Edison-Plant-Based-Report-V4.Pdf

Home , Criticisms of Cargill, Criticism of Tesco

CONSUMER October 2020

The lean, green money-making machine MEATING DEMAND Meat alternatives: An investment analysis

ANALYSTS: Max Hayes +44 (020) 3077 5700 Sara Welford +44 (020) 3077 5700 [email protected] Page 2 of 30

SECTOR BACKGROUND

There are two main types of meat alternatives: i) plant-based, currently the only commercially available; ii) cultured or cell-based, which is created by taking cells from an animal and then exponentially growing them in a bioreactor, which involves no animal slaughter and is far more efficient than traditional livestock farming.

Kearney estimates that revenue for the global plant-based market is projected to grow from US$46bn to US$120bn between 2018 and 2025, representing a 15% CAGR. Longer-term growth projections vary greatly, with revenue estimates for the global market in 2030 ranging from $140bn (Barclays) to $252bn (Kearney). Page 3 of 30

INVESTMENT LOGIC

• We see multiple and varied routes to investing in plant-based markets, • The loss-making nature of plant-based companies leaves them including i) producers, ii) companies that serve and distribute exposed to the threat of acquisition – a trend we show has products containing meat alternatives, for example, restaurants, been accelerating in recent years. We believe there is scope iii) food packaging and nutritional and health supplements. for significant consolidation in the plant-based food market. • The three main drivers for consumers choosing to eat less meat are • COVID-19 appears to have already benefitted non-meat animal welfare, health and climate change. alternatives, and may create supply shortages that lead • The cell-based meat industry is still nascent; however, as cell-based to significant prices increases for animal meat. meat becomes revenue generating we expect there will be scope for greater investment. This could be as early as 2025. Large-cap public meat producers are among those to have already invested, with names including Tyson, Cargill and Merck. • As government support initiatives for plant-based producers and rising prices of meat should provide a key tailwind for the plant-based industry, securing long-term growth and diminishing the idea of it being a passing fad. • Regulatory headwinds for plant-based products include restrictions on the use of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and on the marketing of plant-based products as “meat”.

FRIENDS, NOT FOOD Page 4 of 30

Companies mentioned in this report:

Beyond Meat (BYND.O) > Hilton Food Group (HFG.L) > Science in Sport (SISS.L)* > Burcon NutraScience (BU.TO) > Hormel Foods Corp (HRL) > Starbucks Corp (SBUX.O) > Cargill (Private) > Hotel Chocolat (HOTC.L) > Tesco (TSCO.L) > Cranswick (CWK.L) > J Sainsbury (SBRY.L) > Tyson Foods (TSN) > Danone (DANO.PA) > McDonald’s Corp (MCD) > Unilever (ULVR.L) > Domino’s Pizza (DOM.L) > Merck (MRK) > Very Good Food (VERY.CD) > Enervit SpA (ENVT.MI) > Modern Meat (MEAT.CD) > YUM! Brands (YUM) > Greggs (GRG.L)* > Nestlé (NESN.S)tics > Hain Celestial Group (HAIN.O) > Restaurant Brands (QSR.TO) >

*Edison Investment Research client Page 5 of 30

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

What are meat alternatives? Investment opportunities

There are two main types: We see multiple and varied routes to investing in Since the COVID-19 March related sell-offs, 1 Plant-based, which mimic the taste and texture of plant-based markets, including: pure-play food producers have recovered more meat – currently the only commercially available • Producers, ranging from those with a focused strongly than the broader food producer category. alternative and forecast to grow significantly over portfolio to companies with broader portfolios For example, Burcon NutraScience are up 276% the next 20 years as conventional meat sales decline. that include plant-based alternatives as part to a high of US$2.26/share and Beyond Meat 2 Cultured or cell-based, which is created by taking of the mix. up 241% to a high of US$184/share. Over the cells from an animal and then exponentially • Companies that serve and distribute products past 12 months, Burcon and Beyond Meat have growing them in a bioreactor, which involves containing these alternatives; for example, outperformed the S&P 500 Packaged Food and no animal slaughter and is far more efficient restaurants, cafés and shops that provide food Meats index by 65% and 37% respectively. than traditional livestock farming. services and prepared products. Kearney estimates that revenue for the global • Food packaging and nutritional and health Relative to companies focusing on plant-based plant-based market is projected to grow from supplements. proteins, other food producers offer lower risk but US$46bn to US$120bn between 2018 and 2025, potentially less return if sales in the plant-based representing a 15% CAGR. Longer-term growth market reach the top end of our growth projections. projections vary greatly, with revenue estimates for the global market in 2030 ranging from $140bn (Barclays) to $252bn (Kearney). Page 6 of 30

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Consumer demand drivers Rising competition from cell-based meat Affordability, pricing and meat industry subsidies In our view, a completely plant-based diet will never The cell-based meat industry is still nascent, be dominant, but positively for the plant-based where global investments in 2018 totalled US$50m, The severe impact of COVID-19 on global employment market there is a rising trend in new approaches such equivalent to only 6% of the amount invested in places emphasis on the price of food, where consumers as flexitarianism (the elimination of processed foods plant-based food; however, as cell-based meat will purchase cheaper alternatives to save more while coupled with low or occasional meat consumption). becomes revenue generating we expect there will earning less. be scope for greater investment. This could be as The three main drivers for consumers choosing early as 2025, which is when cell-based meat is However, the current cost advantage for the meat to eat less meat are animal welfare, health and expected to be produced on an industrial scale industry (which is often heavily subsidised) may climate change. and at a price equal to conventional meat. be short lived, as government support initiatives for plant-based producers and rising prices of Large-cap public meat producers are among those meat should provide a key tailwind for the plant- to have already invested, with names including based industry, securing long-term growth and Tyson, Cargill and Merck. diminishing the idea of it being a passing fad. Page 7 of 30

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Regulatory headwinds Consolidation trends COVID-19

Plant-based product companies who use genetically Plant-based companies’ low-margin sales and high COVID-19 appears to have benefitted non-meat modified organisms (GMO) may find their expansion R&D expenses typically result in them remaining loss- alternatives. For example, in the US plant-based into regions with tighter GMO regulation limited. making for long periods of time. For example, Beyond meat sales grew 264% in the nine weeks ending Brexit also creates an additional unknown as the UK’s Meat, which listed on Nasdaq in 2019 and has been 2 May (Nielsen). stance on GMO imports once it leaves the EU is operating since 2012, reported a net loss of US$10.2m still undetermined. Regulators may also prevent in its Q220 results despite achieving record net Moreover, as happened following African Swine Flu, plant-based product companies from labelling revenues of US$113.3m (Q219: US$67.3m). COVID-19 may create supply shortages that lead to their products as “meat” if it is deemed significant prices increases for animal meat. misleading to consumers. This subsequently, leaves such companies exposed to the threat of acquisition – a trend we show has Finally, a report by Mintel highlights the potential been accelerating in recent years. COVID-19 tailwinds for the plant-based market, stating that 25% of millennials in the UK now found Acquirers, including typically large and diversified veganism more appealing as a result of the pandemic. names such as Unilever, Nestlé and Danone, have the economies of scale and the established market there is scope presence and balance sheets to grow these new for significant products quickly and generate a profit, leading us to believe there is scope for significant consolidation in consolidation in the plant-based food market. Additional benefits for the plant-based acquirers include creating both diversity and ESG in food market their portfolios, expanding regional capabilities and providing a faster route to market. Page 8 of 30

