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Home , Brahmacarya, Buddhism and abortion, Ishvarapranidhana, Niyama, Santosha, Shaucha

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Compiled by: Trisha Lamb

Last Revised: April 27, 2006

© International Association of Therapists (IAYT) 2005

International Association of Yoga Therapists P.O. Box 2513 • Prescott • AZ 86302 • Phone: 928-541-0004 E-mail: [email protected] • URL: www.iayt.org

The contents of this bibliography do not provide medical advice and should not be so interpreted. Before beginning any exercise program, see your physician for clearance.

The practice of Yamas and Niyamas has been likened to picking up a of flowers. If you pick up one flower of a garland, the rest will come with it automatically . In the same manner, if you choose just one or to practice, you will find the others beginning to manifest in your life as well.

—Swami Rajarshi Muni Yoga: The Ultimate Attainment, p. 181

Agarwal, S. P. Lokasamgraha and in the . Journal of , Jul- Sep 1991, 16(3):255-268.

Ahimsa and ecology. Theme of Journal of Dharma, Jul-Sep 1991, 16(3). (Individual articles are also cited in this bibliography.)

Aitken, Robert. The Mind of Clover: Essays in . San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984.

These essays introduce the Ten Grave Precepts and “shed light on a number of contemporary issues in Buddhist ethics, including the environment.”

Anderson, Sandra. Moving inward: in light of the yamas and niyamas. Yoga International, Dec/Jan 2004, pp. 88-95.

Anonymous. How Barbie helped me find my dharma. YogaLife, Jan/Feb 2001, p. 20. (On ahimsa.)

Aparigraha: The yama of more. Article available online: http://www.allspiritfitness.com/library/features/aa121400a.shtml.

Arapura, John G. Ahimsa in basic Hindu scriptures, with reference to cosmo-ethics (ecology). Journal of Dharma, Jul-Sep 1991, 16(3):197-210.

Arin, Danielle. An inspiration. Available online: http://indigo.ie/~cmouze/yoga_online/inspiration.htm.

On the correlation between the eight limbs of yoga (as described in the second chapter of ’s Yoga-) and the attitude toward the postures. The author quotes B. K. S. Iyengar, who states, “Practice of without the backing of yama and niyama is mere acrobatics.”

Atmananda, Swami. Ethics: The first positive step in spirituality. In Swami Atmananda, The Four : The Four Paths to Spiritual Enlightenment (in the Words of Ancient ). 2d ed. Bombay, India: Bharatiya Bhavan, 1991, pp. 217-218.

2 Attwood, Michael. Suicide as a response to suffering. Western Buddhist Review, Vol. 4. Article available online: http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol4/suicide_as_a_response_to_suffering.html.

Baier, Karl. Yama in asana; Niyama in asana. From the article “Iyengar & the yoga tradition, part 2.” Yoga & Health, Oct 1997, p. 29.

Bdhe, R. Yoga and moral education. Abstract, 2nd International Conference on Yoga Education and Research, Kaivalyadhama (Lonavla), India, 1-4 January 1988. Yoga- Mimamsa, 27(1&2):33.

Bergmann, Gudjon. The prequel (letter to the editor). , Sep/Oct 2002, p. 18.

On the necessity to practice the yamas and niyamas if one is to avoid egotistical involvement with Yoga.

Bhogal, R. S., and M. L. Gharote. Yoga and education of values. Abstract, 2nd International Conference on Yoga Education and Research, Kaivalyadhama (Lonavla), India, 1-4 January 1988.

Boccio, Frank Jude. Ahimsa: Non-harming. 1 Mar 2002. Article available online: http://www.judekaruna.net/archives/2002_02_24_archive.html.

______. Asteya: Non-stealing. 24 Apr 2002. Article available online: http://www.judekaruna.net/archives/2002_04_21_archive.html.

______. : Sexual responsibility. 15 May 2002. Article available online: http://www.judekaruna.net/dharma_talks.html.

______. Building the foundation of practice. 18 Feb 2002. Article available online: http://www.judekaruna.net/archives/2002_02_17_archive.html.

On the importance of the yamas and niyamas.

Brahmacharya: An essential practice for . Article available online: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/9012/brahmacharya.htm.

“What Brahmacharya is not: It is not austerity. It is not abstinence. It is not ‘no sex.’

“What Brahmacharya is: Brahmacharya is the conservation and self-control of vital factors and forces within the body and mind. Every action, thought and emotion uses up these vital factors. They are replenished by the inputs of sensory experience, diet, oxygen intake and lifestyle. This depletion/replenishment process is going on constantly. If the can maintain correct levels of these factors at all times and control them, health will be excellent, and progress will be fast . . .”

3

Brahmeshananda, Swami. We need a different sexual revolution: Few people realize that uncontrolled sexual indulgence can lead to destruction and ruin. Today, May/Jun 2001, p. 66. (On brahmacharya.)

______. Personal development versus social well-being. Prabuddha , Jan 2003, pp. 44-48.

Budilovsky, Joan. Yoga for a New Day. URL: http://www.yoyoga.com/books2.html.

From the author’s website: “. . . explores the basic Yoga Philosophy of Observances and Abstentions. It also takes you through a series of Yoga Asanas/Postures that will strengthen your body as well as relax you.”

Buitenen, J. A. B. Van. Dharma and moksa. Philosophy East and West, 1957, 7(1):33- 40.

Butling, Joy E. Yamas and niyamas and the Ten Commandments: A comparison. Self- published. IAYT holds a copy.

Butler, Katy. Say it right. Tricycle, Winter 2002, pp. 48-51.

“According to former psychologist Marshall Rosenberg, needs are never in opposition— only our strategies for meeting them are. A number of dharma teachers are finding that Rosenberg’s methods can serve as a support for the Buddhist practice of Right Speech.”

