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Ghana » Jerry Rawlings » Biografías Líderes Políticos » África » Ghana » Jerry Rawlings Jerry Rawlings © Milton Boyne/Flickr Ghana Acttualliizaciión:: 12 noviiembrre 2020 Presidente de la junta militar (1979, 1981-1993) y de la República (1993-2001) Jerry John Rawlliings Mandatto:: 31 diiciiembrre 1981 -- 7 enerro 2001 Naciimiientto:: Accrra,, rregiión de Grreatterr Accrra,, 22 jjuniio 1947 Deffunciión:: Accrra,, rregiión de Grreatterr Accrra,, 12 noviiembrre 2020 Parttiido pollííttiico:: Congrreso Naciionall Democrráttiico ((NDC)) Proffesiión:: Miilliittarr Editado por: Roberto Ortiz de Zárate Biografía Hijo de un boticario escocés y de una ghanesa de la tribu minoritaria ewe, estudió en el Colegio Achimota, en la Escuela para cadetes de la Fuerza Aérea de Ghana y en la Academia Militar de Teshie, de donde en 1969 salió con el grado de subteniente de aviación. Instruido como piloto de combate, ganó varios concursos de pericia aérea y en abril de 1978 obtuvo el ascenso a teniente de vuelo. En mayo de 1979 fue arrestado por haber tomado parte en una conspiración de jóvenes oficiales contra el gobernante militar del momento, el general Frederick Akuffo. Aprovechando la vista pública de su proceso por un tribunal militar, Rawlings apostrofó contra la corrupción y la incompetencia del Consejo Militar Supremo, la última de las juntas militares que se habían sucedido por la vía golpista desde el derrocamiento del presidente civil Kwame Nkrumah en 1966, y proclamó su ideario regeneracionista. El 4 de junio de 1979 un grupo de soldados partidarios le rescató de la cárcel y, vencida la resistencia de las tropas leales a Akuffo, le puso al frente de un Consejo Revolucionario de las Fuerzas Armadas (CRFA). Alto, delgado, bien parecido, de remembranza guevarista, carácter impulsivo y métodos expeditivos, Rawlings acrecentó su popularidad con las promesas de suprimir los males que afligían al país y de entregar el poder a los civiles en el más corto espacio de tiempo a través de un proceso constituyente. Antes, no obstante, dispuso una espectacular depuración de personajes asociados a la corrupción y el desgobierno: pocos días después del golpe, fueron sometidos a juicio militar sumarísimo y fusilados los ex mandatarios militares Akwasi Afrifa (1969), Ignatius Acheampong (1972-1978) y el propio Akuffo (1978- 1979), en una purga de estadistas sin precedentes en la historia contemporánea. Entre ejecución y ejecución, el 18 de junio, tuvieron lugar las elecciones convocadas por Akuffo y cuyo calendario Rawlings respetó escrupulosamente. Concluido el "ejercicio de limpieza en casa", como él mismo lo llamó, el 24 de septiembre de 1979 transfirió el poder al presidente electo, Hilla Limann, del centro-izquierdista Partido Nacional Popular (PNP), que agrupaba a los antiguos partidarios de Nkrumah. Dos meses después, Rawlings, que no cesaba de verter críticas a Limann por su incapacidad para reactivar la economía y erradicar la corrupción, fue dado de baja de las Fuerzas Armadas. El díscolo teniente inició una campaña de oposición por todo el país, pilotando él mismo el avión en sus desplazamientos. A pesar de las acusaciones de Rawlings, objetivamente Limann no era responsable del descalabro económico, consecuencia de varios años de gobiernos depredadores de los recursos de la nación, y, por el contrario, su mandato estuvo presidido por unas inusuales exquisitez democrática y honestidad. El 31 de diciembre de 1981 Rawlings puso fin a la breve experiencia democrática: formó un Consejo Provisional de Defensa Nacional (CPDN), suspendió la Constitución que él mismo había promovido dos años atrás, prohibió los partidos políticos y anunció la "liberación definitiva al país del trapicheo y la corrupción". Al frente de un gobierno que se definía como revolucionario, Rawlings esgrimió una difusa ideología, mezcla de socialismo, nacionalismo y populismo, para sacar adelante sus planes de reconstrucción de un país exangüe. Su estilo disciplinado, vehemente, siempre dispuesto a supervisar sus disposiciones sobre el terreno, en uniforme de campaña y a veces a lomos de caballo, reforzó su carisma ante la población, pese a negarse a compartir el poder con los civiles y a sus drásticos métodos represivos -largamente denunciados por Amnistía Internacional-, como mostró en el tratamiento de las conspiraciones que le acecharon en los primeros años de su régimen, invariablemente saldadas con numerosas ejecuciones. Su gemelo en la región era el dirigente de Burkina Faso, el capitán Thomas Sankara, llegado al poder por la vía golpista en 1983 y fallecido en igual circunstancia en 1987. Se le aparejaron también similitudes con el coronel libio Muammar al-Gaddafi, con quien estableció una estrecha relación de amistad, y con Fidel Castro. Siguiendo el ejemplo cubano, Rawlings