlon HON. JOHN BRADEMAS services. LITHUANIA OF INDIANA Miss Thoben wrote extensively and was cited for her "Civil Rights and Employment IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the severely Handicapped" article, pub­ HON. JOSEPH P. ADDABBO Wednesday, June 15, 1977 lished in the Rehabilltation Counseling Bul­ OF NEW YORK letin in June, 1975. She also held many pro­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, last fessional honors and commendations. week we lost a determined advocate for Born in Anderson, Ind., Miss Thoben had Wednesday, June 15, 1977 the rights of handicapped individuals. been paralyzed from the waist down since Mr. ADDABBO. Mr. Speaker, on this Patricia Joan Thoben devoted most of birth. She graduated from St. Mary's College her life to guaranteeing opportunities in Notre Dame, Ind., and earned a master's day Lithuanian-Americans will join with degree in clinical psychology from DePaul Lithuanians throughout the free world for the disabled. in For many years, Ms. ~rhob(m held po­ University in Chicago. commemorating the military occupa­ Miss Thoben, who lived in Arlington, had tion and forcible incorporation of Lithu­ sitions at the Civil Service Commission been a caseworker, providing services for ania into the Soviet Union 37 years ago. and the Department of Health, Educa­ handicapped patients and families in the nu­ Subsequent deportation of 300,000 free­ tion, and Welfare in which she worked to nois Department of Public Welfare, before dom-loving Lithuanians to Siberian la­ insure that handicapped people 1·eceive coming here in 1961. equal treatment in employment prac­ She is survived by her mother, Florence bor camps was undertaken by the So­ tices. She was an effective leader on be­ Louise Thoben, of Arlington: her father, viets. half of the legal rights of disabled peo­ Robert H. Thoben, of Anderson; four sisters, The Lithuanian-American community ple. Her dedication will be remembered Cynthia Kathlerine Huber and Sue Anne of the United States of America under Spatz. both of Bowie, Phyllis Jean Hasiak, of the direction of Stanley A. Gecys has by all those who knew her and benefited Munster, Ind., and Karen Elizabeth Thoben, outlined the violations of human rights from her efforts. of Indianapolis, and three brothers, Gregory At this point, Mr. Speaker, I place in that have taken place in Soviet-occupied K. Thoben, of Washington, and Richard J. Lithuania throughout the years. It the RECORD an article about Patricia and Phillip Michael Thoben, both of documents the oppressive measures and Thoben from the Washington Post. Indianapolis. denial of basic human rights by the so­ [From the Washington Post, June 9, 1977] The family suggests that expressions of sympathy may be in the form of contribu­ viet people against that people of Lithu­ PATRICIA THOBEN, ADVOCATE OF HANDICAPPED, tions to the National Children's Medical ania. DIES Center. Lithuanians have not suffered these (By Jean R. Hailey) diminution of human rights in silence. Patricia. Joan Thoben, 44, who devoted Europe and America has seen and it most of her life to working for equal rights NAUGATUCK HIGH SCHOOL-CLASS hears the many sacrifices that Lithua­ for the handicapped, died of cancer Tuesday L BASEBALL CHAMPS at Georgetown University Hospital. nian patriots have made for human For the last three years, Miss Thoben, a. rights despite lasting attempts of the paraplegic who had to use a wheelchair, was HON. RONALD A. SARASIN Russians to suppress all communica-tion a senior program assistant in the office of se­ with the western world. A number of lective placement programs of the Civil OF CONNECTICUT documents have been published and dis­ Service Commission. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES seminated by Lithuanians desptte the Before that, she had worked in the same Wednesday, June 15, 1977 constant threat of arrest and imprison­ area. for 13 years in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Mr. SARASIN. Mr. Speaker, recfntly, ment. When we speak of human rights In 1974, Miss Thoben made news when two the Naugatuck High School baseball we must remember that Russians pris­ airlines refused to accept her as a passen­ team with a 3-1 victory over Foran of ons are filled with such prisoners of ger on their :flights to Philadelphia on the Milford, Conn., clinched the CIAC Class conscience. grounds that she would be unable to leave L State Championship. Congratulations The Soviet Union has blatently ig­ the plane by herself if an emergency should nored the human rights provision of its occur. are in order for this group of young men and their coaches who have given to the own constitution, the provisions for hu­ The Federal Aviation Administration was man rights in the United Nations Char­ called upon to draft regulations after the community of Naugatuck and to the State of Connecticut a tremendous ter and most recently, it has ignored the action aroused heavy criticism. Formal reg­ implementation of the provisions of the ulations approved by the FAA t h is April and sense of spirit and pride. effective May 16, require all airlines to ac­ Throughout the season, the Grey­ Final Act of Helsinki. cept as passengers as many physically hand­ hounds have displayed an enormous Lithuania was a sovereign nation since icapped persons as possible an d to est ab­ quantity of strength , determination and 1251 and it established its independence lish procedures for h andling such passengers skill having all the characteristics which on February 16, 1918. It was invaded and in case of emergencies. make up a true championship baseball occupied by the Soviet Union on June 15, In the esc, Miss Thoben played an im­ team. For the playoffs, they relinquished 1940 and these tragic events are com­ portant role in the over all administration of their new uniforms in favor of donning memorated by Lithuanians throughout federal policies, practices and procedures for the Free World on this date. t he hiring, placement and a.dvanment of the older pinstripe uniforms worn by the teams that compiled the fantastic This summer, the United States will be han dicapped persons. attending the followup Conference on She also worked to develop a proposal for 64-game consecutive win streak in the an appeals system to hear discrimination early 1970's. This year's team has car­ European Security and Cooperation in complaints from handicapped federal em­ ried on that tradition of winning base­ Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The people of ployees and applicants. ball in a manner which is surpassed by Lithuania are anxiouslv awaiting the Miss Thoben had come t o Washington in none. outcome of the conference, because it 1961 to work with the division of mental re­ However, tradition should not be al­ represents to them the only foreseeable tardation of the Public Health Service and lowed to overshadow the accoreplish­ means to benefit from the provisions of later with the Rehabilitation Services Admin­ ments of these athletes. They have the Final Act of the European Security istra. tion in HEW. played an aggressive brand of baseball and Cooperation Conference in Helsinki. She coordinated liaison throughout HEW and are competitors in the true sense There is world-wide concern for Soviet and with other federal programs and con­ Jewry and the oppression that is taking sumer groups concerned with health services, of that word. In addition, their sense of mental health and mental retardatiop. She sportsmanship and teamwork has played place in Russia. That this is so is just and also worked on national and international a major role in their success. Truly, the correct, but we must remember always June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19341 the Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, the Soviet Constitution itself. The Bel­ threatening Litton with the indictment if and all the other people of the captive grade Conference will serve an important the company did not agree to government nations who also deserve our concern function if it focuses worldwide atten­ proposals. and action. The order of U.S. District Court Judge tion on the basic lack of respect for Albert V. Bryan Jr. also prohibits prosecutors I urge not only the Congress but the human rights so flagrantly displayed by from reindicting Litton on the charge be­ President and his entire administration the Soviet Government, particularly with cause "prosecutorial discretion" [wa.s] to consider well what has happened in regards to its captive nations like Lith­ abused. Lithuania over the last 37 years. And uania. Lit ton, a major defense contractor, was we would call upon the Soviet Union to I have joined my colleague, NEWTON indicted April 6 on a charge of fraudulently release these people who for 37 years STEERS of Maryland, in sending a letter overcharging the Navy $37 million for build­ have been subjected to the indignity of to the President supporting his stand on ing three nuclear attack submarines between 1968 and 1971. having their land occupied by a foreign human rights and expressing the import­ This indictment came after an attempt ruler. ance of raising these human right-s con­ to indict Litton in 1975 failed when the term We would all hope that a year from cerns at the Belgrade Conference. Re­ of the special grand jury called in March today we might again celebrate the inde­ cent events in the U.S.S.R. have caused of that year solely to investigate Litton , pendence of Lithuania. It is perhaps un­ many of us here in the Congress and expired. realistic to think this will happen, but it among the general public to doubt But in April, 1976, the Armed Services is in the spirit of human rights every­ whether the Soviet Union is committed Board of Contract Appeals awarded a $17.3 to complete implementation of the Hel­ million judgment to Litton from the Navy where that we seek this goal. in connection with the contract. sinki final act. Thus, we are in full Bryan said in his opinion that after the support of these review conferences in 1975 attempt to indict Litton failed, prose­ order that the world might know the cutors, in an attempt to get the award re­ SOVIET AGGRESSION AGAINST state of human rights in the individual vised, continued to threaten to indict Litton LITHUANIA signatory nations. if it did not agree to reopen the appeals I am hopeful that transgressio11s board proceedings. against the republic of Lithuani!'lo will "What is reprehensible here is the threat to use, as well as toe actual use of, the grand HON. RONALD A. SARASIN be brought before the conference, and jury as a bargaining tool in an effort to OF CONNECTICUT that the Soviet Union will be compelled upset the final civil award to which Litton IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to defend its record on human rights. was entitled," Bryan said. Thus, the significance of June 15 will Prosecutors also had two FBI agents sum­ Wednesday, June 15, 1977 not be lost. marize evidence to the April 6 grand jury Mr. SARASIN. Mr. Speaker, it is quite rather than formally present information appropriate that on this day, June 15, and witnesses as in the previous grand jury, the Belgrade Conference on Cooperation LI'ITON CASE SHOWS NEED FOR which did not indict Litton, Bryan said. GRAND JURY REFORM "This is further evidence of the cynical and Security in Europe will convene to view that has been taken of the grand jury begin the process of examining the com­ in this case, namely, as a mere echo of the pliance of signatory nations with the HON. JOSHUA EILBERG voice of the U.S. attorney," Bryan said. Helsinki Document. For it was on June OF PENNSYLVANIA "I think the court misread our action," 15, 1940 that the Soviet Army invaded said u.s. Attorney William B. Cummings, the sovereign nation of Lithuania and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES who, with the Justice Department, headed subsequently incorporated the small Wednesday, June 15, 1977 the two-year investigation of Litton. Bryan "assumed that there were motiva­ country by force into the Soviet Union. Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, I would tions, a desire on our part to get this thing Thus, this date should serve as a re­ like to call to the attention of my col­ back to the [appeals] board and use the minder to all the delegates to the Bel­ leagues two recent court cases which grand jury to bludgeon them. Nothing could grade Conference that far from recog­ point up the need for reform of the Fed­ be further from the truth," Cummings said. nizing the legitimacy of this takeover, eral grand jury system. the Helsinki Document demands that the · Both cases demonstrate how grand (In the United States District Court for the Soviet Union abide by its humanitarian Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria juries and grand jury procedures can be Division-Criminal No. 77-7Q-A] provisions and grant basic human rights totally dominated by prosecutors. I will to the people of Lithuania. UNITED STATES OF .AMERICA VERSUS LITToN present the details on one case, United SYSTEMS, INC., d/b/a INGALLS NUCLEAR The Helsinki Document has been im­ States against Litton, today, and infor­ portant in providing freedom-loving SHIPBUILDING DivisiON, DEFENDANT mation on the second case, involving the MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Lithuanians with a tool to prod the indictment of a New York City judge, on Soviet Government to acknowledge what On April 6, 1977 a grand jury of this dis­ a subsequent day. trict, Alexandria Division, returned a one­ it has signed and therefore to live up to In United States against Litton, a Fed­ count indictment charging .the defendant the provisions of the agreement. Last eral District Court in Alexandria, Va., with presenting a false and fraudulent claim December, five Lithuanians announced noted the use by the prosecutor of the to the United States Navy on or about May in Moscow that they had set up a group grand jury to improperly secure a civil 26, 1972, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287.1 That to monitor observance of the Helsinki remedy against a company. Specifically, claim arose from a contract awarded the de­ Declaration in their Baltic Republic. fendant, Litton Systems, Inc., d/b/a Ingalls the court stated that: Nuclear Shipbuilding Division (Litton) by They also charged that repressive meas­ This (case) is further evidence of a cynical ures were being taken against the Lithu­ the United States Navy in June, 1968, for the view that ..