Catalfo, Phillip. Violence against self: Are you relating to yourself in a manner that results in your life being more emotionally or physically violent than it need be? Yoga Journal, Mar/Apr 2001. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/443_1.cfm.

Chapple, Christopher. to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1993.

“Probes the origins of the practice of nonviolence in early India and traces its path within the Jaina, Hindu, and Buddhist traditions, including its impact on East Asian Cultures.”

______. and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Cherupallikkatt, Fr. Xavier. Decalogal potential of . Yoga Awareness, May 1980, 4(2):11-17. (Discusses the common thread among the biblical Ten Commandments and the yamas and niyamas.)

4 Chidananda, Swami. The role of [brahmacarya] in the spiritual life. Tehri- Garhwal, Uttaranchal, Himalayas, India: The , 2001. Available online: http://www.SivanandaDlshq.org/download/download.htm#celibacy.

Christensen, Alice. Ethics in Yoga: The Yamas and Niyamas video. American Yoga Association.

From the website: “See Yoga philosophy in action in these candid lecture/discussion classes led by Alice Christensen. Learn along with serious Yoga students as they try to assimilate the ethical guidelines of Patanjali and practice applying the principles to everyday life. Each class includes excerpts from videotapes of interviews with Lakshmanjoo.”

______. Ethics of Yoga: The Yamas and Niyamas. American Yoga Association.

From the website: “Alice and Lakshmanjoo converse in Kashmir about the ethical guidelines of Yoga. These conversations were the inspiration for Alice’s videotaped lectures “Ethics in Yoga” (see above) and her book Yoga of the Heart.”

______. 10 ways to be your own best friend [on the yamas and niyamas] . In Alice Christensen, 20-Minute Yoga Workouts. New York: Ballentine Books, 1995, pp. 131-137.

______. Yoga of the Heart: Ten Ethical Principles for Gaining Limitless Growth, Confidence, and Achievement. New York: Rodale Press (Daybreak Books), 1998.

Cummins, Claudia. Life without sex? [on brahmacarya]. Yoga Journal, Nov 2002, pp. 96-99, 158-161. (See also follow-up letters to the editor in the Mar/Apr 2003 issue, pp. 14-16.)

“Some ancient texts insist celibacy is a must on the yogic path, but few modern practitioners opt for such an ascetic lifestyle. That raises a sticky question: Can we really have our sex and our yoga too?”

Dervish, Tarik. Yama and niyama in the modern world, Part 1: Yama. Spectrum: The Journal of the British Wheel of Yoga, Summer 2000, pp. 16-18.

______. Yama and niyama in the modern world, Part 2: Niyama. Spectrum: The Journal of the British Wheel of Yoga, Autumn 2000, pp. 18-19.

Devi Bhavanani, Meenakshi. Restoring the values to Yoga. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Yoga Research and Value Education, 28-31 December, 2003, Kaivalyadham, Lonavla, Maharashtra, India. Yoga Life, Feb 2003, 34(2):12-17.

“It has been said that ‘politics is the last of scoundrels,’ but it seems the rascals have found another place to hide—in the field of modern, commercialized Yoga! . . .”

5 ______. Evolutionary quirks, yama – niyama and the brain of man.

Dharmasiri, Gunapala. Fundamentals of Buddhist Ethics. Antioch, Calif.: Golden Leaves.

Diwakar, R. R. : An imperative self-control. The Yoga Review, 1984, 4(3&4):115-124.

Don’t worry, be . Yoga says you can be happy—even when everything sucks. Article available online: http://www.allspiritfitness.com/library/features/aa033001a.shtml.

Duggal, Satyapal. Isvara Pranidhana: Surrender unto Him. Yoga and Total Health, Mar 2003, pp. 18-19.

Easwaran, Eknath. Infinite zero: Making peace with the planet and ourselves. Yoga International, Aug/Sep 2003, pp. 66-73. (Discusses ahimsa.)

Farhi, Donna. Yoga Mind, Body, and Spirit

Faulds, Shoban and Danna. Sayings of Swami Kripalu. Available from Danna Faulds, [email protected].

In Chapter 4 Shoban Faulds gives an introduction to the yamas and niyamas, and subsequent chapters bring Swami Kripalu’s reflections on each of them.

Feuerstein, Georg. A note on and in the . Hinduism, Winter 1978, no. 83, pp. 26-28.

A review of Agehananda Bharati’s The Light at the Centre: Context and Pretext of Modern Mysticism (Santa Barbara: Ross-Erikson, 1976).

______. Nonharming (ahimsa) in Jaina Yoga. Yoga World, Jul/Aug 1997. 1(4):6-7.

______. Does Your Right Hand Know What Your Left Hand Is Doing? A Two- Day Seminar on the Moral Foundations of Yoga (Yamas/Niyamas). Yoga Research and Education Center (YREC).

“The moral —non-harming, truthfulness, non-stealing, non-possessiveness, and —form the first ‘limb’ of the eightfold yogic path. They form the foundations of Yoga, yet they are generally ignored in Western Yoga practice. This seminar explores the connection between morality and spirituality. We will learn how traditional notions still apply today and how they can be integrated into our contemporary Yoga practice. Past participants found this seminar quite challenging but also transformative, because pondering moral issues helps us bring our spiritual practice down to earth.

