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Thin Films Based on Gadolinium Applied to the Magnetic Refrigeration Asmaa Endichi Thin films based on Gadolinium applied to the magnetic refrigeration Asmaa Endichi To cite this version: Asmaa Endichi. Thin films based on Gadolinium applied to the magnetic refrigeration. Physics [physics]. Université de Lorraine; Université Mohammed V (Rabat), 2020. English. NNT : 2020LORR0150. tel-03128459 HAL Id: tel-03128459 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-03128459 Submitted on 2 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm THESE Pour l'obtention du titre de : DOCTEUR de L’UNIVERSITE DE LORRAINE Spécialité : Physique Présenté par : Asmaa ENDICHI Thin films based on Gadolinium applied to the magnetic refrigeration. Thèse soutenue publiquement le 02 Octobre 2020 à Rabat devant le jury composé de : M. Mohamed El BOUZIANI Pr, Université Chouaïb Doukkali, Faculté des Sciences, El Président/Rapporteur Jadida M. Stéphane MANGIN Pr, Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy Directeur de Thèse M. Abdallah EL KENZ Pr, Université Mohammed V-Rabat, Faculté des sciences Co-Directeur de Thèse M. Mohammed SAJIEDDINE Pr, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, FST, Béni Mellal Rapporteur M. Mohamed BALLI Pr, Université internationale de Rabat Examinateur M. Thomas HAUET Pr, Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy Examinateur Mme. Salma LAHBABI Pr, Université Hassan II, ENSEM, Casablanca Examinatrice M. Abdelilah BENYOUSSEF Pr, Académie Hassan II de Rabat Invité M. Hamid EZ-ZAHRAOUY Pr, Université Mohammed V-Rabat, Faculté des sciences Invité M. Omar MOUNKACHI Pr, Université Mohammed V-Rabat, Faculté des sciences Invité Institut Jean Lamour Université de Lorraine, Nancy Remerciement L’ensemble des travaux de ce projet de recherche doctoral en cotutelle ont été réalisés dans le cadre d’un programme de coopération scientifique bilatéral franco-marocain le PHC-Toubkal, au sein de l’institut Jean Lamour « Equipe de nanomagnétisme et électronique de spin » à l’université de lorraine à Nancy et Laboratoire de la matière condensée et sciences interdisciplinaires « LaMCScI » de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université Mohammed V-Rabat sous la direction des monsieurs les professeurs M. Stéphane MANGIN et M. Abdallah EL KENZ. Que mon directeur de thèse M. Stéphane MANGIN, Professeur à l’université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour, trouve ici toute la gratitude et la reconnaissance pour m’avoir accompagnée et encadrée tout au long de cette thèse et qui m’a fait bénéficier de ses brillantes qualités scientifiques et humaines. Qu’il soit aussi remercié pour sa gentillesse, sa disponibilité permanente et pour les nombreux encouragements et conseils qu’ils m’ont prodigués. Je tiens à remercier M. Abdallah EL KENZ, Professeur à l’Université Mohammed V-Rabat, Faculté des sciences, mon co-directeur de thèse qui fut pour moi un directeur attentif, généreux et disponible malgré ses nombreuses charges. Il avait des solutions à tous les problèmes rencontrés, une vision claire sur ma recherche et n’hésitait pas à présenter ses conseils et ses orientations qui témoignent de sa compétence et de sa rigueur scientifiques. Ma reconnaissance et mon profond respect pour mon professeur, M. Abdelilah BENYOUSSEF, Membre résident à l’Académie Hassan II des Sciences et Techniques, qui a été toujours une ressource scientifique de référence et une source capitale de motivation et d’encouragement. C’est à ses côtés que j’ai acquis les incontournables qualités de la recherche scientifique, notamment en termes de rigueur et de précision. Je le remercie également pour sa disponibilité permanente et pour le grand intérêt qu’il a accordé à ce travail. Je tiens à exprimer mes sincères remerciements à M. Mohamed El BOUZIANI, Professeur à l’université Chouaïb Doukkali, Faculté des Sciences, El Jadida, pour avoir accepté de participer à ce jury en tant que Président de jury et rapporteur. J’adresse tous mes remerciements également à M. Mohamed SAJIEDDINE, Professeur à l’université Sultan Moulay Slimane, FST, Béni Mellal de l’honneur qu’il m’a fait en acceptant d’être rapporteur de cette thèse. J’exprime ma reconnaissance à M. Thomas HAUET, Professeur à l’Université de