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Defence Against Terrorism Review Vol.8 2016 1 Defence Against Terrorism Review - DATR ISSN 1307 - 9190 Owner ‹smayil GÜNDÜZ, Director of COE-DAT Coordinator Mehmet ASLANTAfi, Chief Edu.&Tra.,COE-DAT Editor-in-Chief Atasay ÖZDEM‹R, Ph.D., Editor, COE-DAT Assistant Editor Berin KOYUTÜRK, International Relations Specialist, COE-DAT Copy Editor Larry WHITE, J.D., TOBB ETU University Editorial Board Yonah ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Potomac Institute Ç›nar ÖZEN, Ph.D., Ankara University Oktay TANRISEVER, Ph.D., Middle East Technical University Ahmet Kas›m HAN, Ph.D., Kadir Has University Ignacio SÁNCHEZ-CUENCA, Ph.D, Juan March Institute Anthony RICHARDS, Ph.D., University of East London Advisory Comittee Meliha ALTUNIfiIK, Ph.D., Middle East Technical University Beril DEDEO⁄LU, Ph.D., Galatasaray University Sertaç BAfiEREN, Ph.D., Ankara University Rohan Kumar GUNARATNA, Ph.D., Nanyang Technologica University J.Martin RAMIREZ, Ph.D., Complutense University Yaflar ONAY, Ph.D., ‹stanbul University Stephen SLOAN, Ph.D., University of Central Florida Ersel AYDINLI, Ph.D.,Bilkent University Bar›fl ÖZDAL, Ph.D., Uluda¤ University DATR is an international peer-reviewed journal that is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO Publishing. DATR is a product of the Centre of Excellence-Defence Against Terrorism (COE-DAT). It is produced for NATO, NATO member countries, NATO partners, related private and public institutions and related individuals. It does not represent the opinions or policies of NATO or COE-DAT. The views presented in articles are those of the authors. © All rights reserved by the Centre of Excellence-Defence Against Terrorism. 2 Defence Against Terrorism Review - DATR ISSN 1307 - 9190 Sahibi ‹smayil GÜNDÜZ, TMMM Komutan› Sorumlu Yaz› ‹flleri Müdürü Mehmet ASLANTAfi, E¤itim ve Ö¤retim Baflkan›, TMMM Editör Dr. Atasay ÖZDEM‹R, Editör, TMMM Yard›mc› Editör Berin KOYUTÜRK, Uluslararas› ‹liflkiler Uzman›, TMMM ‹ngilizce Editörü Dr. Larry WHITE, TOBB ETÜ Üniversitesi Yay›n Kurulu Prof. Dr. Yonah ALEXANDER, Potomac Institute Prof. Dr. Ç›nar ÖZEN, Ankara Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Oktay TANRISEVER, ODTÜ Doç. Dr. Ahmet Kas›m HAN, Kadir Has Üniversitesi Doç. Dr. Ignacio SÁNCHEZ-CUENCA, Juan March Institute Doç. Dr. Anthony RICHARDS, University of East London Dan›flma Kurulu Prof. Dr. Meliha ALTUNIfiIK, ODTÜ Prof. Dr. Beril DEDEO⁄LU, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Yay›n Sahibi: ‹smayil GÜNDÜZ Prof. Dr. Sertaç BAfiEREN, Ankara Üniversitesi Sorumlu Yaz› ‹flleri Müdürü: Mehmet ASLANTAfi Prof. Dr. Rohan Kumar GUNARATNA, Nanyang Technologica Yay›n Türü: Yerel Süreli Yay›n University Yay›n fiekli: Y›ll›k ‹ngilizce Prof. Dr. J.Martin RAMIREZ, Complutense University Prof. Dr. Yaflar ONAY, Ph.D., ‹stanbul Üniversitesi Defence Against Terrorism Review – DATR Prof. Dr. Stephen SLOAN, University of Central Florida Terörizmle Mücadele Mükemmeliyet Merkezi Prof. Dr. Ersel AYDINLI, Bilkent Üniversitesi (TMMM) Prof. Dr. Bar›fl ÖZDAL, Uluda¤ Üniversitesi Devlet Mahallesi ‹nönü Bulvar› DATR dergisi uluslararas› hakemli bir dergidir ve EBSCO Kirazl›dere Caddesi No:65 06582 Host veritaban› taraf›ndan taranmaktad›r. Çankaya/ANKARA DATR dergisi Terörizmle Mücadele Mükemmeliyet Merkezi (TMMM)’ne ait bir yay›nd›r. NATO, NATO Üye Tel: 0 (312) 425 8215 Ülkeleri, NATO Ortakl›k Ülkeleri, ilgili özel kurulufllar ile kamu Faks: 0 (312) 425 6489 kurumlar› ve ilgili kiflilerin kullan›m› için haz›rlanmaktad›r. E-posta: [email protected] DATR dergisinde yay›nlanan yaz›larda belirtilen fikirler yaln›zca yazar›na/yazarlar›na aittir; TMMM’yi, NATO’yu ve Bask›: Baflkent Klifle Matbaac›l›k NATO’nun fikir ve politikalar›n› temsil etmez, ba¤lamaz. Bay›nd›r Sokak No: 30/E © Tüm haklar› sakl›d›r. K›z›lay/ANKARA Tel: 0 (312) 431 5490 Bas›m Tarihi: Ekim 2016 3 Defence Against Terrorism Review DATR Vol. 8, 2016 ISSN. 1307-9190 CONTENT Editor’s Note . .7 Dead Men Tell No Lies: Using Killed-in-Action (KIA) Data to Expose the PKK’s Regional Shell Game . .9 Andrew SELF & Jared FERRIS Critical Energy Infrastructure Protection against Terrorist Attacks in the Context of Gas and Oil Pipelines: The Turkish Case . .37 Mesut Hakk› CAfiIN Youth Specific Factors in Radicalization . .53 Daniel H. HEINKE & Mareike PERSSON The French Counter Radicalization Strategy . .67 Romain QUIVOOIJ Countering Radicalization and Recruitment of so-called Jihadists – Proscription of Radicalization Hubs 89 Daniel H. HEINKE Publishing Principles . .99 4 The Defence Against Terrorism Review (DATR) is calling for papers for coming issues. The DATR focuses on terrorism and counterterrorism. All of the articles sent to DATR undergo a peer-review process before publication. For further information please contact [email protected] 5 REFEREES SERVED IN THIS ISSUE Bar›fl ÖZDAL, Ph.D. - Uluda¤ University Cyril WIDDERSHOVEN, Ph.D. - VEROCY