“Topics covered: The five moral disciplines according to Patanjali’s Yoga-Sûtra and

6 various commentaries • Additional moral disciplines of Classical Yoga, such as friendliness (maitrî) and (karunâ) • Moral disciplines mentioned in other Yoga scriptures, such as rectitude (ârjava) and forbearance (kshamâ) • The qualifications through which one succeeds on the yogic path, such as enthusiasm, determination, courage, true , steadiness • The qualifications of a good disciple o Morality, self-transcendence, and enlightenment • and more

“Some of the questions that will be pondered in the seminar: Is there such a thing as a just war? Do you measure your words to avoid harming others? Are you a vegetarian? Are little white lies justifiable? Do you exaggerate? Would you keep a $100 dollar bill if you found it in the street? Do you engage in sex as a form of prayer? Do you feel conflicted about sex vis-à-vis your Yoga practice? Do you feel you have accumulated more stuff than you need? Do you regard your children as your property? Do you regard your thoughts as your property? Are you kind only to those you like or to everyone? Are you kind toward yourself? Is it possible that by always being forbearing, we deprive others of a valuable lesson? Does anger have any place in social interaction? How does your own instability or disharmony harm others? Etc.”

______. Heating up your practice. Yoga International, Dec/Jan 2003, pp. 28-32.

“ begins with temporarily or permanently denying ourselves a particular desire— having a satisfying cup of coffee, a piece of chocolate, or casual sex. Instead of instant gratification, we choose postponement.”

______. The money idol. Yoga International, Aug/Sep 2003, pp. 30-32.

Discusses greed and the right relationship to money.

Fleischman, Paul R. The Buddha Taught Nonviolence, Not . Pariyatti Book Service, 2002.

“In the wake of 9/11, Dr. Paul R. Fleischman puts into modern context the Buddha’s teaching on determining what constitutes right action.”

Ford-Kohne, Nancy. Samtosa, contentment. Available online: http://www.mayayoga.org/Samtosa.htm.

Frawley, David. Yoga, ahimsa and the recent terrorist attacks. Article available online: http://www.dharmacentral.com/articles/terror.htm.

Gandhi, M. K. Truth. Article available online: http://www.mkgandhi.org/truth/article3.htm.

Garza, Janiss. The small side of ahimsa. 21 Feb 2003. Article available online:

On adopting the practice of ahimsa bit by bit over time.

7

Gitananda Giri, Swami. Take only what you earn. Yoga Life, Dec 2000, 31(12):7-8. (Briefly discusses all yamas, but especially asteya and aparigraha.)

Govindan, Marshall. By contentment, supreme joy is attained. Babaji’s Journal, Spring 2001, 8(1):1-2.

______. The way to Ahimsa through Being. Babaji’s Kriya Yoga Journal, Summer 2001, 8(2):1-2.

Gyanbhikshu , Swami. Swadhyaya: Viewpoint of the Yoga . Yoga (Sivananda Math), Feb 2005, pp. 41-47.

Hansa. The season for nonviolence. Kripalu Yoga Teachers Association Yoga Bulletin, Spring 2001, 10(1):7. Article available online: http://www.ytoc.org/nonviolence.html.

On applying the yamas and niyamas to asana practice.

Hanson, Virginia G. Dharma: A liberating law. American Theosophist, Aug-Sep 1986, 74(8):265ff.

Harris, Elizabeth J. Violence and disruption in society: A study of the early . Kandy, Sri Lanka: The Buddhist Publication Society. Article available online: http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/H/Harris/violenceHarris.html.

Harvey, P. An introduction to Buddhist Ethics. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Hawthorne, Mark. Champions of nonviolence: How men and women committed to Gandhian tactics changed our world for the better. Hinduism Today, Apr/May/Jun 2003, pp. 56-59.

His Holiness the Dalai . Ethics for the New Millennium. New York: Riverhead Books, 1999.

Contents: Modern society and the quest for human happiness; No magic, no mystery; Dependent origination and the nature of reality; Redefining the good; The supreme emotion; The ethic of restraint; The ethic of ; The ethic of compassion; Ethics and suffering; The need for discernment; Universal responsibility: Levels of commitment; Ethics in society; Peace and disarmament; The role of religion in modern society; An appeal

______, and Jean-Claude Carrière. Violence & Compassion. New York: Doubleday, 1996.

8 From the publisher: “In this collection of interviews, Jean-Claude Carrière asks deeply relevant questions of the , whose answers provide clarity and perspective on issues such as terrorism, environmentalism, and modern violence.”

Hughes, James J., and Damien Keown. Buddhism and medical ethics: A bibliographical introduction. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 1995, vol. 2. Article available online: http://www.changesurfer.com/Bud/BudBioEth.html.

Contains sections on: Buddhism and medicine; Buddhism and medical ethics; Buddhist approaches to ; Medical ethicists on personhood; Parfit’s deconstruction of personhood; Buddhism and ; Key Western writings on abortion; Writings on embryology, rebirth, and karma; Japan and abortion; Buddhism on sexuality and contraception; Genetics and reproductive technologies; Death, dying, and euthanasia; Key Western writings on euthanasia

Ingalls, Daniel H. H. Dharma and moksa. Philosophy East and West, 1957, 7(1):41-48.

The inner meaning of brahmacharya. Yoga Life, Dec 2000, 31(12):10-15. Reprinted from Kesari, Jun 2000.

Iswara pranidhana: The fifth and all encompassing niyama. Yoga Life, Aug 2000, 31(8):19-24. Reprinted from The Vedanta Kesari, Jul 2000.

Iyengar, B. K. S. Yoga and brahmacharya. Yoga Rahasya, 1995, 2(2):9-13.

Jaini, Padmanabh S. Animals as agents in ahimsa action and spiritual life. Journal of Dharma, Jul-Sep 1991, 16(3):269-281.

James, Michael. The ethical teachings of Sri . American Theosophist, Nov 1984, 72(10):395ff.

Jayatilleke, K. N. Ethics in Buddhist Perspective. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.

Jerry, Martin. Practicing the five yamas in daily life. Article available online: http://www.yrec.info/contentid-181.html.