CONTENTS

Meat alternatives – Plant-based products appeal to meat lovers 9

Industry and corporate landscape 10

Consumer demand drivers 16

Corporate and industry dynamics 22

Appendix 26 Page 9 of 30

MEAT ALTERNATIVES – PLANT-BASED PRODUCTS APPEAL TO MEAT LOVERS

Global meat market revenues are expected to almost Innovation: A catalyst for growth? Growing number of investment opportunities double over the next 20 years; however, its growth looks set to be driven by the plant- and cell-based Consuming a wholly plant-based diet is not a Beyond Meat’s debut on the Nasdaq stock market meat subsectors. Plant-based products should new concept, nor are the links between animal in 2019 represented the first public investment dominate the meat alternatives space over the next protein consumption and its impact on the opportunity in plant-based meat; however, with five years, where innovation is creating a credible environment, animal welfare and human health. demand rising significantly over the last few years, so consumer proposition. Products can now mimic However, the popularity of plant-based foods has too has the number of companies entering the market. the sensory profile of conventional meat, where accelerated recently, with 29% sales growth for Nestlé, Tyson and Tesco have all invested heavily in tastes and textures offer a meat-like experience. the US plant-based meat market between 2017 their own plant-based products and have leveraged Kearney estimates that revenue for the global and 2019, outperforming the overall US retail their established market positions to compete with plant-based meat market is projected to grow from food market growth of 4% (Good Food Institute). the likes of Beyond Meat. Restaurants provide another US$46bn to US$120bn between 2018 and 2025, Initiatives such as Veganuary and the emergence route for investors, with examples including Burger representing a 15% CAGR. Longer-term growth of flexitarianism (to reduce overall meat intake) King (a Restaurant Brands company), which uses projections vary greatly, with revenue estimates have encouraged consumers to transition towards Beyond Meat in its plant-based range (which has come (Barclays) to $252bn (Kearney). The number of plant-based products. Pure-play Beyond Meat is under criticism as the plant-based patties are cooked companies entering the market is proliferating, a key innovator in the plant-based meat industry. on the same grill as conventional patties), or Greggs, including a number of large multinationals that Refinitiv consensus forecasts anticipate its sales to which manufactures its own vegan range (which has can support significant R&D investment. That said, grow from US$298m in 2019 to US$480m in 2020 come under criticism as the plant-based patties are the plant-based meat market is still in its infancy (+61%) and to US$1.5bn by 2024 (+38.5% CAGR). cooked on the same grill as conventional patties). and faces several headwinds, including the threat Additionally, Greggs’ addition of its vegan sausage Alternatively, Science in Sport has a plant-based of competition and regulatory scrutiny. roll contributed to outstanding like-for-like sales range of sports supplements, providing an alternative growth of 9.6% in the first seven weeks of FY19. to traditional supplements such as whey protein. Page 10 of 30

INDUSTRY AND CORPORATE LANDSCAPE

Kearney forecasts (Exhibit 1) that the global meat 01Exhibit 1: Growth of the total global meat market by type We see multiple and varied02 routes to investing 03 05 market is projected to grow from c US$1tn in 2018 in plant-based protein markets. This includes to US$1.8tn by 2040, which includes conventional Revenue (US$bn) producers, ranging fromPrice those performance with a (rebasedfocused to 100) Price performance (rebased to 100) Share of respondants (%) Male Female meat, novel vegan meat replacement (plant-based 2,000 portfolio to companies250 with broader portfolios that 250 3 Conven�onal meat S&P500 Packaged Foods & Meats Nestlé Hain Celes�al meat) and cultured meat. Cultured meat is created Novel vegan meat replacement include plant-based alternatives as partBeyond of the Meat mix. Tyson Cranswick Cultured meat Burcon Nutrascience from conventional meat by taking cells from an 1,600 Secondary to producers,200 investors can also gain 200 animal and then exponentially growing them in a exposure via companies that serve and distribute bioreactor, which involves no animal slaughter and is products containing these alternatives; for example, 2 1,200 150 150 far more efficient than traditional livestock farming. restaurants, cafés and shops that provide food services and prepared products. More tangentially, There is a developing awareness of the increasing 800 investment exposure can100 be accessed via food 100 1 unsustainability of conventional meat as populations packaging and nutritional and health supplements. grow, providing significant scope for alternatives. 400 In Exhibit 3 we present 50valuations for a range of 50 Plant-based meat is the only commercially available companies, split into these various categories. alternative and is forecast to grow significantly 0 0 0 0 over the next 20 years as conventional meat sales decline. Kearney forecasts that novel vegan meat 2018 2025 2030 2035 2040 10/2019 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 10/2020 10/2019 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 10/2020 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ replacements will have an 18% share of the global meat market by 2030 (US$252bn), up from c 4% Source: Kearney, Edison Investment Research currently (US$46bn). That said, 2030 revenue 06 07 08 estimates vary, with UBS and Barclays expecting market sales to reach US$85bn (c 6%) and US$bn Yes No US holdings of foreign equi�es (US$tn) US$140bn (c 10%) respectively. 100 100 0 75 80 70 60 50 50 40 25 30 20 10 0 0 $40,000 $40,000 – More than or less $100,000 $100,000 09/2010 09/2012 09/2014 09/2016 09/2018 09/2020

09 10 12

Share of respondants (%) No. of par�cipents (’000s) nconvenient 500 30 Health – other Savings ra�o (%) y-o-y change disposable income (%) Temptation/motivation 20 400 Temporary intention 10 300 Social/interspersonal 0 Health – proteins and energy levels 200 Expense -10

Lost faith 08/2005 02/2007 02/2010 02/2013 02/2016 02/2019 02/2022 02/2025 100 Cheese Health – 0 disordered eating 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Page 11 of 30

INDUSTRY AND CORPORATE LANDSCAPE

Pure-play food producers • We note that Beyond Meat trades at a materially higher FY21 EV/sales ratio than all other companies In Exhibit 2 we show the one-year performance of and categories shown in Exhibit 3. Sales for Burcon, pure-play plant-based meat producers. Three of these Very Good Food and Modern Meat are too small have raised funds via IPO within the last two years. for multiples to be significant. Beyond Meat’s 2019 IPO (which raised US$240m) • Multiple valuations, as typical for nascent companies was the first in the sector, followed by the Very reporting either negative or low earnings and Good Food Company (listed 16 June 2020, raised absorbing high R&D investment tend not to be C$4m) and Modern Meat (listed 1 July 2020, raised appropriate at this stage. C$2.5m). Burcon NutraScience, an R&D company • Long-term earnings visibility obscured by potential focused on plant protein extraction and purification, competition or regulatory headwinds. also offers a pure-play investment opportunity. • In the shorter term, demand from restaurants may Some of the key points for this segment are: be constrained due to the perceived risk of adding • Since the COVID-19 March related sell-offs, to menu complexity with plant-based foods due to pure-play food producers have recovered more the earnings impact caused by COVID-19. strongly than the broader food producer category, with Burcon NutraScience up 362% to a high of US$2.91/share and Beyond Meat up 261% to a high of US$195/share. Over the past 12 months, Burcon and Beyond Meat have outperformed the S&P 500 Packaged Food and Meats index by 68% and 52% respectively. Page 12 of 30

INDUSTRY AND CORPORATE LANDSCAPE

0101 0202Exhibit 2: One-year price performance for a basket of pure play food producers 03Exhibit03 3: One-year price performance for a basket other food producers 0505