• the grand jury ... (is) a construction of three nuclear attack subma­ anian Catholic Church. At their press mere echo of the Office of the United States rines. The defendant has filed, among others, conference, Lithuanian religious activist Attorney." a motion to dismiss the indictment on the Viktoras Petkus read a statement ask­ ground of governmental misconduct in con­ ing that signatory countries to the Hel­ The House Judiciary Subcommittee nection with the grand jury proceedings pre­ sinki Agreement remember that the which I chair, Mr. Speaker, is in the ceding th.e indictment. modem status of Lithuania as a Soviet process of holding hearings on H.R. 94, During the course of performance of the republic was established as a result of which would provide badly needed re­ contract there were certain delays which re­ the entry of Soviet troops onto its terri­ form in the Federal grand jury system. sulted in increased costs of construction. I commend to the attention of my col­ After some preliminaries, on May 26, 1972, tory on June 15, 1940. Petkus asked that leagues the following mater!als regard­ Litton forwarded to the Navy data supporting the countries therefore pay special at­ ing one case I have cited: a previously submitted price proposal (the tention to the observation of human claim) to recover that portion of the cost rights in Lithuania. (From the Washington Post, May 26, 1977] increase attributable to the government. It is a well known fact that basic FRAUD CHARGE AGAINST LITTON DISMISSED BY When no resolution of the matter could be human rights, especially the right of re­ FEDERAL JUDGE reached, Litton appealed to the Armed Serv­ in (By Jane Seaberry) ices Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA) ligion, continue to be violated Lithu­ A federal Judge in Alexandria yesterday claiming a total reimbursement of approxi­ ania, although these rights are guar­ dismissed an indictment charging fraud mately $30,000,000. The hearing before the anteed by the final act of the Helsinki against Litton Industries, ruling that U.S. Conference, and ironically enough, by prosecutors abused the grand jury system in Footnotes at end of article. 19342 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 later point in time, the discussions would though there was no evidence before the ASBCA began in October 30, 1973, and con­ grand jury of criminal intent; that thei::" cluded on March 7, 1974. On April 16, 1976, not be used as a basis for an allegation of duress, threat, intimidation or other inti­ attempt to resolve the matter without an the ASBCA issued its decision awarding Lit­ indictment was motivated by a desire to see ton over $16,000,000 on its claim. It is the mation of improper conduct on the part of the prosecution. Fuller, Wilson and Lintz that the ASBCA had the entire picture-to May 26, 1972 claim which was the subject let Litton prove its innocence if it had noth­ ultimately of the proceedings before the all indicated they understood that the dis­ cussions were being had only with this mu­ ing to hide; and that the deal had many ASBCA and which the present indictment attractive features from Litton's point of charges violated 18 U.S.C. § 287. tual understanding. The Government then fully outlined the evidence developed dur­ view.2 This misses the point of its miscon­ On March 17, 1975, after the conclusion of ing the Grand Jury investigation establish­ duct. Had the bargain been proposed after the hearing before the ASBCA but over a ing that Litton's claim was false. This was indictment it arguably could be justified, year prior to the time that body iEsued its followed by an indepth discussion partici­ but what is reprehensible here is the threat decision, a grand jury was impanelled by this pated in by all persons present on the to use, as well as the actual use of, the grand Court to investigate whether a crime had mechanics that would be utilized to get a jury as a bargaining tool in an effort to up­ been committed by Litton in the submitting set the final civil award to which Litton was of the claim. After eighteen months this 6(a) Order and reopen the ASBCA proceed­ ings. The meeting terminated on a cordial entitled.a Rather than " ... security against grand jury expired by operation of law [Fed. hasty, malicious and oppressive prosecution; R. Crim. P. 6(g)] on September 17, 1976, note.-Government's Response, pp. 4-6. FolloWing the expiration of the grand . . . standing between the accuser and the without having returned an indictment accused .. . ," Wood v. Georgia, 370 U.S. against Litton. The decision of the ASBCA jury's term, the United States continued its own investigation of the matter and it as­ 375, 390 (1962), the grand jury here was in the meantime had been filed on April 16, used to formulate a " ... charge ... dic- 1976, and Litton and the government on or serts that this investigation revealed evidence of criminal intent which had been unavail­ tated by an intimidating power ..." ibid. about May 14, 1976 jointly agreed not to file The government's analogy of the proce­ motions for reconsideration of that decision. able to the eighteen-month grand jury. Con­ sequently, according to the government, it dure followed here to that followed in a On September 9, 1976, just prior to the ex­ presented evidence to an existing grand jury Pretrial Diversion Program is misplaced. The piration of the grand jury's term, at a meet­ which had been impanelled on July 19, 1976 Pretrial Diversion Program is a judicially ing between the Assistant United States At­ in connection with inquiries of other mat­ sanctioned plan designed for rehab111tation torney in charge of the case and attor­ ters. This evidence was presented at various of persons who admit their guilt, witho\lt neys for Litton, the former offered to termi­ times during the period February 28, 1977 formal charges being brought. Here, not only nate the investigation and not seek an in­ at a ttme when the defendant was protest­ dictment if Litton would agree to allow the through March 10, 1977. On March 11, 1977, perhaps sensing an im­ ing its innocence, but at a time when the proceedings ~efore the ASBCA to be reopened government, according to its brief,4 had no and to permit evidence gathered by the grand pending indictment, Litton offered by letter to do what had been suggested the previous evidence of criminal intent, the investigat­ jury to be presented to the ASBCA. A sim­ ing grand jury was used as a bargaining tool ilar offer was made on September 14, 1976. September by government counsel. By then, however, the matter had progressed too far. to effect a reopening of the matter before Litton rejected the offer on both occasions the ASBCA. and subsequently by letter dated November Deputy Attorney General Thornburg had re­ 1, 1976. quested on January 17, 1977, that the matter Nor does the claim of waiver by the United be presented to a new grand jury for the pur­ States validate its conduct in this case. One The government characterizes the over­ pose of seeking an indictment, and on Feb­ need only put himself in the shoes of coun­ tures in this way: ruary 7, 1977 the Attorney General personally sel for a putative defendant being investi­ On September 7, 1976, AUSA Dunham ini­ approved prosecution of the case. Before the gated by a grand jury to recognize how lit­ tiated contact with Vincent Fuller, then re­ grand jury t wo special agents of the FBI tle choice such counsel would have when ap­ pre_senting Litton, and suggested a meeting summarized the matters that had been pre­ proached by an Assistant United States At­ which occurred on September 9, 1976 in the sented to the previous grand jury. Counsel torney with a proposition contemplating offices of the United States Attorney. At thts represented at argument on this motion that termination of the investigation. What pru­ meeting, Fuller was advised that the Grand the summary and presentation of additional dent lawyer would not have acceded readily Jury investigation indicated that the claim evidence took approximately six days. The to the stipulation that any discussion would had been premised on an erroneous basis previous grand jury, during its eighteen not be considered fraud or coercion? But and decided by the ASBCA without benefit month tenure, had considered the matter for the exaction of such a condition does not of all the facts. Fuller was further advised a total of approximately twenty-five days. make the circumstances less coercive and that, although the Grand Jury was expiring, It appears from the uncontroverted affi­ it is no comfort to the government her~. further investigation would be required to davit of defense counsel that at a meeting At least one circuit court of appeals, in the determine whether Litton or any officer or held on April 19, 1977, the Assistant United exercise of its supervisory power, has di­ employee of the company had deliberately States Attorneys stated that there had been rected a dismissal of an indictment returned allowed the claim to be premised on a factu­ no requirements of the two agents: solely on hearsay testimony in an extreme ally erroneous basis, that is, it was made 1. To read and review all of the matters oc­ case, e.g., United States v. Estepa, 471 F. 2d clear to Fuller that the primary open ave­ curring before the eighteen month investi­ 1132 (2nd Cir. 1972). This Court, however, nue of inquiry was the issue of criminal gating grand jury; is unw1lling to dismiss the indictment on intent. 2. To restrict their su~ary presentations that ground in view of the unequivocal and Dunham explained· to Fuller that he saw to those matters occurring before the eight­ as vet unrepudiated language in Costello v. a possible way to resolve the intent issue een month grand jury; United States, 350 U.S. 359 (1956), especially in Litton's favor and thus eliminate fur­ 3. To distinguish between hearsay and since here there was evidence other than the ther expenditure of resources by both Litton personal knowledge; and summary presented to the indicting grand and the Government. DUI:l,ham stated he was 4. To distinguish between matters occur­ jury. In the case of In re Grand Jury Investi­ reluctant to discuss it without assurances ring and not occurring before the eighteen gation ot Banana, 214 F. Supp. 856 (D. Md. first being made that the discussions would month investigating grand jury. 1963), cited by the defendant, the Court not be taken as a threat or treated as other At the same meeting, one of the Assistant condemned the practice followed here, but than a good faith attempt to resolve the United States Attorneys involved in the case the action there was the prohibition of fu­ intent question. Fuller agreed with the stated to counsel for the defendant that ture conduct rather than a dismissal of the ground rules laid out and encouraged the "Litton bought this indictment." indictment. dialogue to ensue. He said he would termin­ The appearance and summation testimony ate the talks at any time he deemed them No matter how benign a view of the matter before the grand jury of the two a~ents is inappropriate or improper. The suggestion is urged by the government, the truth of it is relevant, however. to the issue of the mis­ was then made by the Assistant United that the government wanted a "second bite conduct of the United States Attorney's States Attorneys that, assuming all the de­ at the apple" in its controversy with Litton Office. One need not be a skeptic to question tails could ·be worked out, the ASBCA hear­ over the issue of reimbursement; that it used the fmt)artialitv of a presentation which per­ ing be reopened with both sides having the implied threat of indictment in an effort suaded a grand jury that neither had heard access to the investigation materials. to obtain reconsideration of what Litton, pre­ nor seen the previous witnesses or documents * * • * sumptively innocent, was otherwise entitled to do within ten days what the prior grand The suggested meeting commenced on to; and that when Litton. as was its right, .fury had not seen fit to do after twenty-five September 14, 1976. Present were Lintz refused to forego that entitlement, namely, days of evidentiary hearing over an eighteen Fuller, and Wilson, another retained crim~ the finality of the civil award, the govern­ month period. This is further evidence of the ina.l ~ounsel, and Dunham, Fisher and ment retaliated-made good its threat--by cynical view that has been taken of the Kibby, Assistant United States Attorneys. producing an indictment. This is a serious grand jury in this case, namely, as a mere It was again unequivocably stated at the abuse of prosecu torial power. echo of the office of the United States meeting's outset that before any discussion The government's positton i.s that during Attorney. could ensue, there had to be assurances the invesiigation before the first grand jury The government's sue:gestion to reopen the from Litton's side of the table that, at some incriminating evidence was uncovered which matter before the ASBCA ominous when led the prosecutors to believe that the claim considered with the fact that after the Footnotes at end of article. as submitted to the ASBCA was false, al- Board's decision was rendered but while the June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19343