Joshi, K. S. The significance and relevance of brahmacarya in yoga today. Yoga Awareness: Quarterly Journal of YOCOCEN, Jul 1977, 1(1), 19-21.

Journal of Buddhist Ethics. URL: http://jbe.gold.ac.uk.

Jyotirmayananda, Swami. Insight into nonviolence. International Yoga Guide, Jun 2001, 38(10):228-230.

9 ______. Philosophy of Non-violence audiotape. South Miami, Fla.: Yoga Research Foundation. To order, call 305-666-2006. 60 minutes.

Karambelkar, P. V. in the Yoga-Sutras. Yoga Awareness, May 1980, 4(2):33-38.

Kashio, Jikaku. Yoga and ethics, particularly in the astangayoga system. Journal of Indian and (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu), Tokyo, Mar 1978, 26(2):896-900. [In Japanese.]

Kassner, Enid. The best happiness [santosha]. Article available online: http://www.sunandmoonstudio.com/content.html.

Keegan, Paul. Yogis behaving badly. Business 2.0, Sep 2002, pp. 118-124. Article available online: http://www.economist.com/business/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2765973. See follow-up letters to the editor at: http://www.bikramyoga.com/press/press7.htm.

Addresses ethical lapses in the Yoga community, structuring the article around the five yamas (moral disciplines) of traditional Yoga.

Kent, Howard. The therapeutic value of dispassion [santosha]. Spectrum: The Journal of the British Wheel of Yoga, Winter 1999, p. 5.

Keown, Damien. Buddhism and Bioethics. London and New York: Macmillan/St. Martins Press, 1995.

______. Buddhism and suicide: The case of . Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 1996, 3.

______, ed. Contemporary Buddhist Ethics. Curzon Press.

Khan, Hazrat Inayat. Self-discipline . . .why bother? Yoga International, Jan 2001, pp. 54-56.

Kimbrough, John. Initial ruminations on brahmacarya. Yoga and Total Health, Jul 2002, pp. 13-14.

Kingsland, Kevin and Venika. Yama and niyama—the entrance qualifications for yoga. In Kevin and Venika Kingsland, Complete . New York: Arco Publishing, 1976, pp. 28-33.

Kinsley, David. Reflections on ecological themes in Hinduism. Journal of Dharma, Jul- Sep 1991, 16(3):229-245. (Ahimsa.)

10 Klostermaier, Klaus K. , ahimsa and ecology. Journal of Dharma, Jul-Sep 1991, 16(3):246-254.

Kraftsow, Gary. Polishing the mirror: Svadhyaya, self-reflection, has practical meaning for all those who recognize the need for self-improvement. Yoga Journal, Jul/Aug 2001. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/726_1.cfm.

Krishnananda, Swami. The moral restraints; The observances. In Swami Krishnananda, The Yoga System. Shivanandanagar, India: The Divine Life Society, 1992, pp. 16-31.

Kriyananda, Goswami. The law of abstention (yama); The law of observance (niyama). In Goswami , The Spiritual Science of Kriya Yoga. Chicago: The Temple of Kriya Yoga, 1976, 2002, 1-34.

Kumara Giri, Yogacharya Sankara. Yama and niyama: A yoga in their own right. Yoga Life, May 2001, 32(5):19-31.

Lappa, Andre. Yoga and morality. Article available online: http://www.yoga- age.com/articles/lappa.html.

Lasater, Judith. Beginning the journey: Living ethically, according to Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra, is the first step on the true path of yoga. Yoga Journal, Nov/Dec 1998. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/462_1.cfm. (On the yamas.)

______. Cultivate your connections. Yoga Journal, Jan/Feb 1999. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/455_1.cfm. (On the niyamas.)

______. Living Your Yoga: Finding the Spiritual in Everyday Life. Berkeley, Calif.: Rodmell Press, 2000.

Chapters include: Spiritual Seeking, Discipline, Letting Go, Self-Judgment, Faith, Perspective, Courage, Compassion, Control, Fear, Patience, Attachment and Aversion, Suffering, , Greed, Service, Connection, Truth, Success, Nonviolence, and Love

______. To tell the truth: The yogic practice of (truth) focuses on carefully choosing our words so they do the least harm—and the most good. Yoga Journal, May/Jun, 2002, pp. 77-80.

Learning from the ancient texts. Yoga Rahasya, 2002, 9(4):15-16.

On “Raja Harishchandra, the . . . epitome of satya (truth).” Based on a legend from the Yoga-Rahasya.

11 Leffler, D. R., K. W. Kleinschnitz, and K. G. Walton. An alternative to military violence and fear-based deterrence: Twenty years of research on the Maharishi Effect. Modern Science and Vedic Science. Article available online: http://www.mum.edu.

Lenihan, Janice. Ahimsa and nature. Research paper for IYTA (N.Z.), 1991. Reviewed in the Winter 2001 issue of IYTA News (N.Z.) Inc., p. 27.

LePage, Joseph. Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras as a model for psycho-spiritual evolution. The Journal of The International Association of Yoga Therapists, 1995, no. 6, pp. 23-26.

On the yamas and niyamas.

Loori, John Daido. The Heart of Being: Moral and Ethical Teachings of Zen. Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 1996.

Machado, Kristen Pratt. The need for nonviolence: Gandhi’s legacy lives on. Whole Life Times, Dec 2001. Article available online: http://www.wholelifetimes.com.

Maitreyi, Yogacharini (Anita Joshua). Swadhyaya: The yogic of self study. Yoga Life, Dec 2001, 32(12):10-17.

Makransky, John. Buddha and the gang bangers: Buddhist texts show how boundless love can be applied to problems of social fragmentation and violence. Science & Theology Neews, 17 May 2005.