RevenueRevenue (US$bn) (US$bn) PricePrice performance performance (rebased (rebased to 100) to 100) PricePrice performance performance (rebased (rebased to 100) to 100) ShareShare of respondants of respondants (%) (%) MaleMale FemaleFemale

2,0002,000 250250 250250 3 3 Conven�onalConven�onal meat meat S&P500S&P500 Packaged Packaged Foods Foods & Meats & Meats NestléNestlé HainHain Celes�al Celes�al NovelNovel vegan vegan meat meat replacement replacement BeyondBeyond Meat Meat TysonTyson CranswickCranswick CulturedCultured meat meat BurconBurcon Nutrascience Nutrascience 1,6001,600 200200 200200

2 2 1,2001,200 150150 150150

800800 100100 100100 1 1

400400 50 50 50 50

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20182018 20252025 20302030 20352035 20402040 10/201910/2019 01/202001/2020 04/202004/2020 07/202007/2020 10/202010/2020 10/201910/2019 01/202001/2020 04/202004/2020 07/202007/2020 10/202010/2020 18-2418-24 25-3425-34 35-4435-44 45-5445-54 55+ 55+

Source: Refinitiv, Edison calculations, priced at 27 October 2020 Source: Refinitiv, Edison calculations, priced at 27 October 2020 0606 0707 0808

US$bnUS$bn Yes Yes No No US holdingsUS holdings of foreign of foreign equi�es equi�es (US$tn) (US$tn) 100100 100100 0 0 75 75 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 50 50 40 40 25 25 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 0 $40,000$40,000 $40,000$40,000 – – MoreMore than than or lessor less $100,000$100,000 $100,000$100,000 09/201009/201009/201209/201209/201409/201409/201609/201609/201809/201809/202009/2020

0909 1010 1212

ShareShare of respondants of respondants (%) (%) No. No.of par�cipents of par�cipents (’000s) (’000s) nconvenientnconvenient 500500 30 30 HealthHealth – other – other SavingsSavings ra�o ra�o (%) (%) y-o-yy-o-y change change disposable disposable income income (%) (%) Temptation/motivationTemptation/motivation 20 20 400400 TemporaryTemporary intention intention 10 10 300300 Social/interspersonalSocial/interspersonal 0 0 HealthHealth – proteins – proteins and andenergy energy levels levels 200200 ExpenseExpense -10 -10

LostLost faith faith 08/200508/200502/200702/2007 02/201002/2010 02/201302/2013 02/201602/2016 02/201902/2019 02/202202/2022 02/202502/2025 100100 CheeseCheese HealthHealth – – 0 0 disordereddisordered eating eating 20152015 20162016 20172017 20182018 20192019 20202020 0 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 Page 13 of 30

INDUSTRY AND CORPORATE LANDSCAPE

Other food producers and relevant companies • Food producers outside of pure play are more attractive from an income perspective; Relative to companies focusing on plant-based median dividend yields range from 2–3% proteins, other food producers are typically larger, versus no dividend for companies focusing with more diversified portfolios and stronger on plant-based products. balance sheets. They offer lower risk but potentially • Forward earnings multiples for large-cap food less return if sales in the plant-based market reach service companies are significantly higher the top end of the growth projections detailed relative to the rest of the table (except for pure in Exhibit 1. Some of the key points for these play); however, multiples for mid-cap food service companies are: companies are on par with the other averages. • Mid-cap food producers have been the strongest performers of the other companies in Exhibit Supermarkets and companies focusing on food 4 over the last 12 months, with Hain Celestial packaging and sports supplements have the lowest and Cranswick up 53% and 7% respectively. forward earnings multiples; supermarkets also offer Looking comparatively at large caps, Nestlé is up the highest yields, as can be seen in Exhibit 4. 2% and Tyson is down 27%, but the overall price performances for the selected companies detailed in Exhibit 4 are more stable relative to pure plays. • Prospective multiples for food producers with hybrid models, particularly larger and more diverse players such as Nestlé, are marginally higher on average than traditional meat processors such as Tyson. Page 14 of 30

INDUSTRY AND CORPORATE LANDSCAPE

Exhibit 4: Company valuations

Name Description Share Quoted Market Market EV EV/sales EV/sales EV/ EV/ EV/EBIT EV/EBIT P/E P/E Div yield price currency cap cap ($m) FY20e FY21e EBITDA EBITDA FY20e FY21e FY20e FY21e FY20e (ccy) (ccym) ($m) (x) (x) FY20e (x) FY21e (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (%)

Food producers (pure play) BYND.O Beyond Meat Leading plant-based meat producer 184 USD 11,499 11,499 22,752 47.4 30.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.0 BU.TO Burcon NS Plant protein extraction company 2 CAD 159 209 362 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A VERY.CD Very Good Food Emerging plant-based food tech 2 CAD 114 151 266 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A MEAT.CD Modern Meat Develops plant-based meat 3 CAD 65 86 150 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Mean 47.4 30.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.0 Median 47.4 30.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.0 Food producers (hybrid) NESN.S Nestlé Owns Garden Gourmet (plant meat) 107 CHF 337,933 307,587 673,316 7.3 30.2 33.0 31.9 41.1 39.4 25.5 23.9 2.5 ULVR.L Unilever €85m invested in Food Innovation Centre for meat alternatives 4802 GBp 161,773 124,950 312,854 5.3 5.1 24.0 22.6 29.0 26.8 22.5 20.9 3.0 DANO.PA Danone Entered market through WhiteWave 53 EUR 42,997 36,544 93,660 3.3 3.3 18.2 17.2 23.9 22.3 16.1 15.0 3.0 MEAT.CD HAIN.O Health comp with alternatives range 36 USD 3,618 3,618 7,480 3.6 3.6 37.9 32.4 N/A 42.6 45.1 31.0 0.0 Mean 4.9 4.8 28.3 26.0 31.3 32.8 27.3 22.7 2.3 Median 4.5 4.4 28.5 27.3 29.0 33.1 24.0 22.4 2.8 Food producers (meat) TSN Tyson Foods Raised & Rooted plant-based brand 49 USD 26,452 26,452 52,466 5.4 5.2 39.2 36.4 46.2 42.3 29.3 27.0 1.9 HRL Hormel Foods Launched Happy Little Plants (2019) 58 USD 21,240 21,240 53,928 1.3 1.2 13.4 12.3 19.0 16.7 11.6 9.9 2.9 CWK.L Cranswick Katsouris acquisition 3470 GBp 2,354 1,818 4,356 2.2 1.8 26.2 20.3 36.5 29.3 24.5 19.8 1.6 Mean 2.9 2.8 26.2 23.0 33.9 29.4 21.8 18.9 2.1 Median 2.2 1.8 26.2 20.3 36.5 29.3 24.5 19.8 1.9

Source: Refinitiv data, Edison Investment Research. Note: Prices at 20 October 2020. Continued… Page 15 of 30

INDUSTRY AND CORPORATE LANDSCAPE

Exhibit 4: Company valuations cont.