first grand jury was stlll in existence and resolution of the matters in controversy. as to whom no direct benefit could be dis­ prior to the September overtures to the The expense of the trial for the defendant cerned as having been derived from par­ defendant by the United States Attorney's undoubtedly would be greater if the trial ticipating in the assembly of a false claim. Office, the government caused subpoenas to was conducted in Virginia rather than Mis­ The only direct beneficiaries of the wrongful be served on the judge who presided at the sissippi; such expense would include, among conduct, assuming intent could be estab­ ASBCA hearing, and the Chairman of the other things, the employment of local coun­ lished, was the company and the highest ASBCA (who was one of the four concurring sel as well as payment for travel and main­ echelons of its management. But there was judges in the ASBCA decision). They did not tenance for defendant's Mississippi cqun­ no evidence that these individuals had ever actually testify before the grand jury, but sel 8 and witnesses. The only factor weighing read what had been submitted in Litton's on or about May 21, 1976, a Special Assistant in favor of retaining the case in this district name. After review of the matter in the De­ United States Attorney, and on or about and division is convenience for the Depart­ partment of Justice, the company itself ap­ July 21, 1976 two FBI agents interviewed ment of Justice. This is not entitled to a peared to be the foremost criminal target the presiding judge relative to whether and great deal of weight. The presumption that assuming that additional evidence on will­ to what extent matters disclosed before the the proper location for trial is the place of fulness could be developed and obtained grand jury had been considered by the indictment and of the technical commission through further investigation." Govern­ ASBCA in its decision. The extent to which of the alleged fraud has been overcome. The ment's Response, pp. 3, 4. such matters were revealed in the interview above discussion illustrates that for the con­ & It is represented that Litton has pending is not shown by the record; however no order venience of the parties and witnesses and in before the ASBCA claims totaling in excess allowing disclosure was obtained as provided the interest of justice, the case most appro­ of $900,000,000. for by Fed. R. Cr. P. 6(e). Such activity could priately should be prosecuted in the South­ s A transfer would not decrease all ex­ only carry the potential !or depreciation of em District Mississippi. The latest statistics penses for counsel in view of the appearance the ASBCA's impartiality and vitiation of its from the Director of the Administrative Of­ of attorneys from Philadelphia, but it would decisions in any reopened claim or in future fice of the United States Courts show that· ellmlnate some publlcation of travel ex­ claims involving the defendant.11 district as having a much lighter criminal penses. It is entirely possible that upon trial Lit­ docket than this district, an expeditious ton would be found guilty of presenting a handling of its criminal docket and a docket false or fraudulent claim; however, when no more <-ongested than the one here. IN REMEMBRANCE OF A REMARK­ prosecutorial discretion is abused, as here, Since argument on May 20, 1977 of the ABLE NEVADAN dismissal of the indictment as a prophylaxis motions discussed in this Memorandum, the is warranted. Cf. United States v. DeMarco, Court has received dally and sometimes 550 F.2d 1224 (9th Cir. 1977). While the cir­ twice daily communications from counsel on cumstances here do not carry the procedural both sides in the form of letters and af­ HON. JIM SANTINI "due process implications" found to support fidavits. The Court has examined and con­ OF NEVADA the dismissal in DeMarco, the Court has no sidered the matters raised in these addenda IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES difficulty discerning abridgment of the de­ and believes them to be irrelevant to Its fendant's substantive due proceEs rbJhts in decision. They do not alter the Court's judg­ Wednesday, June 15. 1977 permitting the government's conduct. The ment. Mr. determination and review of civil disputes For the foregoing reasons the indictment SANTINI. Mr. Speaker, my dear such as the one at the core of this prosecu­ is dismissed; and it is so ordered. colleagues, not long ago I was notified of tion is governed by an established statutory ------the passing of a truly distinguished and regulatory scheme. Allowing the govern­ u.s. District J~dge. Nevadan by the name of Helene A. ment to circumvent the finality otherwise Alexandria, Va., May 25th, 1977. Batjer. accorded the administrative resolution of Sister of Nevada Supreme Court Chief contract disputes by threatening criminal FOOTNOTES prosecution in substance abrogates the pri­ t"§ 287. False, fictitious or fraudulent Justice Cameron Batjer, Helene was a vate party's right to hold the government to claims remarkable person who served her state its own rules. At the very least the Court is Whoever makes or presents to any person and country unselfishly and with distinc­ warranted in exercising its supervisory or officer in the civil, military, or naval serv­ tion. power over federal prosecutors where there ice of the United States, or to any depart­ The following is a fitting tribute to is present deliberate and disingenuous con­ ment or agency thereof, any claim upon or Helene authored by one of her peers, duct. against the United States, or any depart­ James G. Lowenstein, Acting Assistant The foregoing resolution of the matter ment or agency thereof, knowing such claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent, shall Secretary for European A1Iairs. renders it unnecessary to face the issue pre­ Mr. Lowenstein sums up the feelings sented by the other motion on which the ba fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned Court reserved decision, namely, the de­ not more than five years, or both." of many Nevadans toward this great fendant's motion for a change of venue un­ 2 The government points out that the bar­ woman, and I would like to share his der Fed. R. Cr. P. 21(b). Should the Court gain as offered could possibly have resulted thoughts with you at this time: now or in the future be required to face the in Litton's obtaining a higher award and the REMEMBERING HELENE BATJEB issue it would be inclined to grant the mo­ government could not assert fraud as a Helene Batjer was an uncommon person. defense to the claim before the Court of ~. ion. The indictment was presented in this When she joined the State Department in :Ustrict because the allegedly false claim Claims. The "bargaining," however, was 1945, she had two disadvantages. In those was presented to the contracting officer hardly at arm's-length. With a grand jury days it was a strong disadvantage to be a whose office by mere happenstance is located investigation in the background, the United woman in the foreign service. Helene had to here. The failure of Litton to request an on­ States enjoyed substantial leverage in mak­ succeed in a bureaucracy in which there was site hearilll6 in the civil administrative ap• ing its proposal. a great deal of ingrained prejudice. More­ peai proceeding which it initiated ought not a The perception of the grand jury as an over, she chose as her area of concentration to foreclose it from asserting its right to Intimidatory device was implicit in the As­ the Balkans-a region where societies and be tried criminally elsewhere if the require­ sistant United States Attorney's statement governments have been extremely conserva­ ments for a 21 (b) transfer otherwise exist. at the April 19, 1977 meeting. In his oplnlon, tive, patrtarchal and male-oriented. And they do. Platt v. Minnesota Mining & by refusing to agree to a reconsideration of Neither of these liabilities seemed to bother Manufacturing Co., 376 U.S. 240 (1964). The the award it had gained through the ASBCA, Helene. She was not one to shrink from a defendant's offices and shipyard, where the Litton had brought the Indictment upon challenge. And she liked to explode myths work which formed the basis of the claim itself. and puncture shibboleths. So tt came as no was performed, are located in Mississippi. • "The investigation had established surprise to her friends that she became one The numerous (approximately 69 according beyond peradventure of a doubt that the of the foremost experts in the Foreign Serv­ to the defendant) defense witnesses for the claim was false. The only remalnlng issue ice on the Balkans, serving in Sofia, Athens, most part are located there, and the incon­ was the presence or absence of criminal in­ Belgrade. Zagreb, and-her last post--as venience inherent in requiring them to come tent. Although the net effect of what was Consul General in Istanbul. to Virginia for what may be a lengthy trial done in the company's name was egregious, Perhaps it was her love of history that drew is readily apparent. The events likely to be the evidence of wrongdoing by particular Helene to the Balkans, which has for cen­ in issue also occurred in Mi~'sissiooi and the individuals was not then of a character to turies been a crossroads between East and documents and record involved in the case convince the Department of Justice that any West. The Yugoslav Writer Milovan Dj1las, are there. Some disruption of Litton's busi­ individuals should be indicted, although in one of his short stories, captured this ness is bound to take place 1f its witne"!Ses certain individuals were being considered as sense of history. He wrote a.s follows: have to be this far from its place of business. possible targets. The individuals considered "Ours is only one of the ways of life that Whlle the Court cannot at this time deter­ as potential defendants with the exception have been and that wlll be. Those who came mine whether a view of the location is nec­ of shipyard president, Ned Marandino, were before us knew that and those who come e&<>arv. this has been done in ASBCA pro­ low to middle level management, people in after us w1ll know it. To reopen that way ceedings other than those involved here and positions sufficiently significant enough to anew each time is to live-to create one's that body apparently found it helpful in its bind the corporation wlth their conduct but own world." 19344 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 Helene certainly created her own world. known my heartfelt support · for the nications requesting our participation in It was a world that all who knew her felt language in the Labor-HEW appropria­ today's congressional commemoration in privileged to inhabit. She gave to the Foreign tions bill being considered today-lan­ observance of this most despicable gov­ Service what one thinks of as the best quali­ ernment act of tyranny. My constituents ties of the American West, where she was guage which eliminates funding for born and schooled-independence, direct­ abortions-on-demand. urge that the House of Representatives ness, energy, and a spirit of adventure. She I believe the issue we are discussing insist that the U.S. representatives to the was an articulate--and sometimes a fierce-­ is not one of pro-life or pro-abortion but Belgrade conference confront the Soviet defender of American interests. She could be one of Government spending of taxpay­ Union with the violations of human argumentative and combative, and she ers' money. I respect the great number of rights in Soviet-occupied Lithuania and brought to her job a healthy skepticism and my constituents who for moral and/or demand compliance with the provisions an acid honesty. religious reasons feel it is wrong to take of the Final Act of the European Security Yet she was always fair. She had a re­ and Cooperation Conference of Helsinki. markable capacity to see the other point of the life of an unborn child through abor­ view. And she had great humor and com­ tion and do not want in any way-via In observing this 37th anniversary let passion. Even her adversaries respected her. their tax dollars or other means-to us reflect upon the criminal degradation, When she returned to Istanbul after first participate in such actions. despair, pain and anguish suffered by learning she had cancer, she found waiting Therefore, I support the retention of the victims of senseless cruel Govern­ for her a tin of caviar from the Soviet Con­ the language prohibiting the use of ment action on June 15, 1940, which sul General. Federal funds to pay for abortion--ex­ were most poignantly portrayed by four Helene was often at the center of things. cept to save the life of the mother-and young Lithuanian girls in their secret She was the desk officer for Czechoslovakia writings smuggled out of their imprison­ in the summer of 1968, when the Soviets in­ encourage the research, introduction, vaded. She brought to the confusion and and passage of legislation which pro­ ment in Siberia. With your permission, frenzy of those days tirelessness, calm, as­ vides funds for educational, health care I would like to insert at this point in our surance, and-more than that-a clear in­ and other related measures, thus making historical Journal of Congress their be­ sight into the Soviet motivation and men­ the question of funding for abortions an seeching prayer for help, as follows: tality and a deep compassion for the Czecho­ unnecessary one. MARY SAVE Us slovak nation and people. The day has closed its eyes. Last summer, when she had been in Is­ Fatigue closes my eyes. tanbul only a month, Libyan terrorists at­ My feelings have dried up. tacked the Istanbul airport and killed four COMMEMORATIVE SALUTE TO THE My strength has left me. passengers boarding an El Al flight, one of With icy Ups, with tear-filled eyes, them an American. Helene sent complete and VALIANT PEOPLE OF LITHUANIA, ESTONIA, AND LATVIA ON THE Tormented by despair, accurate reports during a chaotic situation. We fly to your straw-covered crib, 0 Holy She saw that the Injured were cared for. 37TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SO­ THE Babe. And she personally visited those hospitalized VIET ANNEXATION OF BALTIC We are drained of strength and tirelessly consoled and counselled those STATES Our feelings have faded away. stranded. The State Department received a Our hearts are benumbed thoughts we can­ profusion of letters from U.S. passengers on not control. the El Al flight and their relatives as well as HON. ROBERT A. ROE Jesus, help those who die in foreign lands from many members of Congress, all of them OF NEW JERSEY commending Helene. Typically, she didn't see Without consolation of the Church or their anything exceptional In what she had done. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dear ones, Instead she took great pains to praise the Wednesday, June 15, 1977 Without the comfort and aid of their friends. other members of her staff. Mr. ROE. Mr. Speaker, I wish to join Mr. SPEAKER. It is indeed a privilege This morning we received a telegram from to participate in today's commemorative Helene's colleagues at the Consulate General with all Americans, and particularly the in Istanbul. It reads: Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian com­ salute to the oppressed people of Lithu­ "We who had the good fortune of knowing munities throughout our Nation in ob­ ania, Estonia, and Latvia. We have made and working with her quickly came to appre­ servance of a most solemn occasion, the some strides in our search for remedial ciate her fine qualities. She combined a keen 37th anniversary of the forcible occupa­ action but there is still much to be done. mind and broad Vision with a deep sense tion and incorporation of the Baltic Hopefully, the prayer of these young of compassion for her fellow man. Helene States into the U.S.S.R. and the subse­ people will not be Just a voice crying in Batjer reflected In every way the highest the wilderness and, God willing, will be ideals of the Foreign Service; we are proud quent deportation of hundreds of thou­ to have served with her. Her courage and sands o.f Lithuanians, Latvians, andEs­ answered by the viable force of world good cheer in facing her long and difficult tonians to Siberian concentration camps. opinion that we are attempting to mus­ ter in achieving global agreement on illness were an inspiration to all of us. During the last Congress we recorded "There is a 600-year-old legend from basic human rights principles that will Helene's beloved Yugoslavia, which describes our denunciation of the Soviet annexa­ eliminate government controls that dom­ the eve of the epic battle of Kossovo In 1389, tion of the Baltic area in the passage of inate the personal freedoms of the indi­ when t he Serbs lost their independence to the resolution which I had joined with vidual to live and worship in the land of in the Turks. According to the legend, a gray many of our colleagues sponsoring his or her choice. In the Baltic States we falcon flew to Kosovo from Jerusalem to expressing the sense of the House of Rep­ trust that they will soon regain their announce to the Serbian ruler, Tsar Lazar, resentatives in the nonrecognition of the independence and sovereignty as a na­ that not only would his soldiers lose the Soviet Union's annexation of the Baltic battle but he himself would die. I don't know tion of people, that the exiled of Lithu­ when Helene first saw her gray falcon. But I nations. The unanimous vote on Decem­ ania, Estonia. and Latvia will be re­ do know that she faced death-as she faced ber 2, 1975, of 407 Members of the House turned in freedom, and that they will be everything-with directness, dignity, and with no one dissenting strongly amrmed able to hold their own elections as a. free grace. We who survive, whose lives she our agreement for the adoption of this people in the choice of their government. graced, will always remember her. resolution on behalf of the just cause of JAMES G. LoWENSTEIN, the Lithuanians, Estonians, and Latvians Acting Assistant Secretary of State in the U.S.S.R. jor European Affairs. MAY 10, 1977. The enactment into Public Law 94-304 MICHAEL CRISTOFER WINS TONY on June 3, 1975, o! the legislative measure A WARD AND PULITZER PRIZE FOR which I also sponsored establishing a HIS PLAY "THE SHADOW BOX" Commission on Security and Cooperation ELIMINATE FUNDING FOR ABOR­ Europe to monitor international compli­ TIONS-ON-DEMAND ance with the Helsinki accord also re­ HON. FRANK ANNUNZIO affirms our fullest dedication to seeking OF ILLINOIS HON. RICHARD NOLAN international communion and interna­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF MINNESOTA tional understanding of the plight of these oppressed people to help restore Wednesday, June 15, 1977 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES their basic human rights to freedom of Mr. ANNUNZIO. Mr. Speaker, Michael Wednesday, June 15, 1977 thought, conscience, and religion. Cristofer is the only Italian-American Mr. NOLAN. Mr. Speaker, I would Mr. Speaker, I along with many of our this year who has won both the Pulitzer like to take this opportunity to make colleagues have received several commu- prize and the Tony Award for the best June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19345 play, entitled "'Tile Shadow Box," and Had "The Shadow Box" not come along, tinkin's explosive but controlled Mark shows I extend to Mr. Cristofer my congratula­ the judges would have chosen another re­ the growth this association has given to tions and warmest best wishes for many gional creation to win this year's Pulitzer. the hustler, an immensely provocative per­ "A Texas Trilogy." While there have been formance. Laurence Luckinbills' intellectual more years of success as an actor and a 12 years of no awards during the 61 years suggests terror through his armor of words. playwright. the prize has been offered, the Pulitzer reg­ Geraldine Fitzgerald ·s old woman is that Mr. Speaker, a biography of Michael ulations are very clear. The judges are not actress finer than she's been ln years; her Cristofer follows from the May 1977 edi­ commanded to find a timeless work of art. scenes with Josef Sommer, as the hospital tion of Playbill, as well as an article on They are simply asked what they consider to Interviewer, indicate the woman she once his play "'Tile Shadow Box" from the be the best play presented between April 1 was. As the scorned daughter, Rose Gregarlo's April 24 edition of the Washington Post: and March 31 of a given year. This is what superbly understated revelation scene ls the play's finest. [From Playbill, May 1977] the Pulitzer is all about. "The Shadow Box" came into New York While some of these exceptionally fine Michael Cristofer (Author) is both a play­ with admiring respect from both Los Angeles players have been on New York's stages be­ wright and an actor and has, for the past and New Haven as well as encomiums !rom fore, for the most part they are regulars of several years, been practicing both his crafts several New York critics, who proved rather the' regional theaters from Olney and New at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. It less enthusiastic at Its Broadway opening. In England to the Mid west and California. was there that The Shadow Box received its its first New York week, the box office was At Catholic University, where "That Cham­ world premiere. This season, another of his frau but the theater's best friend, word-of­ pionship Season's" playwright, Jason Miller, plays, Ice, was included in the Taper season. mouth, has been helpful and now, perhaps, also was a student, author Cristofer was His earlier produced works include Plot the Pulitzer will push lt to the audience known as Michael Procacclno, the name he Counter Plot at St. Clements Space in New success it deserves. used as an actor with Arena Stage, the Gar­ York, The Mandala at Philadelphia's Theatre Superficially, this sounds like a forbidding rick Players, Wayside Theater, Olney and the of the Living Arts Workshop and Americom­ play to many who find life depressing Washington Theater Club. media, a revolutionary street theatre pro­ enough anyway. But such is Cristofer's view It could not be said during its first 50 duction that traveled the East Coast in the of the joys of mere living that the play years, but now the Pulitzer Is recognizing midst of the 1972 presidential campaign. AB creates a sense of celebrating life. The stings that our theater is becoming national and is an actor, he has played major roles in sev­ of humor and irony quicken what might not limited to New York. eral Mark Taper Forum productions, among have been lugubrious sentimentality. them Savages, Ashes and The Tooth of Crime, In the play, there are three cottages on Ajax and The Three Sisters. His TV appear­ the grounds of a large California hospital. ances include "Sandburg's Lincoln," "The When the wife and son of the occupant of Entertainer" with Ja.ck Lemmon and Ray LITHUANIANS DENIED RELIGIOUS Cottage One arrive, we are uncertain what FREEDOM Bolger and George Schaefer's production ot is troubling her. Have they separated? Is "The Last of Ms. Lincoln" by James Prideaux this an attempt at reunion? Whatever, there and "The Andras Targets." He will be seen Is something the wife avoids talking about, in a featured role in the forthcoming film of HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI and she finds endless excuses to keep from OF ILLINOIS An Enemy of the People with Steve McQueen entering the cottage. and Bibi Anderson. His repertory credits in­ The patient in the second cottage seeins IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES clude major roles at the Arena. Stage in Wash­ to be an intellectual cared for by a young Wednesday, June 15, 1977 ington, ACT in Seattle, Theatre of the Liv­ man. They are expecting the older man's ing Arts in Philadelphia, the Beruit Reper­ Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, as we tory Company in Lebanon and, during the divorced wife, and after she arrives, we realize that the wife, who flaunts jewels she note the 36th anniversary of the geno­ 1970-1971 season the American premiere of has picked up as "your average tramp," is Yegor Bulichov at the Long Wharf. Most re­ cide of the Baltic States by the Soviet cently, Mr. Cristofer appeared in the New not needed and that the youth Is the hus­ Union and the convening of the Belgrade York Shakespeare Festivals production of band's lover. Conference, I would like to bring the The third patient is a testy old woman Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard. Mr. Cristo­ ln a wheelchair who seeins to be waiting the attention of the Members to another case fer won the 1977 Pulitzer Prize for The Sha­ arrival of a loved, glamorous daughter, a of denial of human rights and violation dow Box. lively contrast, we assume, to the plain, of the Helsinki agreement by the Soviet older daughter who looks after her. In time Union. (From the Washington Post, Apr. 24, 1977] we will learn that the beloved daughter has :Miss Nijole Sadunaite, a 39-year-old AN ELOQUENT EXPRESSION OF REGIONAL long been dead and that the scorned one Lithuanian national, like so many other RICHNESS has been faking letters from her dead sister prisoners of conscience, has been re­ (By Richard L. Coe) who seeins to be so busy traveling and en­ peatedly harassed and persecuted, and "The Shadow Box," which last week won joying life. To reveal this would ease the scorned sister's present life but deprive the ultimately incarcerated simply for her the Pulitzer prize for the best American play religious beliefs. of 1976-77, is an eloquent and exuberant old woman of her desire to live for reunion drama about the dying and those they are with her other daughter. Miss Sadunaite was accused of being soon to leave. In the first situation, the wife's fear of involved In the publishing and distribu­ Quite apart from the rich textures of death deprives her of enjoyment of life. In tion of an underground paper, the Michael Cristofer's script and the uniformly the second, however fake the intellectual Chronicle of the Catholic Church In expressive cast of director Gordon Davidson, may be, he has enriched the life of a youth who previously had been a drifting, ignorant Lithuania. On June 17, 1975, she was sen­ the Pulitzer also recognizes the new Ameri­ to can theater. hustler. In the third situation, the mere idea tenced 3 years of compulsory labor "The Shadow Box" was introduced a year of life's enjoyments, which she cannot now and 3 years in exile by the Supreme ago by Davidson in the Mark Taper Forum share, feeds the mother's life-hunger. Court of the Lithuanian Soviet Sociallst in Los Angeles. Last fall Davidson again What Cristofer ls really discussing, then, is Republic. staged it at New Ha:ven's Long Wharf The­ the ecstacy of living, the carelessness with which we take the gift of life and the over­ For 5 years, Nijole had nursed her ater, and it is substantially this cast which mother who died in 1970. Her father had opened at Broadway's Morosco Theater the