Lorraine, Institut Jean Lamour à Nancy, d’avoir accepté de participer à ce jury en tant qu’examinateur. Je tiens à exprimer mes sincères remerciements à M. Mohammed BALLI, Professeur à l’Université internationale de Rabat, d’avoir accepté de participer à ce jury en tant qu’examinateur. J’exprime ma reconnaissance à Mme. Salma LAHBABI, Professeur à l’Université Hassan II, ENSEM de Casablanca d’avoir acceptée de participer à ce jury en tant qu’examinatrice. Je tiens à exprimer mes sincères remerciements à M. Hamid EZ-ZAHRAOUY, Professeur à l’Université Mohammed V-Rabat, Faculté des sciences, d’avoir accepté de participer à ce jury en tant qu’invité. Je tiens aussi à remercier M. Omar MOUNKACHI, Professeur à l’Université Mohammed V- Rabat, Faculté des sciences, pour les conseils et le soutien qu’il m’a prodiguée tout au long de ces années de thèse, et d’avoir accepté de participer à ce jury en tant qu’invité. Je suis très reconnaissante également à M. Mohammed Salah EL HADRI, Docteur de l’université de Lorraine, grâce à lui ce projet de recherche s'est achevé. Toute ma gratitude et toute ma reconnaissance s’adressent à Mme. Halima ZAARI, Professeur à l’Université Mohammed V-Rabat, Faculté des sciences, qui, grâce à ses qualités humaines et scientifiques a su m’orienter tout au long de la période de réalisation de ce travail de recherche. Un grand merci aussi spécial qu’il puisse l’être, à l’attention de mes parents. Merci d'être mes parents, de m'avoir donné des racines et des ailes, de m'avoir supportée et appuyée durant toutes ces années, de me faire confiance, de m'avoir inculquée de vraies valeurs et de m'avoir permis de devenir la personne que je suis aujourd'hui. Grace à vous j'ai pu m'épanouir et m'ouvrir à la vie et surtout surmonter toute sorte d’épreuves que je rencontre. Je n’oublierai pas de remercier mes grands-parents pour leurs Douaa, tendresse, générosité et amour. Je dédie également ce travail à mes frères, mes sœurs, mes beaux-frères et mes belles sœurs, surtout mon grand frère Younes et sa femme Samiha qui ont été toujours à mes côtés dès mon arrivée en France, qui m’ont accueillie et accompagnée durant tout mon séjour en veillant à ce qu’il se déroule dans de bonnes conditions. Je vous remercie infiniment pour le soutien moral et financier et pour tout ce que vous avez fait pour moi… je vous remercie tous du fond du cœur. Enfin, Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement toutes les personnes qui, de près ou de loin, ont contribué à l’accomplissement de ce cheminement. Résumé La recherche en matière de caractérisation de matériaux à effet magnétocalorique géant à l’état massif et à une température proche de la température ambiante est d'un grand intérêt pour l’application de la réfrigération magnétique. Il est admis que la transition de premier ordre dans ces matériaux présente une hystérésis thermique considérable, les rendant ainsi difficiles à manipuler dans les applications pour les réfrigérateurs fonctionnant de manière cyclique. Beaucoup d'efforts ont été accomplis au cours de ces dernières années pour réduire cette hystérésis, mais les performances obtenues avec ces matériaux massifs ne répondent pas aux exigences d’une réfrigération magnétique efficace. Si les matériaux magnétocaloriques à l’état massif ont été largement étudiés; l'échelle nanométrique correspondante reste cependant insuffisamment explorée. A cet effet, la nanostructuration, une approche largement bien connue et utilisée pour la mise au point et l’optimisation des relations structure-propriété des matériaux en questions, permet des nouvelles perspectives en matière d’amélioration de leurs caractéristiques magnétiques et magnétocaloriques en modifiant leur taille et leur forme. Pour ce faire, l’étude des propriétés magnétocaloriques des matériaux sous forme de couches minces est centrale pour pouvoir réduire au maximum l’hystérésis thermique, sachant que l’effet magnétocalorique dans les couches minces magnétiques est particulièrement intéressant pour la micro-réfrigération. Dans ce sens, peu d’études ont été menées pour montrer le potentiel des matériaux sous forme de couches minces pour la réfrigération magnétique. De même, les propriétés magnétiques (aimantation de saturation, la variation de l’entropie magnétique
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