Food service MCD McDonald’s Beyond Meat Burger called PLT 226 USD 168,167 168,167 369,599 19.2 16.9 42.2 33.3 N/A 39.5 38.0 27.3 2.2 SBUX.O Starbucks Plant protein extraction company 88 USD 102,404 102,404 213,219 9.1 7.6 N/A 36.7 N/A 47.5 N/A 32.2 1.9 YUM YUM! Brands Owns KFC, sells Beyond Chicken 97 USD 29,311 29,311 68,579 12.3 11.0 38.0 32.3 40.2 34.3 30.2 24.8 1.9 DOM.L Domino’s Pizza Launched vegan range on 7 Sept 339 GBp 2,025 1,564 3,898 5.7 5.5 26.6 25.5 29.7 28.2 20.7 19.4 2.8 GRG.L Greggs Vegan sausage roll and steak bake 1318 GBp 1,725 1,332 3,298 3.3 2.4 43.2 14.4 N/A 36.8 N/A 28.2 0.8 HOTC.L Hotel Chocolat Vegan range using nut milk 350 GBp 567 438 1,029 5.9 5.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.2 Mean 9.2 8.2 37.5 28.5 35.0 37.2 29.6 26.4 1.6 Median 7.5 6.7 40.1 32.3 35.0 36.8 30.2 27.3 1.9 Food packaging HFG.L Hilton Food 50% share in Dalco, veg producer 1156 GBp 1,223 945 2522 0.9 0.7 19.8 17.7 31.6 27.8 24.0 21.1 2.0

Supermarkets TSCO.L Tesco Plant chef is own plant-based range 212 GBp 26,772 20,678 63,316 0.8 0.8 10.1 12.1 17.0 21.9 13.1 15.6 3.7 SBRY.L J Sainsbury Plant Pioneers plant-based range 203 GBp 5,818 4,494 18,264 0.5 0.5 6.7 6.5 15.0 14.6 11.2 10.7 4.8 Mean 0.6 0.7 8.4 9.3 16.0 18.2 12.2 13.2 4.2 Median 0.6 0.7 8.4 9.3 16.0 18.2 12.2 13.2 4.2 Sport supplements SISS.L Science in Sport Produces/sells plant-based supps 33 GBp 57 44 95 1.1 1.0 N/A 21.5 N/A 36.6 N/A 28.4 0.0 ENVT.MI Enervit Produces/sells plant-based supps 3 EUR 58 49 122 1.8 1.7 26.9 21.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.0 Mean 1.5 1.3 26.9 21.5 N/A 36.6 N/A 28.4 0.0 Median 1.5 1.3 26.9 21.5 N/A 36.6 N/A 28.4 0.0

Source: Refinitiv data, Edison Investment Research. Note: Prices at 20 October 2020. Page 16 of 30

CONSUMER DEMAND DRIVERS

We commented on the rapidly accelerating growth Food consumption trends In our view, a completely plant-based diet will never in the adoption of plant-based diets above. These be dominant, but positively for the plant-based include the most significant (and perhaps the easiest) Kitchen Stories’ 2019 survey on food consumption market there is a rising trend in new approaches one in the form of flexitarianism (focusing on a outlines trends in leading world markets (China, such as flexitarianism, as mentioned above. Below plant-based diet with the elimination of processed the US, the UK and Germany), where the percentage are a few key points from a YouGov study on foods and low or occasional meat consumption). of vegans is still small, ranging from 2% (China) consumption trends in the UK in 2018: Veganism is increasingly being adopted, although to 7% (Germany). Additionally, when asked what • Around 14% of the British population are on a rates of veganism are still low globally. That said, trend they found most interesting, the majority flexitarian diet, twice as many as pescatarians, according to the Vegan Society, nearly half the UK of consumers chose high protein (c 34%) and low vegetarians and vegans combined. is either flexitarian, vegetarian or vegan, providing carbohydrate diets (c 25%) over the vegan diet, • Women between the ages of 18 and 24 are the significant scope for the entry of innovative plant- which ranged between 12.4% (China) and 17.5% most likely to limit the amount of meat they based products. We identify that ethics, health and (Germany). However, the number of innovative consume, with 18% considering themselves climate change mitigation are the main consumer plant-based options that allow consumers to eat flexitarian and 3% vegan. demand drivers, with plant-based products both a plant-based and high protein diet is increasing, • The highest category for men limiting the amount having several advantages versus animal meat. exemplified by plant-based meat, which has a of meat they eat is between the ages of 25 and 34, Exhibits 5 to 10 highlight the significant rise in the nutritional profile akin to animal meat. where 14% consider themselves flexitarian and popularity of veganism since 2017, particularly 2% vegan. among 18–34-year olds. • The three main drivers for consumers choosing to eat less meat were animal welfare, health and climate change. We explore each of these reasons in detail below. Page 17 of 30

CONSUMER DEMAND DRIVERS

However, according to Kitchen Stories, almost 15% Currently, animal welfare in the UK is among the Exhibit 5: Share of adults on a vegan diet in the UK of its UK polled consumers claimed to be vegetarian best globally, with it being one of four countries to in 2019, by gender and age group 01 02 as of 2019, significantly higher 03than the 3% detailed receive the highest grade in the Animal Protection 05 Revenue (US$bn) Price performance (rebased to 100) in the YouGov study. Subsequently,Price this performance would mean (rebased to Index100) and the fifth lowest user of on-farm antibiotics Share of respondants (%) Male Female

2,000 250 almost 50% of the UK population250 follows a diet that across 31 European countries; welfare is also 3 Conven�onal meat S&P500 Packaged Foods & Meats requires plant-based protein. Nestlé supportedHain Celes�al by Red Tractor standards. That said, Novel vegan meat replacement Beyond Meat Tyson Cranswick Cultured meat Burcon Nutrascience there has been no specific policy on animal welfare 1,600 200 200 Ethics in US-UK trade talks, which could see the return

of chlorinated chicken and hormone-treated beef 2 1,200 150 Graphic videos and information 150displaying the links imports post Brexit. These headwinds affecting between animal welfare and farming have never animal welfare could exponentially increase the 800 100 been more accessible and we believe100 it is a principal number of people wanting to try alternative 1 demand driver for the plant-based market. A study plant-based proteins. 400 50 published by the Vegan Trade Journal50 supports this, demonstrating that in July 2018, 51% of polled UK vegan consumers stated they were vegan for ethical 0 0 0 0 reasons. The World Trade Organization’s free trade 2018 2025 2030 2035 2040 10/2019 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 legislation10/2020 is perceived in some instances10/2019 to be a 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 10/2020 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ barrier to better animal welfare; governments with trade bans on imports from countries with crueller Source: Statista 06 07 farming standards often08 carry complex terms and may not always be upheld. Consequently, the level US$bn Yes No of animal welfare is capped when it becomes too US holdings of foreign equi�es (US$tn) 100 costly for domestic farms to compete. 100 0 75 80 70 60 50 50 40 25 30 20 10 0 0 $40,000 $40,000 – More than or less $100,000 $100,000 09/2010 09/2012 09/2014 09/2016 09/2018 09/2020

09 10 12

Lost faith 08/2005 02/2007 02/2010 02/2013 02/2016 02/2019 02/2022 02/2025 100 Cheese Health – 0 disordered eating 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 01 02 03 05 01 02 03 05 Revenue (US$bn) Price performance (rebased to 100) Price performance (rebased to 100) Share of respondants (%) Male Female Revenue (US$bn) Price performance (rebased to 100) Price performance (rebased to 100) Share of respondants (%) Male Female 2,000 250 250 3 Conven�onal meat2,000 S&P500 Packaged Foods250 & Meats Nestlé Hain 250Celes�al 3 Novel vegan meat replacement Conven�onal meat Beyond Meat S&P500 Packaged Foods & Meats Tyson Cranswick Nestlé Hain Celes�al Cultured meat Novel vegan meat replacement Burcon Nutrascience Beyond Meat Tyson Cranswick 1,600 200 200 Cultured meat Burcon Nutrascience 1,600 200 200