powering importance of the "now." There Is night before the April 1 Pulitzer deadline. It a beautiful sense of formal ritual that died in 1963, so that she and her brother is a product of American's regional theater. Davidson devises for the final scene. All John are now the only living members This recognition has occurred only once these people, who do not know the people in of her family. before in the past decade, with "The Great the other cottages, turn to the audience and Both of her parents were deeply re­ White Hope," which was introduced by assert "this moment." ligious people. Before the Soviet annexa­ 'Vashington 's Arena Stage the year betore Through Cristofer's restrained Impartiality it won the '68-'69 Pulitzer. In these 10 years, and Davidson's sensitive staging, the char­ tion of Lithuania in 1940, 90 percent of three winners have come from Joseph Papp's acters simultaneously achieve universality the population of Lithuania were Cath­ Public Theater-"No Place to Be Somebody," and individuality, roles with which actor­ olics~ Now in Lithuania, as in other coun­ in '70; "That Championship Season" in '73 playwright Cristofer rewards fellow actors. tries under Soviet domination, religion is and "The Chorus Line" in '76. Joyce Ebert's troubled, fussing wife is a subject to persecution. One was Orin Lehxnan's independent off­ memorable drawing of muted heartbreak op­ Broadway offering, Paul Zindell's "The E1fect posite Simon Oakland's calm but desperate 'Tile Chronicle of the Catholic Church of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Mari­ husband. As their boy, Vincent Stewart in Lithuania began to be published golds" of '70-'71. One was a Broadway pro­ strums his guitar with Davidson letting us clandestinely in Lithuania in 1972. It duction, Edward Albee's "Seascape" of '74- see hlm as the 16-year-old probably !eels, re­ was intended primarily to keep Lithu· '75. moved from the two who created him. anian Catholics informed of the religious There were no Pulitzers for three seasons, Patricia Elllott brings glittery precision to situation in the country by recording the '67-'68, '71-'72 and '73-'74. the Intellectual's vivid wife, and Mandy Pa- details of all instances of religious per- 19346 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 · secution that came to be known to those COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS OJ' They have been guardians of independent working on the Chronicle. JOSEPH A. CALIFANO, JR. thinktng and academic freedom, enjoying a Here and across our nation, this is the sea­ bit moce insulation from the whims and On November 14, 1973, a decision was pressures of politics tha.n their tax-supported made by the State Security Committee­ son in which we celebrate the ancient ritual of commencement. sisters. the Soviet secret police in Lithuania­ For each of you, that ritual has enormous Perhaps the greatest contribution of these to organize a large-scale search to :find personal mea.ning. But it has a larger mean­ private institutions, beyond training talent out how and where the Chronicle was ing too: What you have achieved in your for the nation, has been diversity; the rich being published, and of course, to stop it. years here is important, not only to you as variety that colleges like this lend to the Several persons were arrested, tried, and individuals, but also to your nation. American educa.tional landscape. What a.n sentenced for their involvement, includ­ Why? For two sign1ftcant reasons: incredibly rich resource: Hundreds of insti­ First, because the College of New Rochelle tutions, each independent; each solving its ing Nijole Sadunaite. problems 1n its own way; each a vital cente.r During her preliminary hearing Nijole has given you that sense of moral discipline essential to the enjoyment of true freedom. of innovation and experiment; each with its refused to reveal anything to her inter­ In an increasingly 11bertine society, where own special commitment to cultural and rogators, who then threatened to have individual goals are often so self-centered moral values. her put into a psychiatric hospital. that they border on total self-indulgence, It is this diversity that gives American Not until June, 1975 was she brought you have been educated in a tradition of higher educa.tion a.nd American life so much to trial. She would not answer any of the social justice and moral duty. That educa­ of their vitality. It 1s this diversity that your tion will strengthen and support you national government is pledged to nourish questions put to her and explained: and safeguard. I am not a criminal, but you who are con­ throughout your life; and your nation w11l ducting this trial are the criminals because be stronger for it. NATIONAL COMMirMENT TO EDUCATION you are disregarding elementary human Second, a.nd equally important, this col· We are committed to the continued health rights protected by the laws of the land, by lege has etched in you the intellectual dis­ and stability of private colleges a.nd untver- the (Soviet) Constitution and by the Bill cipline that distinguishes the truly educated 81ties in America. And we intend, within of Human Rights. You are condoning lies, person. It we are to meet and master the the Umits of Constitutional law, to help perverse problems that batHe us today-prob­ these institutions as much as we can. brute force and violence because you have lems of energy supply, of social welfare, of condemned innocent people and are tortur­ That commitment 1s something rather ing them in prison and in concentration maldistribut1on of national and world re­ new 1n the history of American education. camps. sources--if we are ever to master those prob­ For most of our nation's history, institutions lems. we must dolt with trained intellig.ence. like this one worked their educational mir­ Her sentence of 3 years of harsh regime These two qualities-moral and intellec­ acles with scant support from their govern­ in a labor camp, is representative of re­ tual disciplin~tinguish the educated ment beyond their tax exempt status. Only ligious persecution, political repression citizen. Their presence 1n our society 1s es­ 1n the last few years has the Federal govern­ and the denial of basic human rights sential if we are to have the collective trust ment come to play a more signitlcant role 1n on which a democratic nation thrives. That support of private higher education. sutfered by the Lithuanian people and of 1s why, a decade ago, President Lyndon John­ I think it is fair to say that this recent those in the other Captive Nations at son called education "the first work of the na.tional commitment, expressed 1n programs the hands of their Communist occupiers. Nation." of help to institutions and to individual Miss Sadunaite and other Lithuanian And thM 1s why President Carter is so students, has been cruc1al to private higher patriots for human rights have not suf· deeply committed to the enterprise of edu· education in America. For this support has fered in silence. The Western World has cation. guaranteed financial survival and stabUlty to seen some of the communications such as Constitutional democracy cannot survive many institutions, at a moment when eco­ the Chronicle, despite attempts by the without an educated citizenry. In a world nomic pressures threatened their future. that moves at jet speed. a world of ever Sister Dorothy Ann tells me that many Soviet Union to suppress these publica­ more complex problems, an ignorant popu­ of you who wlll receive degrees today are tions. lace 1s likely to be a bewildered and 1m· here in part because of one or more programs The people of Lithuania are anxiouslY patient populace. And such a populace, of Federal asslsta.nce: basic grants, student awaiting the outcome of the Belgrade confused and anxious, would be easy prey loans, or work-study programs. Conference, because it represents the to the siren-songs of demagogues who tempt That 1s a measure of our national commit­ only foreseeable means for them to bene­ us with cheap and facile solutions; or those ment to higher education: our goal 1s to Final who put the virtues of efficiency above the expand opportunity for higher education to fit from the provisions of the Act of values of liberty. the point where any student can rise to an the Helsinki Conference. In the face of bewildering problems, the educational level that matches and fulfills It is my hope that Miss Sadunaite and lure of the quick fix can be irresistible. In his talent-regardless of income; regardless others imprisoned in Russian labor camps the face of a growing rei uctance to commit of race; regardless of age; regardless of sex. will someday see the fruits of their ef­ adequate resources to pubUc needs, uniform­ Achieving that goal will not be quick or forts by the restoration of basic human ity and cold-blooded etllciency could become easy. But I look out today at these 450 faces rights to their people and homelands, as tempting to our sOCiety as making trains of men and women who are graduating !rom and their freedom from Soviet bondage. run on time was to Mussolini's Italy. With the College of New Rochelle-a.nd I can see techniques of persuasion as pervasive, that we are making progress, as a nation, to­ sophisticated and subtle as today's, a widely ward that goal. and diversely educated citizenry is essential For here I see men and women; a.n impres­ COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS OF JO­ to the health of democratic government. sive percentage of minority citizens; working So, first of all today, I bring you firm people, mothers of small chUdren, people SEPH A. CALIFANO, JR., SECRE­ whose income might once have barred them TARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, assura.nce of your government's strong com­ mitment to educa.tion at every level-and to from college. And here I see older graduates, AND WELFARE, COLLEGE OF NEW hlghe.r education in all its rich diversity: too: some in their sixties, some in their sev­ ROCHELLE a diversity which includes private institu­ enties, and Mrs. May Dobson, 81 years old. tions like the College of New Rochelle. This, my fellow citizens, is the evidence­ you are the evidence-that this nation we HON. JOHN BRADEMAS VALUE OF INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS love is on the right course. All across America, colleges 11ke this one-­ I have understood your government's OF .INDIANA small, independent liberal arts colleges­ pledge to safeguard the precious diversity of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES have played a role far out of proportion to American higher education; our commitment Wednesday, June 15, 1977 their size or numbers. They have been a also to safeguard the health of private col­ powerful force in the intellectual life of the leges to the fullest extent of our limited eco­ Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, I wish nation. They have educated distinguished nomic a.nd constitutional power. to insert at this point in the REcoRD the men and women. These colleges were founded Let me add one more commitment today. text of a most thoughtful commencement to train ministers, lawyers a.nd statesmen­ We intend to demonstrate our trust in the address delivered by the Honorable Jo­ and for many years they also educated most educational community of this nation by seph A. Califano, Jr.. the distinguished of our greatest teachers, scholars, scientists working to free it from the snarl of gov­ and wrl ters. ernment red tape. Our colleges complain Secretary of Health, Education, and Wel­ While training so much talent for the of too ma.ny regulations; too many forms fare, at the College of New Rochelle' on development of our democratic tradition, that are compllcated and repetitive; too May 22, 1977. independent institutions like this one have much bureaucracy; too much government Secretary Califano's address, which given us more--much more: involvement; a fa.Uure by government to touches on the important role that pri­ They have been seedbeds not only of intel­ understand the difference between ·prudent vate colleges and universities play in our lectual endeavor, but of deep religious and monitoring of our fina.ncial support and un­ system of education, follows: cultural values; warranted intrusion into academic tnstitu- June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19347 tions. We agree. We intend to demonstrate THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS scaring people." Maurice Lee, at the Univ­ that we trust higher education to do its ersity of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, work effectively and use federal resources thinks it will side below 5 percent. Roger wisely-without undue interference from HON. STEVEN D. SYWUMS Keith, director of research for the Securities Washington. OF IDAHO Industry Association, talks about its rising We will, of course, be vigilant about how to 7 percent or 8 percent next year. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the taxpayers' money is spent. We care deeply PRICES HAVE RISEN about excellence and equal opportunity. But Wednesday, June 15, 1977 . In the past decade wholesale prices have we must be wise enough as a nation and risen 92 percent, or at an annual rate of 6.7 trusting enough as public servants to rec­ Mr. SYMMS. Mr. Speaker, for 7 years now the United States has experi­ percent. And while they are momentarily ris­ ognize that over regulation squanders the ing at an annual rate of 13 percent, equ1v­ taxpayers' money, and that red tape can enced a combination of inflation and alent to a. drop o! 11.5 percent in the pur­ strangle excellence. relatively high unemployment levels. chasing power of the dollar for wholesale In the end, of course, dollars alone can­ Once there was a time, according to the goods, Treasury Secretary Blumenth al not guarantee the vigor of institutions like Keynsian doctrines, when planned cur­ doesn't believe "inflation is about to take this one. Dollars can pay bills, and that is rency infiation would reduce the unem­ off." And President Carter vows to at least important-but they cannot produce ideas. ployment rate temporarily. Such planned hold the line. Dollars may guarantee the survival of a So let's be moderately cheerful and assume college or university-but they can never inflations with false and temporary boosts to the economy were used by that the dollar's purchasing power isn't guarantee its success. going to decrease by any more than 6 percent, COliiiMn'liiiENT TO EXCELLENCE politicians and governments in power which would be the case if prices generally What counts, in the end. 1s the institution to preserve their political positions dur­ rose about 6.4 percent. Six percent is a nice itself: the leader.s and talent it attracts and ing election years. round figure and certainly better than 12 produces; their energy; their zest and de­ But now, Mr. Speaker, we have the percent or 16 percent. In fact, by compari­ termination; their appetite for innovation; combination of high rates of inflation son it doesn't seem like much at all. Until, their conscience-and their willingness to and high rates of unemployment. The that is, you do some arithmetic. engage their institution in the world, with artificial Government pump priming, in You might suppose, for example, that if people and problems beyond the campus. It an attempt to create jobs, does not work you had $1,000 tucked away in U.S. savings is these qualities, not budgets or endow­ bonds earning 6 percent compounded an­ ments, that measure the true strength of anymore. For the last few years we have nually, or 1n some other slmilar investment, any institution. had Federal Government deficits in ex­ you would at least stay even. The 6 percent And these qualities, I'm happy to say, cess of $50 billion per year but unem­ lost in purchasing power, it might seem, are in rich abundance at the College of New ployment will not come down. Some of would be offset by the 6 percent earne.d. Rochelle. the reasons for this, in my opinion, are Not at all. To see why, consider ths.t 1977 Virtually every graduate program offered that: First, the consistent infiation dur­ dollar blll presently in your wallet. If its here is one that engages the College and its ing the last 10 years has so seriously purchasing value this year loses 6 percent, graduates in the quest for social justice: eaten away investment capital that the or six cents worth, at the end of the year 1t community school psychology; remedial will buy only 94 cents of equivalent goods reading; special education. That one fact private sector has lacked the necessary and services. speaks volumes. capital for expansion; second, higher Should the dollar depreciation continue at And consider the recent history of this and higher taxes have confiscated more 6 percent in 1978, the shrinkage would be college: and more capital from the private 6 percent of 94 cents, or 5.64 cents, leaving Faced with the necessity to change sim­ sector; and third, excessive Government you with 88.36 cents worth of purchasing ply to survive, you chose to renew this in­ regulation of the economy has reduced power in terms of that original 1977 dollar stitution. This small and quiet woman's col­ efficiency and created many uncertain­ blll. If you Will continue this reverse arith­ lege transformed itself by founding a new metical progression for, say, 14 years, you will institution called the School of New Re· ties and lack of investor confidence. Mr. Speaker. some of the serious ef­ find that your dollar bill will have shrUnk to sources. And in so doing, you engaged your­ the equivalent of 53.86 cents, barely mor e selves in the world-with rich and enduring fects of inflation are described in an than half. Left in your wallet, or under a rewards for the hundreds of new students article from the Wall Street Journal mattress, it would have lost 46 percent in you found. dated April13, 1977, by Vermont Royster value. Without forsaking your central m:ission of entitled "Through the Looking Glass ... Now let's go back to that $1,000 invested educating young women, you reached out I commend it to my colleagues in Con­ at 6 percent compounded annually. In that to educate others-people who once stood gress: case your $1,000 would have grown to outside the gates of higher education. $1,790.85, in THROUGH THE LooKING GLASS a tidy gain dollars. In this act of self-renewal, this college But what would those dollars buy 10 became an instrument of personal renewal (By Vermont Royster) years later? If the dollar has depreciated by for thousands of people. And by extension, "Now, now!" cried the Red Queen. "Faster! 6 percent, no more, those $1,790 wlll then buy you are helping to intensify our national Faster!" only $964.55 worth of equivalent goods be­ effort to renew ourselves: to solve our myriad "Well, in our country," said Alice, still cause each of those dollars is worth only problems and to recover our national self­ panting a. little, "you'd generally get some­ confidence. 53.86 cents in terms of the 1977 dollars with where else-if you ran very fast for a long which you started. That 1s a prodigious accomplishment. It time as we've been doing." reflects great credit--and should inspire In reality, then, whlle you may think you "A slow sort of country!" said the Queen. have gained $790 in earned interest you w111 great prlde-in every one of you who bas "Now here, you see, it takes all the running played a part in the drama: Particularly have lost ground. The dollars you get back you can do to keep in the same place. If you wlll buy $35.45 less than the dollars you you who graduate today. want to go somewhere else, you must run To you, I would say simply this: The qual­ originally invested. ities that mark this college-its passion for twice as fast as that!" Nor is that all. Had there been no inflation, If Alice were to come back now to her that $1,790 would of course have bought excellence, its courage to engage the world, own country, Great Britain, she might think its capacity for self-renewal-these are $1,790 worth of goods and services 10 years she was st111 on the other side of the look­ hence as wen as now. But since 10 years qualities that distinguish individuals as well Jng glass. For in a country where inflation as institutions. Nourish these qualities, live hence, they wlll buy only $964 worth, the fUllS at a rate of 16 percent and upwards by them-and you will enrich your world. inflation has really robbed you of some $826, those who labor and those who save have the difference between what the dollars would Perm:it me now one parochial comment. to run faster and faster just to stay in the Christian charity--God's love incarnate, same place. They never seem to get ahead. otherwise have bought and what they w1ll in tihe force that created this college-is not How fortunate are we then, are we not, fact buy. the stuff of flower girls. It finds enduring to Uve in a country where the tnfiatlon is And this is not counting taxes. For if strength only in Intellectual and moral dis­ promised to be only about 6 percent? We you have that $1,000 in savings bonds or cipline-Atlanta OF 1\olAR.YLAND medicaid funds for poor women who was able to identity only five nationwide. want abortions would disproportionately IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES That year there were 27 deaths from legal penalize the low-income; and in the abortion for a rate of 2.6 per hundred thou­ Wednesday, June 15, 1977 process we would be faced with a national sand operations. The comparable death rate situation in which the wealthy could get from childbirth wa.s 12.6 per hundred thou­ Mrs. SPELLMAN. Mr. Speaker, on this sand. day, 30 years ago, the forces of the United abortions, while the poor cannot. Dr. Louis Hellman wrote an insightful Somewhere between 20 per cent and one Soviet Socialist Republics invaded Lith­ third of all abortions occur among Medicaid­ uania with the declared intent of pro­ article which appeared in yesterday's Washington Star on this topic, and 1 eligible women. Thus between 250 and 350,- tecting those innocent citizens from the 000 women avail themselves of these services would like to share it with my colleagues: Nazis. In fact, we know today that there at a cost of 40 to 50 million dollars. If thes~ was no such intention. The Germans had [From the Washington Sta.r, June 14, 1977] payments became unavailable to the poor signed a pact with the Soviets to permit THE CASE FOR MEDICAID ABORTIONS there would be more unwanted children, plus them to gobble up this small and helpless (By Louis Hellman) an increase in illegal abortion and in the cost to the federal government for delivery nation. The Lithuania citizens' protec­ The right to choose whether to continue a tion was provided by means of deport­ pregnancy, guaranteed to American women of those who carry their pregnancies to term. without regard to marital status, race or eco­ It is wishful thinking to belleve that the ing some 300,000 Lithuanians to Siberian federal cost w1ll be reduced it Medicaid forced-labor camps-those same camps nomic position by the Supreme Court in 1973, 1s in jeopardy for poor women. During the abortions are ellminated. we learned so much about from Mr. next two weeks the House and Senate will It has been estimated that pre-natal care, Solzhenitsyn. vote on the 1978 Labor-HEW Appropriations delivery and the first year of the baby's li!e At the end of the Second World War, bill which now contains a provision barring costs approximately $2200. The cost of rais­ the Soviets chose to maintain their self­ use of federal funds for abortion unless the ing a child to 18 years of age in a low in­ styled liberation of Lithuania, denying lite of the mother 1s threatened. come family has recently been estimated at the basic human rights and freedom to The issues Involved a.re so charged with $35,261. those peoples just as harshly as the Nazi emotion that many facts about abortion have A portion of the nation's consumers may be machine had. Today, no less than then, been Ignored or misrepresented. Thus, the about to lose their freedom of choice and rights of the consumer to safety, in!ormation their right to safety in abortion. It would be and despite the Basket m agreements of and free choice have been increasingly regrettable it the Congress decides the issue the Helsinki Commission, Lithuania is abridged. Noneonsumers decide the pros and without knowing the facU;. still a captive nation. cons of what 1s best for her. In our search for human rights, we I, obviously, can never be a consumer of have often looked to the Soviet Union abortion services. but as a physician I have been a dispenser of these services. It 1s to the to permit greater emigration for Soviet medical facts that I wish to speak. PERSONAL EXPLANATION Jews. We have always noted most strong­ Legal restriction on abortion came about in ly the abuses which are perpetrated on the last century not for moral reasons but this group of Soviet citizens. rather because abortions performed under HON.- ABNER J. MIKVA But, in remembering all Lithuanians-­ unsanitary conditions by unskilled operators OF ILLINOIS those still in prison camps in Siberia, and were particularly hazardous. Before legaliza­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tion the operation was restricted in most those imprisoned in what used to be their Wednesday, June 15, 1977 own country-we must commemorate to­ states to saving the mother's life. In recent years, however, many 1n the medical profes­ Mr. MIKVA. Mr. Sneaker, I was in my day a oeople imprisoned in their own na­ sion have come to believe that safeguarding tion. The Soviet Union aspires to present the mother's life requires protection of men­ district on Friday at some long-sched­ itself to the world as the spokes-nation tal and social health as well. Now. too. some uled meetings, and missed two recorded of triumph over colonialism. Yet, that congenital diseases and abnormaltties can be votes. Had I been present, I would have 19350 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 voted "yes" on roll No. 331, the confer­ tiona! research and development of the forbidden to commemorate those who ence report on H.R. 5840, the Export B-1 bomber. I strongly urge him to re­ died in the Arab-Israeli war. Administration Amendments of 1977. I fiect on the statement he made last Emigration from Lithuania in the con­ would have cast a "no" vote on roll No. June. Circumstances have not changed text of reunification of separated fam­ 332, the Burgener amendment to the since then. In fact, the B-1 has, if any­ ilies is also extremely difficult. State-Commerce-Judiciary appropria­ thing, been shown to be even more of a These are but a few examples of the tions bill. misappropriation of our funds. current situation in Lithuania in 1977. I will continue to oppose the B-1 The U.S.S.R. has blatantly ignored the bomber each time it is raised for a vote human rights provisions of the United COMING TO OUR SENSES ABOUT in the House. I sincerely hope that the Nations Charter, violated similar guar­ THE B-1 BOMBER occasions to do so will be eliminated as antees in their own constitution, and President Carter moves to cancel this never honored the humanitarian articles program. of the Helsinki agreement. HON. TED WEISS If past history is to be a guide, the OF NEW YORK Lithuanian people are not about to let IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES A TRIBUTE