Marchesiello, Vandita Kate. Using yamas and niyamas in your yoga business. Article available online: http://www.yogaalliance.org/YA/marchesielloarticle.do.

Martens, Jeff. Working out with ahimsa. Article available online: http://www.innervisionyoga.com/index.php?nid=article&article_id=58.

Martin, Donna. Non-violence in [Yoga] therapy. The Journal of The International Association of Yoga Therapists, 1993, no. 4, pp. 4-5.

McAfee, John. The Secrets of the Yamas: A Spiritual Guide to Yoga. Woodland Park, Colo.: McAfee Publications, 2001.

McIntyre, Elena. Yamas and niyamas: Guidelines for conscious living. Article available online: http://www.massyoga.com/yama_niyama.htm.

Mehta, Rajvi H. Beware of the klesas (afflictions). Yoga Rahasya, 2002, 9(4): 39-41.

Written for Yoga teachers in response to the articles that appeared in 2002 on Yoga teachers and institutions that behaved unethically.

12 Mody, Pradesh. An understanding of Jainism and the importance of non-violence. OMNI: Journal of Spiritual and Religious Care, 2001. Article available online: http://www.omni.omc.on/ca/articles/jainism.html.

Moffitt, Phillip. Disappointment is hell: Hatha yoga offers an opportunity to practice and find freedom from suffering. Yoga Journal, May/Jun 2000, pp. 60-65.

______. Life dancing: If all your actions are based on the pursuit of happiness, why is it that so many things you do yield anything but happiness? Yoga Journal, Jul/Aug 2000, p. 60-65.

On non-clinging.

______. Violence against self. Yoga Journal, Mar/Apr 2001. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/443_1.cfm.

“Are you relating to yourself in a manner that results in your life being more emotionally or physically violent than it need be?”

Moon, Stella. Vrtti and vegetables. Institute of San Francisco Review, Winter 2001, 21(1):18-20.

On practicing the yamas and niyamas in daily life.

Moore, Thomas. Soul power: Nonviolence is the weapon of the brave. Resurgence, no. 218. Article available online: http://resurgence.gn.apc.org/issues/moore218.htm.

“Peace is not the absence of conflict or aggression. It is the transformation of brute power into strength of mind and heart. Peace is the humane focusing of anger and ambition on the needs of the world and on creative contributions to life and culture. Peace is an active thing, strong and bold.

“Violence appears only when you have lost your strength and have nothing left but to act out with fetishes—guns and other weapons—that betray your weakness. Violence is blocked life-force. It is creativity gone amok and individuality suppressed. Therefore, the worst thing you can do in dealing with violence is to be weak.”

Mosca, Johanna (Maheshvari). YogaLife: 10 Steps to Freedom. Sedona, Ariz.: Sedona Spirit Yoga Publications, 2000. Also available on CD with accompanying booklet.

Contents: Yamas/Restraints—Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, Aparigraha; Niyamas/Observances—Saucha, Santosha, Tapas, Svadhyaya, -Pranidhana; and more

From the Winter 2001 Kripalu Yoga Teachers Association Yoga Bulletin: “. . . focuses on integrating the moral codes of yoga into our everyday lives in order to achieve greater

13 balance, peace and harmony. With a compassionate, down-to-earth approach, Maheshvari explores each yama and niyama through explanation and reflection. She weaves together quotations, guided , affirmations and ideas for discussion and journal writing into an inspiring and interesting whole. An accompanying booklet presents the information in a convenient format.”

Mounamurti Saraswati, Swami. Yamas and Niyamas of Raja Yoga: As I understand them in relation to my own life. Available online: http://satyamyoga.virtualave.net/Yamas%20and%20Niyamas%20of%20Raja%20Yoga.ht m.

Nagler, Michael. Is There No Other Way? The Search for a Nonviolent Future. Berkeley Hills Books, 2000.

Naura, Hella. Thoughts on ahimsa and himsa. Yoga and Total Health, Feb 2002, pp. 12- 13.

Nesy, D. Ethics and development. Prabuddha Bharata, Aug 2002, 107:422-428.

Niranjanananda Saraswati, Swami. Attachment and non-attachment. Yoga (Sivananda Math), Nov 1999. Article available online: http://www.yogamag.net/archives/1999/6nov99/anda.shtml.

______. The ITIES: Serenity, regularity, absence of vanity. Yoga (Sivananda Math), Sep-Oct 2001, 12(5):23-30. The next installments in this series are by Swami Yogatirthananda Saraswati (see below).

Nischalananda Saraswati, Swami. : Non-attachment. Spectrum: The Journal of the British Wheel of Yoga, Autumn 1999, p. 19.

Nityasthananda, Swami. Reflections on truth. Prabuddha Bharata, Jan 2003, pp. 57-61.

O’Brien, Paddy. Yama and niyama—on not going to extremes. In Paddy O’Brien, : A Gentler Strength. London: Thorsons, 1991, 1994, pp. 82-86.

O’Hara, Liz. How living non-violently is ecologically responsible. YogaLife, Mar/Apr 2000, p. 17.

Om Saraswati, Swami. Yamas and niyamas (Part 1). Yoga (Sivananda Math), Jan 2005, pp. 36-44. (Swami was 13 years old at the time of writing this article.)

______. Yamas and niyamas (Part 1). Yoga (Sivananda Math), Feb 2005, pp. 22- 28. (Swami Om was 13 years old at the time of writing this article.)

Palkhivala, Aadil. Teaching the niyamas in asana class. Yoga Journal. Article available online: http://yogajournal.com/teacher/976_1.cfm.

14 “Learn how to seamlessly incorporate the five niyamas into your hatha yoga class.”

______. Teaching the Yamas and Niyamas. Forthcoming. Excerpt available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/teacher/1026_1.cfm.