1,200 150 150 2 1,200 150 150

800 100 100 800 100 100 1

400 50 50 Page 18 of 30 400 50 50

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2018 2025 2030 CONSUMER2035 2040 DEMAND DRIVERS10/2019 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 10/2020 10/2019 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 10/2020 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ 2018 2025 2030 2035 2040 10/2019 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 10/2020 10/2019 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 10/2020 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ Exhibit 6: Share of adults who have tried Exhibit 7: Google search trends showing Exhibit 8: Interest in veganism by country, according to Google 06 plant-based meats in the US in 2019, 07 interest in veganism over 10 years search trends08 over the last 12 months (dark green 06by income 07 equates to highest share of Google searches)08 US$bn Yes No US$bn Yes No US holdings of foreign equi�es (US$tn) 100 US holdings of foreign equi�es (US$tn) 100 100 100 0 0 75 80 75 80 70 70 60 50 60 50 50 50 40 40 25 30 25 30 20 20 10 0 10 0 0 $40,000 $40,000 – More than 0 or less $100,000 $100,000$40,000 $40,000 – More than 09/2010 09/2012 09/2014 09/2016 09/2018 09/2020 or less $100,000 $100,000 09/2010 09/2012 09/2014 09/2016 09/2018 09/2020

09 Source: TrendSource Source: Google, Edison10 Investment Research Source: Google, Edison Investment Research 12 09 10 12

Share of respondants (%) Share of respondants (%) No. of par�cipents (’000s) nconvenient No. of par�cipents (’000s) 500 nconvenient Health – other 30 500 Savings ra�o (%) 30 Health – other y-o-y change disposable income (%) Savings ra�o (%) Temptation/motivation 20 y-o-y change disposable income (%) 400 Temptation/motivation 20 400 Temporary intention Temporary intention 10 10 300 Social/interspersonal 300 Social/interspersonal 0 Health – proteins and energy levels 0 Health – proteins 200 and energy levels -10 200 Expense Expense -10 Lost faith 08/2005 02/2007 02/2010 02/2013 02/2016 02/2019 02/2022 02/2025 100 Lost faith 08/2005 02/2007 02/2010 02/2013 02/2016 02/2019 02/2022 02/2025 100 Cheese Health – Cheese 0 Health – 0 disordered eating 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 0 5 disordered10 eating15 20 25 30 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 01 01 02 02 03 03 05 05

RevenueRevenue (US$bn) (US$bn) Price performancePrice performance (rebased (rebased to 100) to 100) Price performancePrice performance (rebased (rebased to 100) to 100) Share ofShare respondants of respondants (%) (%) Male MaleFemaleFemale

2,000 2,000 250 250 250 250 3 3 Conven�onalConven�onal meat meat S&P500S&P500 Packaged Packaged Foods &Foods Meats & Meats Nestlé Nestlé Hain Celes�alHain Celes�al Novel veganNovel meatvegan replacement meat replacement BeyondBeyond Meat Meat Tyson Tyson CranswickCranswick CulturedCultured meat meat BurconBurcon Nutrascience Nutrascience 1,600 1,600 200 200 200 200

2 2 1,200 1,200 150 150 150 150

800 800 100 100 100 100 1 1

400 400 50 50 50 50

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2018 20182025 20252030 20302035 20352040 2040 10/201910/2019 01/202001/2020 04/202004/2020 07/202007/2020 10/202010/2020 10/201910/2019 01/202001/2020 04/202004/2020 07/202007/2020 10/202010/2020 18-24 18-2425-34 25-3435-44 35-4445-54 45-5455+ 55+

06 06 07 07 08 08

US$bn US$bn Yes YesNo No US holdingsUS holdings of foreign of foreign equi�es equi�es (US$tn) (US$tn) 100 100 100 100 0 0 75 75 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 50 50 40 40 25 25 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Page 19 of 30 0 0 $40,000$40,000 $40,000$40,000 – –More thanMore than or less or less $100,000$100,000$100,000$100,000 09/201009/201009/201209/201209/201409/201409/201609/201609/201809/201809/202009/2020 CONSUMER DEMAND DRIVERS 09 09 10 10 12 12 Exhibit 9: Number of people that signed up to Veganuary globally, Exhibit 10: Main reason for abandoning vegan diet in the UK, May 2018 by year Share ofShare respondants of respondants (%) (%) No. of par�cipentsNo. of par�cipents (’000s) (’000s) nconvenientnconvenient 500 500 30 30 HealthHealth – other – other SavingsSavings ra�o (%) ra�o (%) y-o-y changey-o-y change disposable disposable income income (%) (%) Temptation/motivationTemptation/motivation 20 20 400 400 TemporaryTemporary intention intention 10 10 300 300 Social/interspersonalSocial/interspersonal 0 0 HealthHealth – proteins – proteins and energyand energy levels levels 200 200 ExpenseExpense -10 -10

Lost faithLost faith 08/200508/200502/200702/2007 02/201002/2010 02/201302/2013 02/201602/2016 02/201902/2019 02/202202/2022 02/202502/2025 100 100 CheeseCheese HealthHealth – – 0 0 disordereddisordered eating eating 2015 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 0 0 5 5 10 1015 1520 2025 2530 30

Source: Veganuary, Edison Investment Research Source: Edge Hill University; The Vegan Society Page 20 of 30

CONSUMER DEMAND DRIVERS

Health A common example is limiting red meat intake and Conversely, it is not that prevalent among meat replacing it with more plant-based options in the eaters as it is one of the main nutrients found in A plant-based diet is widely propagated as a healthier hope of reducing the risk of developing cancer. red meat. Therefore, health is a strong short-term diet versus one with a significant intake of meat, A study by the World Cancer Research Fund did demand driver, but its impact may vary over time. particularly red meat. Indeed, there are a number conclude there was a 17% increased risk of colon of studies where life-threatening illnesses, such cancer from eating 100g of red meat per day; Mitigating climate change and as cardiovascular and hypertension (high blood however, this is insignificant when compared to the environmental issues pressure), have been diminished through a decline 1,500–3,000% increased risk of getting lung cancer in meat intake. In 2019, the Journal of the American from smoking. The fact that nutritional advice Climate change awareness is growing rapidly; in Heart Association showed that in a study of more constantly evolves is also important, as illustrated 2020, 76% of UK residents were either very or than 12,000 people those who ate mostly plant-based by the Cochrane Institute, which stated in August fairly concerned about climate change (Department foods were 32% less likely to die from heart disease. 2020 there was no link between saturated fat and for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy) and It also highlighted the potential for a plant-based the risk of dying of heart disease, contradicting investments in clean energy globally have grown by diet to promote weight loss and reduce body fat its 2015 report, which showed there was a a 15% CAGR over the last 15 years to $302bn in without restricting calories. So, given the myriad of mortality risk. 2019 (2004: US$36.8bn) (Bloomberg). Mitigating diet options available, the idea of cutting out meat to climate change is a key reason why consumers choose improve health is one of the simplest to understand, It seems that an individual’s experience rather than a plant-based diet; in the UK 32% of respondents making it a key demand driver of the plant-based diet. research will dictate demand and this may change to a 2020 government poll said they chose to avoid over time. The health impacts of switching to a plant- or eat less meat to help limit the effects of climate We believe consumers will choose diets based on based diet may take years to definitively prove or change, up from 20% in 2019. Comparatively, in the simple headline figures without understanding all the disprove. For example, vitamin B12 deficiency, which same study only 26% of respondents walk, cycle, or relevant variables, primarily due to the complex and is common among vegans, takes years to develop and use public transport instead of using a car, although ever-changing nature of nutrition research. can cause extreme fatigue and immunodeficiency. this is up from 22% in 2019. Page 21 of 30