TO LITHUANIA their dream die of seeing their homeland Wednesday, June 15, 1977 take its rightful place among the nations of the world-standing proudly as a na­ Mr. WEISS. Mr. Speaker, I recently HON. JOHN G. FARY tion once again, a nation free, sover­ voted against a defense spending au­ OF n.LINOIS eign, and independent. thorization bill which I viewed as far too IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The United States, who has enjoyed costly to meet our military needs. Wednesday, June 15, 1977 its independence for 201 years as a free Included in this package-and a major and sovereign nation should not, and reason for my vote against it--was an­ Mr. FARY. Mr. Speaker, June 15, 1940, must not, forget those nations who once other $1.2 billion appropriation for de­ is a day of sorrow and tragedy in the enjoyed their independence and lost it to velopment of the B-1 bomber weapons history of the people of Lithuania. others. If we forget the captive nations, system. Thirty-seven years ago today, the sov­ lLl{e Lithuania, we will be contradicting As President Carter so aptly observed ereign homeland of the Lithuanians was our own heritage. last June, "The B-1 bomber is an ex­ invaded and occupied by the Soviet ample of a proposed system which Union. should not be funded and would be Seven centuries of history reveal that wasteful of the taxpayers' dollars." the Lithuanian people have had to strug­ BIASED COVERAGE OF ERA President Carter's statement indicated gle time and time again against over­ his understanding of the essential mis­ whelming oppression from without. Yet spending of our revenues which the B-1 throughout it all, these people retained HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK bomber represents. While many domes­ their native language and culture. Their OF OHIO tic programs are starved for adequate national character was never eliminated IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE3 funding, Congress continues to contem­ in the past and the Soviet Union has so Wednesday, June 15, 1977 plate appropriating billions of dollars far failed to accomplish it after 37 years for a weapons system which has been of occupation. Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, the shown to be wholly unnecessary. The 1940 U.S.S.R. invasion was soon controversy sun·ou..llding ratification of The Congressional Reference Service, followed by the Nazi occupation, only to the equal rights amendment--ERA­ for example, has found that the United be followed again by the Soviet occupa­ continues. I opposed the amendment States already possesses 6,842 ballistic tion forces. In the 9-year guerrilla was when it was in the House of Represent­ missile-launched reentry vehicles while that followed, .over 30,000 Lithuanians atives. Both the Ford White House and the Soviet Union has 2,415 models of this were killed and about 350,000 others were the Car·ter White House have tried to type of weaponry. The B-1 would be a exiled before the Soviet Union was able get States to ratify the amendment. vast duplication of existing systems and to assume total control. The pro-ERA story has been carried by would in no way provide the United The 1922 Constitution of the Republic newspapers, radio and national televis­ States with a strategic advantage it now of Lithuania granted to its citizens the ion. One would think that no strong and lacks. basic freedoms of religion, speech, com­ organized opposition to this amendment This still undeveloped weapons sys­ munication, and assembly. Since 1940, exists or when the opposition is given tem has already cost our Nation $4.3726 these rights and freedoms have been coverag-e, it is done in a prejudiced man­ billion. The $1.2 billion recently author­ nonexistent for the Lithuanian people. ner. Moreover, the Congress voted sev­ ized will pay for construction of five B-1 Today, the Soviet Union's policy in eral million dollars for Women's Year aircraft. The system, should it ever be Lithuania has been one of pol!tical re­ which has endec up promoting ERA and completely developed, would cost at least pression, religious persecution. as well radical feminist propaganda. $26 billion. It would be the most expen­ as concentrated programs of Russiftca­ The fact is that there is widespread sive weapons system in world history. tion, colonization. and ethnic dilusion. A opposition to this proposal. This opoosi­ We have already seen how the B-1's few examples will help make the picture tion deserves fair coverage. It is raising predecessor, the B-70, failed to prove its clear. many of the problems with the amend­ alleged potential at a cost of more than At least several thousand Lithuanians, ment that its proponents wish to ignore. $1 billion. who after World War II participated in Recently, Phyllis Schlafly in Eagle Must we continue to invest billions the partisan resistance against the So­ Forum discussed the lack of balance in of dollars in a new project that may very viet Union and served prison sentences coverage. At this point I include the text well duplicate the failures of its fore- in camps, are still being punic::.hed by not of that discussion entitled "The Scandal runner? · being allowed to settle in their native of Media Coverage on ERA": The district which I represent in New homeland. THE SCANDAL OF MEDICAL COVERAGE ON ERA York City could desperately use just a Many Lithuanian citizens are brought The biased media coverage of ERA is so fraction of the funds being misspent on tf) trial for the mere expression of their blatant that it imoerils the whole conceot of the B-1. Youth employment programs, views, and at the present time are im­ a free press in America. Everyone who is con­ welfare reform, national health insur­ prisoned, usually outside of Lithuania. cerned about freedom of the press should be ance. urban redevelopment all cry out People are even subjected to forcible shocked at the abuse of power displayed by large segments of the national media. There for Federal attention while Congress treatment in psychiatric hospitals-often are, of course, a. few parts of the media that continues to consider squandering our for writing complaints about the abuses have shown objectivity in reoorting, but here national resources on a weapons system by the local authorities. are some recent examples of extreme bias: that may prove obsolete before it is even Total religious freedom is not a real­ 1. The ABC-TV "documentary" aired in Jan. completed. ity. Instances are reported of presiure gave only 20 percent of the hour to the cons President Carter will decide in the being placed on priests who fulfill their and 80 percent to the pros, and Pieced the coming weeks whether to approve addi- pastoral obligations. In synagogues it is show together in a highly .Prejudicial way June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19351 that permitted the pros to answer the cons Belgrade, let us make certain that the elude that our next SALT n proposal arguments, but did not allow the cons to an­ American representative officially pre· should be far tougher on the Soviets than swer the pro arguments. The IWY Commis­ sion is now using this "documentary" in its sents to the Soviet Union the well-docu­ the last one was, if for no other reason campaign to ratify ERA. mented record of denial of human rights than the Soviets, according to former 2. When the Neva. detained against their will Jn the Sovie~ Murrie. Besides being of questionable benefit Union. Mr. Speaker, as Representative in to sugar producers, this approach sets a Today, I would like to call the attention Congress for the 13th District of Illlnois, dangerous precedent for other commod­ of my colleagues to an article in tbe I have been privileged to work closely ity programs. Christian Century, written by a constitu­ with Red Murrie to promote improve­ The administration's regulations will ent of mine and a good friend, Shirley ments in Antioch Township and Lake be carried out through back door spend­ Friedman, which expresses eloquently County. During th1s association I have ing. To prove the point, let me quote from the situation of the Hesse family, and become increasingly aware of the effec­ them once again: their hopes and fears for the future: tive manner in which Mr. Murrie carries Payments under this program wm be made THE LoNG WAIT: A STlmT IN DETEIUI!lNATIOlf out his resoonsibilities and t.he high re­ from the statutory borrowing authority of In October 1972 1n Ml~k, a populous city gard in which he is deservedly held by Com.moc:Uty Credit Corporation (CCC). Losses in that part of Russia which had once been the citizens of Lake County. incurred by the CCC are restored by request Poland, Grlgory Hess · applled to the Soviet for appropriations :from the general fundi government for an exit visa which would per­ It is with deep regret that I find my­ of the treasury 1n subsequent years. self unable to personally attend the fes­ mit him, his wife, Elena, and their two tivities on Red Murrie Day. However, I In effect, the Department is telegraph­ daughters to emigrate to Israel. Once there know that my colleagues join with me in ing Congress that it intends to go off and they planned to join Elena's parents, who extending this tribute through these re­ inaugurate its own program-without had recently been allowed t4) leave Ruesla. marks in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. benefit of public hearings or the consid- In 197'1 the young family at111 waits tor the June 15, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19353 exit Visas. The past five years have not been to some compliance with the Helsink1 Ac­ model of growth and achievement for easy. An electrical engineer, Hess was dis­ cordS concerning reunlflcation of families. many other emerging nations. In meet­ missed from his job immediately following Whatever the future holds for the Hesses, ing seemingly insurmountable geopoli­ his application to leave the U.S.S.R. In De­ one fact is known: nothing will daunt them tical hurdles, the Israelis has displayed cember 1972 the Hesses received the first of in their determination to live one day as many refusals for exit permits. The official Jews in freedom in the holy land of their an energy and initiative reminiscent of reason given was Grigory's possession of ancestors. the pioneering spirit that invigorated "mlli~ry secrets," dating from one year of early America. service as an army officer in 1965-66. This Because of our long-standing political denial was accompanied by his arrest on obligations and because of vital national charges carefully triumped-up to fit a non­ interests, we must not yield in our pro­ existent crime. After spending one brutal year ISRAEL AT 29: IN TRANSITION tection of Israel. In doing so, we will not in a bleak Russian prison, Grigory Hess was only be doing what is moral. In a larg­ released, filled with renewed determination er sense, we will be reaffirming those to get himself and his family to Israel. HON. JEROME A. AMBRO cherished American ideals of justice and Since his release, Hess works whenever liberty on which ot:r Nation was founded. and at whatever he can. The Hesses have been OF NEW YORK subjected to continual surveillance and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES harassment by the KGB, the Soviet secret pollee. They have been arrested many times; Wednesday, June 15, 1977 their fiat Is regularly searched, their tele­ Mr. AMBRO. Mr. Speaker, if definable ENOUGH ROPE TO HANG US? phone disconnected. Elena and Grlgary have transition periods exist in history-as been threatened with severe reprisals if they historians so often tell us they do-the do not desist in their etYorts to emigrate. HON. LARRY MtDONALD The Hesses hold fast to their dream of one State of Israel may be in the midst of day living in Israel, leaving behind a world in one. A new Prime Minister representing OF GEORGIA which they are denied the right to express a new political coalition is about to as­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES their religious, cultural and national yearn­ sume office. The "shuttle" diplomacy of Wednesday, June 15, 1977 ings. In Minsk the synagogues have been the early 1970's is but a memory and the forcibly closed; Hebrew and Yiddish cannot Carter administration's peace initiatives Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, the be taught; Jewish theaters, books and news­ are just beginning. subject of East-West trade is a much papers are not to be found. Unable to pro­ But, as she enters her 29th year of in­ neglected item by the Congress in par­ vide their children with a Jewish education, dependence and as she commemorates ticular and the American Government the Hesses know how difficult it w1ll be to my perpetuate Jewish beliefs and Jewish iden­ the lOth anniversary of the Six Day War, in general. Neglected, in view, in that tity. Thus, risking everything, they persist. Israel still is unrecognized by many na­ all the possible dangers in this trade ap­ In 1974 a Chicago group "adopted" the tions of the world and, therefore, im­ pear to have been swept under the rug. Hess family a.s part of a national program of periled. While often the focus of world A recent reminder of the real issues in­ letter-writing to Russian Jewish families and diplomacy, Israel paradoxically remains volved appeared in U.S. News & World to U.S. and Soviet officials on their behalf. outside the mainstream of international Report for June 20, 1977, in an editorial The correspondence has been marked by politics. This is especially ironic since she by Marvin Stone. I commend the edi­ vivid and moving letters written by Elena torial to the attention of my colleagues: Hess in a painstaking selt-taught English. ranks