______. Force vs. feeling. My Yoga Mentor, Sep 2004, no. 10. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/teacher/[email protected]&ctsrc=nlt10.

“Teaching students to feel rather than use force during their practice won’t only make them better yogis—it will also make them better citizens of the world.”

Pandey, Maneesh. Countering corruption through yoga: Transport Department to adopt distressing techniques for officials. The Times of India, 25 Jun 2004.

“Don’t be surprised if a transport official at any of the offices that you visit talks to you politely and guides you to the right counter. Just thank the Indian sages for inventing yoga and the modern day de-stressing techniques that the transport department is all set to adopt to reform its officials.

“According to senior officials, after drawing flak over harassment of consumers due to staff-tout nexus and alleged corruption in the transport offices, the department has decided to tame its ‘tainted’ staff, albeit differently. ‘Self-motivational plans are at final stages to invite private organizations to provide training to our staff to change their attitude,’ said an official.

“‘As per the plan, the disillusioned personnel will be put through de-stressing sessions, yoga and courses, orientation capsules and may even have to wear a new-look uniform. We are inviting modules from training institutes to change the mind set of our staff,’ the officer said . . .”

Patt, David, Jan Chozen Bays, Lama Das, Thanissaro , and José Cabezón. War or peace? Thinking outside the box. Tricycle, Spring 2002, pp., 50-57.

A dialogue about the Buddhist precept of non-killing and the war that followed the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Perez, Leonardo. Psychological views on religious celibacy/brahmacharya. Article available online: http://www.therayoga.com/celibacy.html.

Pew, Katherine. Taming the hoarding furies. Yoga International, Apr/May 2002, pp. 48- 50. (On aparigraha.)

Phillips, Stephen H. Ethics and skepticism in Eastern enlightenment theories. Paper presented at the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy in association with the American Philosophical Association, Chicago, May 1998.

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______. Ahimsa and satyagraha in the context of world oligarchy. Invited lecture, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, January 2002.

Piper, Adrian M. S. The meaning of brahmacharya. In Valerie Jeremijenko, ed., How We Live Our Yoga. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 2001, pp. 36-56. Article available online: http://www.adrianpiper.com/piper12.index.html.

Prabuddhananda, Swami. Non-violence: A spiritual perspective. Prabuddha Bharata, Jun 2002, 107:316-318.

Topics addressed: Jungle law and human Dharma; Motive more important than the act; Ahimsa for our own health; Ahimsa is not weakness; Oneness of existence; Attitude towards suffering around us

Practice of nonviolence. Jain Study Circular, Apr 1999, p. 33.

Prashanthini, M. Padma. Importance of excellent character as the basis of yoga study. Yoga Life, Nov 2000, 31(11):8-13

Prembhava Saraswati, Swami. Developing contentment. Yoga (Sivananda Math), May 2000, 11(3):20-23.

______. Ahimsa. Yoga (Sivananda Math), Sep-Oct 2001, 12(5):31-34.

Rama, Swami. Yama and niyama. In Swami , Lectures on Yoga. 6th ed. Honesdale, Pa.: The Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy, 1979, pp. 21-28.

Rea, . Playing with fire: Cultivating tapas—the burning desire that fuels your practice—can help you overcome obstacles on and off the mat. Yoga Journal, May/Jun 2001, pp. 77-81.

______. The practice of surrender: Ishvara pranidhana is not about what your yoga can do for you, but about approaching your practice in the spirit of . Yoga Journal, Nov 2002, pp. 71-74. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/776_1.cfm?ctsrc=nls62.

Reder, Alan. The yoga of money. Yoga Journal, Mar/Apr 2003, pp. 114-119, 179.

“Yoga’s ethical precepts teach us to tell the truth and do no harm, but few realize that these teachings can also help us to manage our money.”

Rhys Davids, C. A. F. A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics. Translation of Dhammasangani. London: Text Society, 1900.

16 Roman, Dinu. Yamas and Niyamas. Available at Roots & Wings website: http://www.yoga.com.

Rosen, Steven J., ed. Violence and the Bhagavad Gita. Hampton, Va.: Deepak Heritage Books, 2003. URL: www.deepakheritage.com. Reviewed by Phil Catalfo in Yoga Journal, Jul/Aug 2003, p. 145.

Ruslanov, Anatole. Tantric view of brahmacharya. Article available online: http://www.abhidhyan.org/Answers/Tantric_view_of_Brahmacharya.htm.

Saddhatissa, H. Buddhist Ethics. London: Allen & Unwin, 1970.

Saints and scriptures speak on ahimsa: Ancient and modern voices extol the virtues of noninjuriousness. Hinduism Today, Jul/Aug 2001, p. 36.

Satchidananda Ma, Swami. Ahimsa: Ahimsa often translated as non-violence, sometimes translated as positive love for all. Spectrum: The Journal of the British Wheel of Yoga, Winter 1998, p. 13.

Schumacher, John. [On living yogically in the often violent setting of contemporary life]. Article available online: http://www.yoga.com.

Shipway, Jilly. Misogi: The art of clutter free yoga. Spectrum, Spring 1999, pp. 16-17.

Shraddhananda, Swami. Building peace: The power of ahimsa. YOGAChicago, May- Jun 2003, pp. 9-10, 17.

______. The power of satya: Thinking, speaking, being truth. YOGAChicago, Jul- Aug 2003, pp. 16-18.

______. Asteya: The past, present and future of non-stealing. YOGAChicago, Sep-Oct 2003. Article available online: http://www.yogachicago.com/sep03/asteya.shtml.

Singh, Jaideva. The role of bhâvanâ in moral and spiritual development. Prabuddha Bharata, Jun 2002, 107:309-312.