CONSUMER DEMAND DRIVERS

The substantial land and water needed for both Noting the positive link between the environment However, there are negative environmental factors meat and crop feed production are among the and plant-based foods is not only key for determining associated with plant-based foods, mainly caused contributing factors towards its impact on the demand drivers, but also for establishing why large by the limited number of protein options available. environment. Meat and dairy currently occupy conglomerates seek to enter the market. Starbucks, Soy, for example, is one of the principal proteins 77% of the world’s agricultural landmass but only for example, is looking to increase its plant-based menu and its production is one of the leading causes of contribute 17% of the world’s calorie supply options as part of the environmental sustainability deforestation. In July 2020, the BBC highlighted that (Our World In Data); this disparity will potentially commitment it announced in January 2020. 65% of the world’s soya originates from countries widen as the global population continues to grow. with the highest deforestation rates, with the UK’s Further, Exhibit 11 illustrates that animal meat, annual demand for soy between 2016 and 2018 especially beef, can require over 10x more water requiring an area of land similar to the size of Wales than plant-based foods, such as tofu and oats. (data from WWF and RSPB). That said, most of the soy produced in these regions is used to feed livestock, Exhibit 11: Health and environmental comparators so switching to a plant-based diet may help reduce overall soy production and subsequently help Nutrition Environmental cost in terms of water use mitigate associated environmental issues.

1 pound of beef = 90–100 grams protein 20–80 gallons of water per gram of protein

1 gallon of milk = 128 grams of protein 15 gallons of water per gram of protein

1 pound of tofu = 45–55 grams of protein 6 gallons of water per gram of protein

1 pound of oats = 75 grams of protein 3.8 gallons of water per gram of protein

Source: UCLA, Edison Investment Research 01 02 03 05

Revenue (US$bn) Price performance (rebased to 100) Price performance (rebased to 100) Share of respondants (%) Male Female

2,000 250 250 3 Conven�onal meat S&P500 Packaged Foods & Meats Nestlé Hain Celes�al Novel vegan meat replacement Beyond Meat Tyson Cranswick Cultured meat Burcon Nutrascience 1,600 200 200

2 1,200 150 150

800 100 100 1

400 50 50

0 0 0 0

2018 2025 2030 2035 2040 10/2019 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 10/2020 10/2019 01/2020 04/2020 07/2020 10/2020 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+

06 07 08

US$bn Yes No US holdings of foreign equi�es (US$tn) 100 100 Page 22 of 30 0 75 80 70 CORPORATE AND INDUSTRY DYNAMICS 60 50 50 Rising competition from cell-based meat Crucially, large-cap public meat producers are among Affordability, pricing and 40 those to have already invested, with names including meat industry subsidies 25 30 Plant-based foods face limited competition from Tyson, Cargill and Merck. Cargill, for example, has other commercial products that can act as sustainable chosen cell-based meat over plant-based by electing The severe impact of COVID-19 on global employment 20 substitutes to animal meat. That said, cell-based to invest in Aleph Farms, a cultured meat company places emphasis on the price of food, where consumers 10 0 meat is becoming a prominent alternative and has focused on growing complex meat varieties such will purchase cheaper alternatives to save more while 0 the potential to significantly disrupt the market as steak, with some products anticipated to launch earning less. Looking at the last 15 years in the UK, $40,000 $40,000 – More than or less $100,000 $100,000 09/2010 09/2012 09/2014 09/2016 09/2018 09/2020 due to its ability to create animal meat without in the next three to five years. KFC, a YUM! Brands the household savings ratio is at a high of 25%, while the environmental impact. The cell-based meat company, is another important example, where disposable income has seen the greatest year-on-year industry is still nascent, where global investments in management signed an agreement with Mosa Meat fall at 5.6% over the period; both of these metrics 09 10 2018 totalled US$50m, equivalent to only 6% of the in Q22012 to receive its lab-grown chicken once it is are not expected to normalise until mid-2021 amount invested in plant-based food; however, commercially available. (Oxford Economics). as cell-based meat becomes revenue generating Share of respondants (%) there will be scope for greater investment (Good Exhibit 12: Forecast UK savings versus disposable income Source: Refinitiv, Edison Investment Research No. of par�cipents (’000s) nconvenient Food Institute). This could be as early as 2025, 500 30 Health – other which is when cell-based meat is expected to be Savings ra�o (%) produced on an industrial scale and at a price y-o-y change disposable income (%) Temptation/motivation 20 400 equal to conventional meat. Temporary intention 10 300 Social/interspersonal 0 Health – proteins and energy levels 200 Expense -10

Lost faith 08/2005 02/2007 02/2010 02/2013 02/2016 02/2019 02/2022 02/2025 100 Cheese Health – 0 disordered eating 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Page 23 of 30

CORPORATE AND INDUSTRY DYNAMICS

There are many global examples where livestock However, the cost advantage for the meat industry Exhibit 13: Meat versus plant-based alternative farming is heavily subsidised, helping meat products may be short lived, highlighted by the UK announcing price comparison maintain lower prices than the plant-based it will be breaking from a range of EU farm subsidies alternatives, where the onerous costs of both following Brexit, where the money will instead be Meat-based Plant-based Company product alternative ingredients and innovation are placed on companies. used to benefit the climate, ecosystems and the In the EU, direct payments for the animal farming public. Additionally, a report by environmental Burger King Whopper Impossible Whopper $4.29 $5.49 sector amount to €28–32bn pa, c 18–20% of its research group CE Delft discusses the importance total budget. The ability to sell animal meat at low of introducing a ‘sustainability charge’ on meat in the Ikea Meat balls 500g Plant balls $4.50 $5.99 prices potentially inhibits the long-term growth EU to help cover its environmental damage, where Greggs Sausage roll Vegan sausage roll trajectory of plant-based alternatives, eclipsing the the levy would increase the price of a steak by £1 £1 importance of ethics, the environment or health for c 25%. Comparatively, the Canadian government Steak bake Vegan steak bake £1.55 £1.55 the consumer. Burger King’s Impossible Whopper, announced in June 2020 that it would be providing for example, costs $1 more than the Whopper and C$100m in financing for Merit Functional Foods, Hotel Milk chocolate batons Nut milk chocolate batons Chocolat £7.00 £7.00 average daily sales per store in Q419 fell to 28 a JV of Burcon NutraScience that produces plant- from 32 when it was first introduced in Q319. based proteins. Further government support Tesco Southern fried breaded Plant Chef southern fried chicken mini fillets fillets As illustrated by Exhibit 13, these disparities in initiatives for plant-based producers and rising £8.20/kg £10/kg pricing are typical across a range of industries, prices of meat should provide a key tailwind for the Thin and crispy cheese Plant Chef margherita particularly for products which aim to replicate plant-based industry, securing long-term growth feast pizza pizza £0.63/100g £0.93/100g conventional meat. and diminishing the idea of it being a passing fad. Science in PROTEIN20 PLANT20 Bar Sport £2.50 £2.50