Edwin BAKKER, Ph.D. - Leiden University Haldun YALÇINKAYA, Ph.D. - TOBB ETU University Harmonie TOROS, Ph.D. - University of Kent Julian RICHARDS, Ph.D. - University of Buckhingham Mert GÖKIRMAK, Ph.D. - Uluda¤ University Nicholas RIDLEY, Ph.D. - John Grieve Centre London Metropolitan University Nihat Ali ÖZCAN, Ph.D. - TOBB ETU University Ömer Faruk CANTENAR, Ph.D. - NATO Defence College Sezgin KAYA, Ph.D. - Uluda¤ University 6 This Page Intentionally Left Blank 7 Editor’s Note Dear Defence Against Terrorism Review (DATR) readers, Terrorism continues to escalate day by day in various forms all around the world and we all witness and suffer from the terrifying results of such terrorist attacks. As the scope of terrorism is changing all the time, we must be both aware and capable of identifying and then responding accordingly to all the new dimensions, tactics, and techniques that terrorists use and exploit. Therefore, this issue includes five articles from different aspects of terrorism to draw attention to other dimensions, and to enhance our knowledge in this regard. The issue starts with the article entitled Dead Men Tell No Lies: Using KIA Data to Expose PKK’s Regional Shell Game written by Andrew Self, a reserve US Army officer, and Jared Ferris, M.A. Candidate at the George Washington University, USA. In their article, the authors draw attention to PKK and its affili- ates by using the ‘killed-in-action’ (KIA) data to analyze the relationship between the different groups. Also, they underline the issues related to cross-organizational deployment of personnel among the affiliates based on the strategic requirements and as a conclusion they state that PKK, together with all affiliates, constitutes a bigger group which actually fights, regardless of the different names used, for a common cause: a unified Ocalanian Kurdish-autonomy. The second article of this issue is Critical Energy Infrastructure Protection against Terrorist Attacks in the Context of Gas and Oil Pipelines: The Turkish Case written by Professor Mesut Hakk› Cafl›n who works at Özye¤in University, Turkey. In his article Professor Cafl›n discusses the changing nature of modern terrorism and the changing trend to attack economic targets. He also highlights that in the very last decade it has become more attractive to terrorists to attack critical energy infrastructure – especially oil and gas pipelines – which enables them to break down the internal stability of the regimes and, as a result, to weaken the concerned state’s economy, particularly in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The third article is Youth Specific Factors in Radicalization written by Dr. Daniel Heinke and Mareike Persson. Dr. Heinke is the Director of Policy Planning Staff and Special Affairs Directorate, Ministry of Interior, Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, Germany, and Mareike Persson is a Ph.D. student at the University of Lund, Sweden. In their article, Dr. Heinke and Ms. Persson underline the vulnerabilities of juveniles and adolescents that lead them to radicalization. They emphasize that both biological and psychosocial factors affect young people, therefore, a countering effort should include a multipronged approach, focused on addressing these vulnerabilities. The fourth article of this issue is The French Counter Radicalization Strategy, written by Mr. Romain Quivooij, who works as an Associate Research Fellow in the Radicalization Studies Programme at the Center of Excellence for National Security, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. In his article, Mr. Quivooij examines the French counterradicalization strategy which was initiated in April 2014 and is still in the process of development. He states that the January and November 2015 attacks in Paris, in particular, paved the way towards developing such a strategy in order to deal with the issue of radicalization before it turns into violent extremist activities. The issue ends with the article entitled Countering Radicalization and Recruitment of so-called Jihadists – Proscription of Radicalization Hubs written by Dr. Daniel Heinke. In his article, Dr. Heinke highlights that the importance of the investigation and prosecution of criminal offences concerning political and religious extremism for a domestic counterterrorism policy to be effective. Besides, he argues that proscription of some specific extremist organizations could contribute to a total counterterrorism policy as an additional measure, especially when dealing with the threats posed by radicalization hubs. All in all, each and every day we will continue to combat terrorism, in every sphere of our daily lives, in every place. The important thing to keep in mind is to realize and analyze such threats, and then respond prop- erly. Therefore, we have to take all necessary measures to keep a step ahead of
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