Sivananda, Swami. Ahimsa. In Swami Sivananda, Bliss Divine. Article available online: http://www.sivanandadlshq.org/teachings/ahimsa.htm.

______. Brahmacarya. In Swami Sivananda, Bliss Divine. Article available online: http://www.sivanandadlshq.org/teachings/brahmacharya.htm.

______. Satyam. In Swami Sivananda, Bliss Divine. Article available online: http://www.sivanandadlshq.org/teachings/satyam.htm.

17 Skiotis, Pano. Postmodern ethics: A Buddhist response. Western Buddhist Review, vol. 4. Article available online: http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol4/postmodern_ethics.html.

Smith, Huston. Violence and non-violence. Prabuddha Bharata, Feb 2002, 107:21-23.

Smith, Laureen. Maitri: A path to ahimsa. Article available online: http://www.sunandmoonstudio.com/maitri.html.

Smith-Christopher, Daniel, ed. Subverting Hatred: The Challenge of Nonviolence in Religious Traditions. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1998.

“Representatives of nine world religions offer insights on how their traditions may help to overcome the contagion of hatred through the practice of nonviolence.”

Social and moral implications of yamas in yoga. Yoga Awareness: Quarterly Journal of YOCOCEN, Jul 1977, 1(1), Yococen Supplement, Report of The Fifth International Conference of International Yoga Teachers Association, Panchgani, India, December 1976, p. 11-12.

Somerville, Rebecca. Relationship of yama, niyama and breath. In the article, “Patanjali’s divine gift – part two: Sadhana Pada.” Australian Yoga Life, 2003, no. 6, p. 61.

Srinivasan. Brahmacharya. Sivananda Yoga Life, Spring/Summer 1996. Article available online:

Subramuniyaswami, Satguru Sivaya. Peace by peace: We can change the way all mankind behaves when each one of us works step by step toward ahimsa, nonviolence in thought, word and deed. Hinduism Today, Jul/Aug 2001, pp. 33-36.

______. Taking care of business—nonviolently: Ahimsa is not just a prohibition against physical and emotional assault. Hinduism Today, Jul/Aug 2001, p. 35.

On the application of ahimsa in business.

______. Yoga’s Forgotten Foundation: Twenty Timeless Keys to Your Divine Destiny. Himalayan Academy Publications, 2004.

“A must-read for serious yoga practitioners, meditators, and anyone deeply involved with transformative spiritual life, Yoga’s Forgotten Foundation delves into the integrated approach to yoga as taught by the great masters of India. It is a cogent reminder to those who want to start at the end of the spiritual path that there is an essential beginning, the neglect of which portends failure and disappointment. In 224 pages, with full-color Indian art, it explores the traditional foundation of yoga, twenty little-known guidelines

18 on personal ethics, self-control, and religious practice, called the yamas and niyamas.

“The yamas and niyamas have been preserved through the centuries as the first and second stage of the eight-staged practice of yoga. They provide the essential foundation to support our yoga practice so that attainments in higher consciousness can be sustained. The modern exponent of hatha yoga B.K.S. Iyengar cautioned, ‘Practice of asanas without the backing of yama and niyama is mere acrobatics. Yama and niyama control the yogi’s passions and emotions and keep him in harmony with his fellow man.’

“The book begins with a forward by the author’s spiritual successor, Satguru Bodhinatha Veylanswami, and takes the reader step by step through non-injury, truthfulness, non- stealing, sexual purity, patience, contentment and other facets of virtue. Grounded in a traditional Hindu point of view, yet admirably relevant to us all, the book discusses some of the toughest issues and challenges of modern life, including promiscuity, domestic abuse, child-rearing, overeating, gambling, vegetarianism, violence, injustice and pornography—relating them all to progress on the yoga path. It also explores the essential practices, including charity, worship, chanting , austerity and scriptural study.”

Svoboda, Robert E. Speaking truth: The art of sacred speech. Yoga International, Dec/Jan 2003, pp. 68-77.

Swain, Braj Kishore. Plant ecology and the law of the relationship between action and result. Journal of Dharma, Jul-Sep 1991, 16(3):218-228.

Tachibana, S. Ethics of Buddhism. London: Curzon Press, 1926.

Tähtinen, Unto. Ahimsa: Non-Violence in Indian Tradition. Ahmedabad, India: Navajivan Publishing House, 1976.

Detailed examination of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain concepts of ahimsa.

______. Values, non-violence and ecology: Two approaches. Journal of Dharma, Jul-Sep 1991, 16(3):211-217.

Takagi, Shingen. Two aspects of knowledge and practical discipline as seen in “yama” and “niyama” of the eight aids to Yoga. Nippon Bukkyo Gakukai Nempo (The Journal of the Nippon Buddhist Research Association), Kyoto, Mar 1971, 36:17-32.

Taniguchi, S. Biomedical ethics from a Buddhist perspective. Pacific World New Series, Fall 1987, 3:75-83.

______. A study of biomedical ethics from a Buddhist perspective. M.A. thesis, Berkeley, Calif.: Graduate Theological Union and the Institute of Buddhist Studies, 1987.

Tathagatananda, Swami. Hinduism and ahimsa. Hinduism, 1981, no. 94, pp. 1-4.

19 Thakar, Vimala. Yamas. Jan 1998. Article available online: http://www.ul.ie/~sextonb/vt/yamas.htm.

Thompson, Douglas R. Experiencing contentment. Article available online: http://www.mayayoga.org/contentment.htm.

Tigunait, Pandit Rajmani. Nine Steps to Disarming the Mind audiocassette. Honesdale, Pa.: Himalayan Institute Press. 47 minutes.