as one of the world's most indus­ There have been periods of silence, some last­ trialized and civilized countries. ENOUGH RoPE To HANG Us? ing for months, when the mall has been Indeed, it was only 1% years ago that (By Marvin Stone) stopped by the Russians. Those letters that the United Nations General Assembly The unseemly haste with which the new have come through are a. stlrrlng testament tragically voted to equate Zionism with Administration Is moving to restore relations to the human desire for freedom and a. stead­ racism. I condemned that farcical resolu­ with CUba and North Vietnam suggests that fast faith in God. tion then, and my outrage continues to we will soon be falling all over ourselves to With an English dictionary at her side, smolder at this and similar mindless ac­ sell them whatever it Is they ask !or. translating her thoughts word for word from Will it be oil from Alaska's North Slope? Russian to English, Elena Hess writes to her tions by what is supposed to be the Metallurgical coal from Virginia. mines? Rich American friends: world's chief peacekeeping institution. phosphate from Florida? Perhaps advanced "We thank you very much for your letter. In the face of much hostile world opin­ computers !rom Minnesota? It is a. big support for us. . . . Write, please, ion, however, the United States fortu­ Why not? Other Communist countries are about your family, about your chlldren, about nately has always been Israel's staun­ getting just about all they ask !or. Whether the llfe of American and Jewish people. It is chest supporter. That support was we will pay dearly in the end seems to make very interesting for us.... We are not dramatically demonstrated earlier this little cltiference. despondent and go on with our struggle for year when Congress passed a law pro­ What is surprising Is how few Americans our wish to come true." are raising the questions of whether we really December 1975 found Elena replying to a hibiting American firms from partici­ know what we are doing-or why. couple who had recently Visited Israel: pating in the Arab nations' boycott of Is­ Some are still bo111ng mad over the grain "Your postcard from Israel reached us. . .. rael-an action I favored. This was one sales to Russia, which left farmers dissatis­ We sincerely envy you that you may go any­ of Congress finer moments as it went fied, consumer advocates aghast and econ­ where you want, you can see Israel when you explicitly on the record in defense of Is­ omists shaking their fists. Now we are bear­ want, you can even go there on vacation-it's rael. More such tangible and unequivo­ ing about all sorts of new deals. It is hard remarkable I Our life is very alarming now. cal support must be forthcoming if Israel on the nerves to watch American salesmen Nothing comes of our dreams. We hope only is to keep prospering. crisscrossing the Communist world to sell off of God and you." our dwindling resources to potential foes. Just as crucial is the steadfast support Somebody is supposed to be protecting us In 1976 Elena. expressed a. sense of despair: of Israel by the American peoole. Last "It became very cold in Minsk. Our mood is against being our own worst enemy. The as cold as the winter. We see that nobody week, for example, nearly a half-million trouble is that the safeguards have become can help us." But at the end of the year she New Yorkers paraded up Fifth Avenue d11fuse. With such a. variety of agencies par­ wrote: in tribute to Jerusalem's reunification ticipating as the Department of Commerce, State and Defense and the Energy Research "We aren't sorry that such a destiny falls 10 years ago. It is my firm h-ope that the Carter ad­ and Development Administration, Congress, to our lot. . . . During these long years of Presidents and dispensers of foreign aid, it is struggle !or returning to our homeland we ministration-in its search for a perma­ clear that we may be letting things slip are more convinced that our aspiration to nent and just settlement-will continue through e. crack. unite with our people is the only right way, unflagging U.S. support of Israel and not The argument is raised that an excess o! and we are ready to make more sacrlflces in sacrifice its interests under pressure caution could be bad. A long-term objective order to realize our dream." from Arab oil interests or Palestinian or recent U.S. Administrations has been to This year finds the Hesses optimistic, terrorism. increase trade with Eastern Europe, in the buoyed by President Carter's recent state­ conviction that this would foster a plural ments. "All our hopes are !or this year. We Israel, with American aid and a firm society-in other words, loosen the solidity believe President Carter is a great struggler commitment from Jews everywhere, has of 'the Communist bloc. You can't fault the for human rl~hts and he will help us to be­ developed the only democratic govern­ idea in theory. come free." There is also hope that world­ ment in the region as well as an edu­ But these considerations do not mean that wide public opinion may force th~ Russians cated, stable society. She has become a we should deal off things we may urgently 19354 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 15, 1977 require in return for goods that are not at ated from the Hochschule-Academy for tax, credit and research programs advanced all vital to us, or sell valuable ~chnology the Science of Judaism-held pulpits in large and corporate :farms. that can be used against us. One report tells Germany and New Jersey, and is a mem­ ..The present agricultural system is dom­ us that Russia offered low-cost mules and inated by certain actors who attempt to cheaper vodka as batt :for computers. It was ber of the Rabbinical Assembly of maintain control primarily :for their benefit," not seriously considered, but it serves as a America. conclude Marshall and Allen Thompson, an horrible example. I take much pride and pleasure in join­ economics professor at the University of New We mentioned phosphates. 'Qnder an ar­ ing those many others paying tribute to Hampshire. rangement made three years ago, we are now Rabbi Hyman, and ask my fellow mem­ "The controlling figures in this system preparing to send superphosphor1c acid :from bers to note the lifelong accomplish­ (large farmers and their organizations, the Florida mines to Russia. It means the open­ U.S. Department of Agriculture, the land­ ing of new scars in an already violated land­ ments of a compassionate and loving grant college system, food processors, agricUl­ scape, and may well raise the price. Both the man. tural eqUipment dealers, key congressional price and the long-range supply are of vital equipment dealers, key congressional repre­ interest to :farmers and to people who eat sentatives and senators) share certain values the products of the :farms. So when we now FUTURE FARM POLICY about how the system should operate and also talk to the Rumanians about developing for whose benefit." similar sources :for them, we raise prospects The basic premise that large-scale :farming that need to be examined closely. HON. RICHARD NOLAN ts more efllcient In that tt produces more law­ And a deal to supply Rumania's steel OJ' :MINNESOTA cost goods 1s challenged by the two. They plants with coking coal :from Virginia may IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES say the traditional view has avoided the costs not stir any immediate misgivings by Amer­ of research, lost taxes, energy consumption icans in general; stlll there's more than just Wednesdav, June 15, 1977 and enruonmental da.mage in determining a hint here and there that the over-all effect Mr. NOLAN. Mr. Speaker, for too efllciency, and has over-looked the costs of bears scrutiny. welfare, unemployment, crime and the ur­ Technology is something :far more fright­ long U.S. agricultural policy has been ban decay resulting from a displaced popula­ ening. It concerned many in the Pentagon weighted in favor of the largest producers tion. when sale of an ultasophisticated computer, who need Government assistance the .. One of the greatest tragedies in the past the Cyber 76, came up :for approvaL Advanced least. I am submitting for the RECORD several decades," Marshall and Th<>mpson computer capab111ty is one prime mmtary two recent Washington Post articles say, "was the large-scale displacement :from advantage the U.S. still holds over the Soviet which reveal the shortcomings of farm agriculture of people 111-prepared by educa­ Union, and we should be thinking hard policy over the !ast 40 years. tion, training or experience :for nonfra.m jobs. about handing over computers of any kind Clearly this has resulted in increased urban tor any amount of dollars. Quality of long­ Criticisms such as those raised in the congestion, with all tts associated problems range missiles is among the stakes here. articles have been used, unfortunately, and costs, as well as widespread poverty and Arguments were made that Russia can be as a rationale for the wholesale junking unemployment In rural areas." prevented :from copying the Cyber 76 or ap­ of New Deal-type farm policy in favor of Their report, "Status and Prospects of plying it to m111tary uses. These arguments returning to the so-called market­ Small Farmers in the South," was prepared were disputed. In cases like these, the public oriented approach to agriculture. In the tor the Southern Regional Council, a private is given little choice except to go with the last 4 years, however, the Agriculture Act organization seeking to ellmtnate racism and Administration's judgment, hoping tha.t wis­ of 1973 has treated farmers and consum­ poverty. dom prevails. The study was completed late last year No one is suggesting that we shut off all ers to a market-oriented .farm program while Marshall was director of the Center trade with the Communists. But it 1s some­ which has caused severe gyrations and for the Study of Human Resources and pro­ thing else to ignore the words of Lenin. In distortions in the price of agricultural fessor of economics at the University of effect, he predicted that the West itself commodities. Continuing such policies Texas in Austin. It was released last week. would one day supply Russia with the rope will further jeopardize the livelihood of Small :farms are considered to be those with which it would hang the West. the small farmers described 1n the selling $5,000 or less in :farm goods a year. Has anyone been paying attention? articles. Nationally, 966.681 such :farms accounted for 26 per cent of the 3,704,912 :farms in 1959. The farm program that originated with By 1969 they accounted for about 21 per the New Deal ceased to function properly cent (587,668) of the nation's 2.728,139 because Congress and succeeding ad­ :farms. More than one-halt of the small :farms RABBI HYMAN ministrations, influenced by big agricul­ are in the South. tural interests, lost sight of the original "Small farmers have borne the major brunt farm policy goals: parity prices, conserv­ of the chan~es in the :farming sector," Mar­ HON. HENRY A. WAXMAN ing allotments, a reserve program, inter­ shall and Thompson write, and thus ..the OJ' CALIFORNIA national commodity agreements, and South has experienced a major displacement :from :farms and can be expected to expert­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES programs aimed at assisting small farm­ ense :future chan~es if past trends continue Wednesday, June 15, 1977 ers, such as the Resettlement Adminis­ . . . Without significant changes, :few non­ tration and the Farm Security Adminis­ white :farmers are likely to survive in South­ Mr. WAXMAN. Mr. Speaker, it is a tration. ern agriculture." privilege granted only to a fortunate few, Returning to the basic principles of They recommend a series of major changes to publicly pay tribute to a dear friend New Deal farm policy and gearing farm in U.S. farm policy, but so severe 1s their and former teacher. Rabbi Harry Hy­ programs toward family farm-size p~ View, they say, that "since the u.s. Depart­ man, retiring from 20 years of service to ducers will do more to help medium and ment of Amculture shows so little Interest the Jewish community as director of smaller family farmers and to restore in small farmers, all :federal programs de­ the Chaplaincy Service of the Board of signed to improve the conditions of small economic and social well-being to rural :farmers should be removed :from the depart­ Rabbis of Southern California, will be America than the erratic market-ori­ ment and placed in a separate agency ..." honored at a farewell luncheon on June ented farm policy embraced by the Carter Specftcially, they criticize: 16. His many years of devotion to his administration. Farm research, much of it carried on at community have earned for him the re­ The article follows: land-grant schools with public money, that spect and admiration of countless (Prom the Washington Post, May 31, 1977) has :focused on crops, livestock and machin­ beneficiaries. ery not geared to small :farms, but which BIG-FARM Bus OF U.S. PoLICY FAt7LTZD instead increased the acreage required for But for me, Rabbi Hyman has played (By Bill Curry) optimal operation. in a significant role a more personal way. U.S. agriculture policy, In the pursuit of Credit practices, even among such federal As my Rabbi at Huntington Park Hebrew possibly mythical efftciency, has driven thou­ S.'tencies a

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Thursday, June 16, 1977 The House met at 10 o'clock a.m. mittee of conference on the disagreeing CONSIDERATION OF THE FAST­ Rev. Joseph F. X. Cevetello, pastor of votes of the two Houses on the amend­ BREEDER REACTOR AND THE Our Lady of Mount Virgin Church, ments of the Senate to the bill