Source: Refinitiv, Edison Investment Research Page 24 of 30

CORPORATE AND INDUSTRY DYNAMICS

Regulatory headwinds A YouGov study also showed this could be a potential agreeing that it would be acceptable to label problem in the UK, with only 47% of respondents plant-based products as meat. Producers of plant-based meat aiming to disrupt the industry face a number of regulatory headwinds, Exhibit 14: M&A activity which will only increase as the subsector grows. Value where Soy, a primary protein used in numerous plant-based Date Acquirer Target Description meats, is a key example. Companies such as known (£m) Impossible Foods do not use genetically modified Sept 2019 Navis Modern Meat Now a wholly owned subsidiary of Navis organisms (GMO) soy grown in the US due to the Resources Continental and Mediterranean foods business that severe environmental impact of expanding soybean 41.3 (net July 2019 Cranswick Katsouris Brothers broadens offering in a number of plant-based, non- consideration) plantations in Brazil, the world’s largest soy producer. meat categories Pfeifer & AMIDORI Food Subsequently, expansion into regions with tighter Mar 2019 Langen Company Provides entry into plant-based protein market GMO regulation is limited and is the reason why Dec 2018 Unilever The Vegetarian Part of its strategy to expand its portfolio into plant- Impossible Foods’ products have not been approved Butcher based foods for sale in the EU. Brexit creates an additional Oct 2018 Hilton Foods Dalco Food 50% JV providing exposure in the vegetarian market unknown as the UK’s stance on GMO imports Sept 2018 Nestlé Terraferti New investment bolsters Nestlé’s position in the once it leaves the EU is still undetermined. Further, plant-food based segment in the Americas Private equity investment into Unilever’s plant- ingredients are not the only factor exposed to July 2018 KKR & Co Upfield Foods based spreads business 6,031 headwinds; marketing, particularly labelling products July 2017 Nestlé Sweet Earth Foods Provided exposure to North America as meat, is another area in the regulatory spotlight. Plant-based food companies in France, for example, July 2016 Danone SA WhiteWave Foods Created DanoneWave plant-based business unit 8,010 face a $370,000 fine for using ‘meat’ or any related terms as it has been deemed misleading to customers. Source: Refintiv, Edison Investment Research Page 25 of 30

CORPORATE AND INDUSTRY DYNAMICS

Consolidation trends in recent years. Acquirers, including typically large packing plants as of 14 August (Midwest Center). and diversified names such as Unilever, Nestlé In Germany, more than 1,500 slaughterhouse As previously established, the rise in popularity of and Danone, have the economies of scale and the workers tested positive for COVID-19, leading to plant-based products is primarily driven by climate established market presence and balance sheets the quarantine of over 7,000 workers (Financial change mitigation, human health and animal welfare to grow these new products quickly and generate Times). The full impact of COVID-19 on supply considerations. This demand needs to be met by a profit, leading us to believe there is scope for shortages is becoming increasingly apparent; product innovation, which is necessary to create significant consolidation in the plant-based food however, African Swine Flu typifies how disease can substitutes that can compete with animal products market. Additional benefits for acquirers include create supply shortages that lead to significant price in both taste and texture. That said, plant-based creating both diversity and ESG in their portfolios, increases. As indicated by the National Bureau of products’ persistent dependence on innovation expanding regional capabilities and providing a Statistics of China, total hog production in 2019 was forms an underlying headwind, as low-margin sales faster route to market. 544m heads, 21.6% lower than 2018, leading to and high R&D expenses during the development average price increases of 63.3% y-o-y. COVID-19 stages typically can result in companies remaining COVID-19 presents a similar scenario, where the Guardian loss-making for long periods of time. For example, reported that over 10m chickens and 10m pigs in the Beyond Meat, which listed on Nasdaq in 2019 COVID-19’s impact on animal meat processing US were likely to be culled by the end of September and has been operating since 2012, reported a has been well publicised, benefitting alternatives, due to COVID-19 related shutdowns. The article net loss of US$10.2m in its Q220 results despite such as the plant-based meat market, where US adds that most of the culling was done by water- achieving record net revenues of US$113.3m sales grew 264% in the nine weeks ending 2 May based foam, a method that animal welfare groups (Q219: US$67.3m). (Nielsen). Livestock factories, in particular, are called ‘inhumane’. A report by Mintel highlights typically cold and damp, in some cases creating the potential tailwinds for the plant-based market, Subsequently, the difficulty in reaching profitability perfect environments for spreading the virus, stating that 25% of millennials in the UK now leaves companies exposed to the threat of acquisition; exemplified by the US where there have been found veganism more appealing as a result of Exhibit 14 shows this has been an accelerating trend at least 34,000 positive cases in over 384 meat- the pandemic. Page 26 of 30

APPENDIX

Exhibit 15: Company snapshots for selected companies Company Description Key financials Bull/bear points

Food processors

Beyond Meat Beyond Meat offers a range of plant-based meat, including the Beyond Dec 2019 Bull • First plant-based meat multinational company to bring production to China, with new facilities announced 8 BYND.O Burger, Beyond Sausage, Beyond Beef Crumbles and Beyond Chicken Strips. Mkt cap: US$10.96bn September 2020. US$166 The company sells a range of plant-based products across the three main Net cash: US$244.8m • Strong consumer awareness benefitted by a range of high-profile celebrity ambassadors. meat platforms of beef, pork and poultry. Revenue: US$297.9m • Creators of plant-based meat so has first-mover advantage. EBITDA: US$25.3m Net loss: US$12.4m Bear • Restaurants unlikely to take risks and add to menu complexity due to COVID-19. • Closest peer, Impossible Foods, has rapidly taken market share over the last four months.

Burcon NutraScience Burcon NutraScience is a Canadian research and development company, engaged Mar 2020 Bull • Long-term deal with Nestlé to process plant-proteins announced at start of 2020. BU.TO in the development of plant protein extraction and purification technology in the Mkt cap: C$240.6m • In August 2020, Bunge invested $30m in JV, Merit Functional Foods, which will expedite construction of its C$2.50 field of functional, renewable plant proteins. The company and its subsidiary are Net cash: C$8.3m new state-of-the-art plant-based protein production facility. engaged in developing a wide array of protein products, which includes Peazazz, a Revenue: C$31k pea protein, Puratein and Supertein canola proteins, and CLARISOY, a soy protein. EBITDA loss: C$3.7m Bear • Has less than one year of cash runway. Net loss: C$4.6m • Consensus forecasts of C$16k of revenue in FY20.

Very Good Food The Very Good Food Company is a Canada-based plant-based food Dec 2019 Bull • On 1 September 2020 it signed a lease for a Californian food production facility, which is expected to accelerate VERY.CCP technology company, which designs, develops, produces, distributes and Mkt cap: C$138.2m online sales. C$1.51 sells a variety of plant-based meat and other food alternatives. Its products Net debt: C$1.0m • Oversubscribed placing in August raised proceeds of C$8.5m, which will support its expansion into the US. include The Very Good Burger, Smokin’ Burgers, Very British Bangers, Smokin’ Revenue: C$1m Bangers, Pepperoni, Ribz, Taco Stuff’er, Roast Beast, Steak and Stuffed Beast. EBITDA: N/A Bear • Historically loss making, FY19 operating loss of C$2.2m Net loss: C$2.3m