puso en marcha unos Comités de Defensa de la Revolución para implicar a las capas bajas de la sociedad en el cumplimiento de las decisiones del CPDN. Estas brigadas populares asumieron labores parapoliciales y, por ejemplo, se encargaron de castigar físicamente a los vendedores callejeros que alzaban abusivamente los precios. Las iniciales medidas revolucionarias, como el control de los precios y la nacionalización de las actividades económicas, se mostraron ineficaces para reducir la inflación y la abrumadora pobreza. Así, desde 1984 Rawlings se decantó por una radical política de ajuste estructural y de reformas en favor del libre mercado, que incluyó privatizaciones en los sectores productivos clave del cacao, el oro y la madera, y que en su momento le hizo acreedor del sobrenombre de alumno predilecto del FMI, una fórmula que en principio haría palidecer a cualquier líder autoproclamado antiimperialista. Muy preocupado por el desarrollo agrícola de su país, Rawlings concedió máxima importancia a los pequeños centros agropecuarios para onseguir la autosuficiencia en algunos alimentos básicos, así como a las cooperativas industriales y a las organizaciones de mujeres. El crecimiento económico de Ghana en estos años -en su momento récord en el África subsahariana-, fue parejo, no obstante, a unos elevados desempleo e inflación, así como, desde mediados de los noventa, a la crisis financiera ocasionada por la caída de los precios internacionales del oro y el cacao. Todo ello arrojó graves incertidumbres sobre la perdurabilidad del desarrollo sostenido. Según los analistas, sólo el populismo carismático de Rawlings, que acudía a cualquier punto del país para interesarse personalmente por los problemas de sus gobernados, permitió que la población aceptara la píldora amarga de la reconversión liberal. A finales de los noventa la crisis energética, con una especial incidencia de la carencia de combustibles, centró las preocupaciones de una ciudadanía que, si bien se había beneficiado de los importantes progresos hechos en determinados indicadores sociales, padecía los azares inherentes a la debilidad estructural de la economía y a su crónica dependencia de la ayuda exterior. En 1992 Rawlings, que hasta entonces había regido el país como un dictador castrense muy poco tolerante, anunció un calendario electoral para la transición al Gobierno civil, que se cumplió rigurosamente: el 28 de marzo se aprobó en referéndum una nueva Constitución (la cuarta desde la independencia de Gran Bretaña en 1957), el 18 de mayo los partidos políticos fueron legalizados, el 3 de noviembre tuvieron lugar unas elecciones presidenciales y el 30 de diciembre les siguieron comicios legislativos. En las presidenciales, Rawlings batió con el 60% de los votos al opositor Albert Adu Boahen, por el Nuevo Partido Patriótico (NPP), y aunque los observadores detectaron algún fraude, no lo consideraron suficiente como para alterar el resultado final. Estos indicios, más la bajísima participación (el 25%), llevaron a los cuatro principales partidos de la oposición a solicitar la invalidación de las elecciones. Al serles rechazada su petición, dichos partidos decidieron boicotear las legislativas, lo que facilitó las cosas al Congreso Nacional Democrático (NDC) de Rawlings, que se hizo con 189 de los 200 escaños en juego. El 7 de enero de 1993 el CPDN fue disuelto y Rawlings, que en el mes anterior había pasado a la reserva con el galón de capitán de aviación, tomó posesión como primer presidente de la IV República. En las siguientes elecciones, el 7 de diciembre de 1996, fue reelegido con el 57,4% de los sufragios por delante de John Agyekum Kufuor, candidato de la Gran Alianza formada por el NPP y el Partido de la Convención Popular (PCP), de manera que el 7 de enero de 1997 inició su segundo mandato constitucional. En opinión de los observadores, este resultado reflejaba una sensible caída en la popularidad de Rawlings por el declive de la economía, perfilándose su reserva de votos en las regiones norteñas y orientales - tradicionalmente menos favorecidas que la occidental Ashanti, rica en recursos naturales- y muy especialmente en su bastión de Volta. En las legislativas, su Alianza Progresista, integrada por el NDC, el Partido EGLE y el Partido Popular Democrático (DPP), revalidó la mayoría absoluta. Los monitores internacionales certificaron la limpieza de los comicios, en los que sólo detectaron errores técnicos. Rawlings recibió en 1993 de la ONG estadounidense Hunger Project el premio de África al Liderazgo en la causa de la Erradicación del Hambre y en el bienio 1994-1996 fue presidente de turno de la Comunidad Económica de Estados del África Occidental (CEDEAO), desde donde trabajó, si bien infructuosamente, por la resolución de la guerra civil
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