From the publisher: “The secret of nonviolence is simple—don’t hurt yourself and don’t hurt others. This tape gives precise methods for practicing nonviolence and healing the injured areas of your life. Contains guided contemplations to turn the abstract principles of compassion and love into an active part of reality.”

Tinsley, Judith. The pancha yamas and niyamas: Thoughts to contemplate. Yoga Life, Feb 2000, 31(2):8-16.

Tiwari, Brahmacharini . Harnessing speech: Inner contemplation and outer discipline insure ahimsa in your daily interactions. Hinduism Today, Jul/Aug 2001, p. 37.

The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Satya is the yama of non- lying. But what is truth anyhow? Article available online: http://www.allspiritfitness.com/library/features/aa062901a.shtml.

Venkatesananda, Swami. The role of the in ahimsa training. Yoga around the World, Oct 1971 - Oct 1972, no. 29, pp. 88-92.

What Is Nonviolence (Ahimsa) According to Jains? Jain Study Circular, Apr 1999, p. 32.

Willson, Velta. Discovery concerning aparigraha. Yoga Today, Nov 1980, 5(7):45.

Tripath, K. M., and R. H. Singh. ‘Astangika Yoga’: Its symmetrical wholeness and mutual interrelations with special reference to Yama, Niyama and . The Yoga Review, 1984, 4(1&2):27-40.

Abstract: The Yoga, described by Maharshi Patanjali, is eight-limbic; its every constituent part depends upon interrelated equi-development. But often it is misunderstood as sequential and hierarchical levels and the Yama and Niyama are neglected. In present discussion, according to classical Indian psychological perspective with reference to personality and mind, environment and individual response, the symmetrical wholeness and mutual interrelations of Astangika Yoga, significance and exigency of Yama and Niyama, spontaneity and applicability of Samadhi state, have been emphasized with simplified scientific interpretations.

20 Yama: The death of primitive rudimentary instincts. Yoga Rahasya, 2004, 11(2):19- 24.

The yoga of non-sex: Brahmacharya is yoga’s most misunderstood yama. Article available online: http://www.allspiritfitness.com/library/features/aa083101a.shtml.

Yogatirthananda Saraswati, Swami. Sincerity, simplicity, veracity. Yoga (Sivananda Math), Nov-Dec 2001, 12(6):30-37. The first installment in this series is by Swami Niranjanananda Saraswati (see above).

______. ITIES 7-9: Equanimity, fixity, non-irritability. Yoga (Sivananda Math), May-Jun 2002, 1(3):21-30.

Yogeshwara, Shri, and Nand Parmhansa. Restraints (Yamas); Observances (Niyamas). In Shri and Nand Parmhansa, First Steps to Higher Yoga. Yoga Niketan Trust, 2001.

Contents: Restraints (Yamas): 1. Non-violence - Ahimsa (intellectual non-violence, baudhika ahimsa; non-violence of speech, vachika ahimsa; physical non-violence, sharirika ahimsa), 2. Truthfulness – Satya (intellectual truthfulness, baudhika satya; vocal truth, vachika satya; physical truth, sharirika satya), 3. Non-Stealing – Asteya (intellectual non-stealing, baudhika asteya; theft of speech, vachika asteya, physical theft, sharirika asteya), 4. Celibacy – Brahmacharya (intellectual celibacy, baudhika brahmacharya; celibacy in speech, vachika brahmacharya; bodily celibacy, sharirika brahmacharya), 5. Non-covetousness – Aparigraha (intellectual non-covetousness, baudhika aparigraha; verbal non-covetousness, vachika aparigraha; material non- attachment, sharirika aparigraha); Observances (Niyamas): 1. Purity – (intellectual purity, baudhika shaucha; purity of speech, vachika shaucha; physical purity, sharirika shaucha), 2. Contentment – Santosha (intellectual contentment, baudhika santosha; contentment in speech, vachika santosha; bodily contentment, sharirika santosha), 3. Austerity – Tapa (mental austerity, baudhika tapa; austerity of speech, vachika tapa; physical austerity, sharirika tapa), 4. Self-Study – Swadhyaya (mental study, baudhika swadhyaya; verbal study, vachika swadhyaya; physical study, sharirika swadhyaya). 5. Meditation on God - Ishwar-Pranidhan (mental meditation, baudhika Ishwar-pPranidhan; verbal meditation, vachika Ishwar-pranidhan; bodily meditation, sharirika Ishwar-pranidhan)

Of Related Interest

Miller, Melvin E., and Alan N. West, eds. Spirituality, Ethics, and Relationship in Adulthood: Clinical and Theoretical Explorations. Madison, Ct.: Psychosocial Press, 2000.

Contents: Part I: Spirituality, Morality, and Ethics—Spiritual Quests in the Life Structure in Adulthood; Morality, Ethics, Spirituality, and Prejudice in the Writings of Erik H.

21 Erikson; An Ethicospiritual Analysis of Postmodernism; Critical Consciousness and Its Ontogeny in the Life Span; Part II: Interrelationship, Intimacy, and Involvement— Relationship and Connection in Women’s Identity form College to Midlife; Loving with Integrity: A Feminist Spirituality of Wholeness; Cognitive Aspects of Unitative States; Fifth-Order Consciousness and Early Greek Christianity; On Constructing an Engaged Life; Part III: The Self in Transformation—On Being at Both Center and Circumference; Meditation and the Evolution of Consciousness; The Interplay of Object Relations and Cognitive Development; Conversion and the Self; Conversions across the Culture War Divide: Two Case Studies

Schwartz, Barry. The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less. Ecco/HarperCollins, 2004.

From a review by Phil Catalfo in the Sep/Oct 2004 issue of Yoga Journal, p. 162: “. . . without ever mentioning yogic philosophy, [the author] provides a perfectly apt meditation on what contentment—samtosha to yogis—might look like in today’s world.”

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