Modern Meat Modern Meat, formerly Navis Resources Corp, is a Canada-based meat October 2019 Bull • Soy-, nut- and gluten-free across the range, which differentiates it from many competitors. MEAT.CD alternative company, engaged in the business of developing organic plant- Mkt cap: C$110.9m • The company has recently announced it is expanding production into the US to meet demand. C$2.99 based meat alternative products and related branding and intellectual Net cash: US$0.5m property. Its products include Modern Burger, Modern Crabcakes, Modern Revenue: N/A Bear • The company is investing in physical retail locations, thus spanning a hybrid model of manufacturer and retailer. Meatball and Modern Crumble. It is focused on producing and distributing its EBITDA: N/A products for retail sale in North America. Net loss: C$0.1m

Source: Edison Investment Research, Refinitiv, Company data Continued… Page 27 of 30

APPENDIX

Exhibit 15: Company snapshots for selected companies Company Description Key financials Bull/bear points

Tyson Foods Tyson Foods is a modern, multinational, protein-focused food company September 2019 Bull • Established brand name, particularly in North America. TSN producing approximately 20% of the beef, pork and chicken in the United Mkt cap: US$21.5bn • Balance sheet to support rapid growth, following its launch Raised & Rooted became available in 7,000 stores. US$59.5 States. In June 2019, it announced the launch of its alternative meat company, Net debt: US$11.4bn • Small business segment, so risk is significantly reduced and spread among its large meat business. Raised & Rooted, which creates blended burgers (plant and beef mix) and Revenue: US$42.1bn faux chicken nuggets. EBITDA: US$4.1bn Bear • Meat producers and processors typically have inherently lower margins than their branded fast-moving Net profit: US$2.0bn consumer goods peers, due to lower brand loyalty and higher costs. • Meat processors are affected by exogenous factors such as African Swine Fever, which can cause fluctuations in both demand and cost.

Hain Celestial Hain Celestial is an organic and natural products company and its subsidiaries June 2020 Bull • It is undergoing a comprehensive transformation following underperformance, with brand divestments, an HAIN.O manufacture, market, distribute and sell organic and natural products under Mkt cap: US$3.8bn organisational restructuring and a review of the commercial team and supply chain. US$34 brand names, which are sold as better-for-you products. The company’s segments Net debt: US$245.0m • Reduction in complexity has already started to bear fruit. include United States, United Kingdom and Rest of World. Its brand Yves Fine Revenue: US$2.1bn Foods offers nutritious vegan and vegetarian options that provide a good source EBITDA: US$199.9m Bear • There is still work to do in improving the cash flow and the margin of the remaining brands. of protein, which contain B12 and iron. Net profit: US$87.1m • COVID-19 and greater at-home consumption provided a boost to FY20. Management expects some of the gains to recur, but time will tell.

Cranswick Cranswick is a leading British supplier of premium, fresh and added- March 2020 Bull • Acquisition immediately earnings enhancing, contributing revenue of £42.4m and profit after tax of £2.9m CWK.L value products. It typically supplies a range of meat products, however its Mkt cap: £1.9bn from July 2019 to 28 March 2020, rising to £65.7m and £4.4m respectively if Katsouris had been acquired at 3,590p acquisition of Katsouris Brothers in July 2019 broadens its offering into a Net debt: £146.9m the start of the financial year. number of plant-based product categories. Katsouris Brothers is a leading Revenue: £1.7bn • UK origin of produce resonates well with health-conscious consumers and minimises Brexit-related issues. processor and multi-channel supplier of Continental and Mediterranean EBITDA: £155.3m food products. Net profit: £82.7m Bear • Product offering is skewed towards the premium and convenience ends of the markets, which are more likely to be affected by an economic downturn. • The UK retail environment remains challenging. • Brexit negotiations are ongoing and the impact is uncertain until full details are known.

Hotel Chocolat Hotel Chocolat is a leading UK premium chocolate brand, manufacturing June 2020 Bull • Company is successfully expanding into new geographies, most recently the US and Japan. HOTC.L innovative and accessibly priced luxury chocolate. Its products are sold via Mkt cap: £418.9m • Uses quality ingredients and so will benefit from growing consumer consciousness on health. 347p its 130 store locations, online and subscriptions. Recently, the company Net debt: £18.9m • Pricing of nut-milk products on par with dairy products. introduced a new range of chocolates suitable for vegans by replacing milk Revenue: £136.3m with nut-milk made with finely milled hazelnuts. EBITDA: £10.3m Bear • Premium pricing for products, more likely to be affected by an economic downturn. Net profit: £3.5m

Source: Edison Investment Research, Refinitiv, Company data Continued… Page 28 of 30

APPENDIX

Exhibit 15: Company snapshots for selected companies Company Description Key financials Bull/bear points

Food service

Greggs With 2,039 shops, eight manufacturing and distribution centres and 23,000 Dec 2019 Bull • Strong product innovation, looking at the plant-based space; vegan sausage roll and steak bake. GRG.L employees, Greggs is the leading UK ‘food-on-the-go’ retailer. It uses vertical Mkt cap: £1.3bn • Increasing home delivery and collection will benefit from rising at-home-and food-on-the-go consumption. 1,314p integration to offer differentiated products at competitive prices. Net debt: £184m • Operating below full capacity therefore strong operational leverage on sales recovery. Revenue: £1.27bn EBITDA: £231m Bear • Vulnerable to input costs and currency movements. Net profit: £87m • Demand affected by social distancing and consumer sentiment.

Domino’s Pizza Domino’s Pizza Group is the UK’s leading pizza brand and now has c 1,200 stores Dec 2019 Bull • Strong customer response from the release of its vegan pizza range, contributing to a 19.6% uplift in summer sales. DOM.L across six markets, including the Republic of Ireland, Switzerland, Sweden, Iceland Mkt cap: £1.7bn • Business model is resilient to economic shocks and lockdown periods. 362p and Liechtenstein. The company announced on 7 September 2020 the addition of Net debt: £236.8m vegan items to its menu across all its UK stores, following a successful trial at 46 Revenue: £508.3m Bear • Franchise model can cause disagreements with franchisees stores earlier in 2020. EBITDA: £117.0m • Exposure to consumer discretionary spending and food inflation Net profit: £81.1m Sports supplements

Science in Sport Science in Sport is a British premium performance nutrition company, which Dec 2019 Bull • Well-placed business in a category that is attractive in the long term. SIS.L develops, manufactures and markets innovative nutrition products for elite Mkt cap: £49.1m • Online opportunity is significant and should drive margin expansion. 37p professional athletes, fitness enthusiasts and the gym lifestyle community. Net cash: £4.3m • Well capitalised to weather COVID-19-related disruption. Revenue: £50.6m EBITDA loss: -£0.5m Bear • COVID-19 pandemic is still causing sports events to be cancelled and some gyms to be closed/lower Net profit: N/A attendance, hence consumption of Science in Sport’s products may decline. • Products are aspirational and ultimately discretionary. • The business is currently loss making as the management has made the conscious choice to grow sales more aggressively.

Enervit Enervit operates in the sport supplements, food and functional nutrition markets DDec 2019 Bull • Business is well placed in an attractive category. ENV through the research, development, manufacturing and sales of foods and Mkt cap: €51.0m • Market leader in Italy in sports nutrition, functional nutrition and omega-3 supplements. In Spain and Sweden, €2.9 supplements for those who practice sports or live a healthy lifestyle. Net debt: €13.2m Enervit is market leader in endurance sport supplements. Revenue: €63.2m EBITDA: €5.2m Bear • COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected H120 (sales -26.3%), with Q2 in particular down 40%. Net profit: €0.7m • Products are aspirational and discretionary, hence it is hard to gauge how long it will take for a full recovery to take place.

Source: Edison Investment Research, Refinitiv, Company data Page 29 of 30

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