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Implications of Secularization for the Catholic Church in Kerala, India Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1982 Underdevelopment and the Crisis of a Religious Utopia: Implications of Secularization for the Catholic Church in Kerala, India Paul V. Parathazham Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Parathazham, Paul V., "Underdevelopment and the Crisis of a Religious Utopia: Implications of Secularization for the Catholic Church in Kerala, India" (1982). Dissertations. 2185. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2185 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1982 Paul V. Parathazham UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND THE CRISIS OF A RELIGIOUS UTOPIA: IMPLICATIONS OF SECULARIZATION FOR THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN KERALA, INDIA by PAUL V. PARATHAZHAM A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 1982 I ,.1- UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND THE CRISIS OF A RELIGIOUS UTOPIA: IMPLICATIONS OF SECULARIZATION FOR THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN KERALA, INDIA by PAUL V. PARATHAZHAM A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 1982 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deep gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee, Drs. Robert J. McNamara, Ross P. Scherer, and Kathleen M. McCourt for their guidance and sup- port in writing this dissertation. I am especially indebted to Dr. McNamara, who served as the chairman of the disserta- tion committee. I owe special thanks to Rev. Thomas M. Gan- non S.J., who helped to design this study and directed it in its early stages. I acknowledge gratefully the valuable assistance ren­ dered by the seminarians of the Papal Seminary, Pune, in collecting the data for this dissertation. This study would not have been possible without the kind cooperation of the priests of Kerala who responded to the survey. To them I extend my sincere thanks for so generously cooperating in this effort. This study was financed in part by a grant from the Jnana Deepa Vidayapeeth, Pune, India. ii VITA The author, Paul V. Parathazham, was born of Varkey and Mariam Parathazham on June 29, 1946, in Karimannoor, Kerala, India. He attended the Little Flower Primary School and the St. Joseph's High School in Karimannooor, Kerala. After completing a two-year program in humanities at the St. Joseph's Minor Seminary, Kothamangalam, Kerala, in 1964, he entered the Jnana Deepa Vidyapeeth, Institute of Philosophy and Religion, Pune, Maharashtra. From this Institute, he received the degr~e of Licentiate in Philosophy (L.Ph.) in March 1968, and the degree of Licentiate in Theology (S.T.L.) in March 1972. In October 1976, he obtained the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology from the University of Pune, Maharashtra. He is a Roman Catholic Priest ordained in 1971 for the diocese of Kothamangalam, Kerala. He has served in the diocese for a year as an Associate Pastor and has taught sociology at the Jnana Deepa Vidyapeeth, Pune, India, and the Loyola University of Chicago, U.S.A. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ii VITA iii LIST OF TABLES v Chapter I • INTRODUCTION 1 The Problem and Its Significance • . • • • 1 Secularization: Theoretical Perspectives on Religion in Modernity • • • 7 Christianity in Kerala: A Brief Historical Note 24 II. METHODOLOGY AND A PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE 29 Methodology 29 The Sample: A Sociodemographic Profile 37 III. ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF THE CATHOLIC CLERGY IN KERALA: "PLAUSIBILITY-ORIENTATION" VS. "ORTHODOXY-ORIENTATION" . 49 Introduction . 49 The Theology of Priesthood . 53 Views on Sexual Morality •.• 60 Perspectives on the Changing Church 66 Correlates of "Plausibility-orientation" • 69 IV. THE PRIEST AND HIS MI~ISTRY 75 Introduction . 75 Preparation for Ministry . 77 Job Satisfaction in the Priesthood . 88 Sources of Satisfaction in Ministry 95 Problems in the Priesthood . 98 Functional Relevance of Celibacy . 110 Future Plans in the Priesthood . 1 16 iv v. PERSPECTIVES ON THE CHURCH IN KERALA . 123 Introduction •.•••••••• 123 The State of the Kerala Church: A Deepening Crisis? • • • • • • • • • • • 125 Major Problems of the Kerala Church • • . 137 Perspectives on Proposed Changes . • . 151 VI. CONCLUSION: UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND THE CRISIS OF A RELIGIOUS UTOPIA • • • • • • •• 161 Introduction • • • • • . • • • • • • • 161 Martin's General Theory: A Critical Appraisal 163 Secularization and the Crisis of a Religious Utopia •................ 174 Religion: An Opiate of the Affluent? 183 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 186 APPENDIX A 19 5 APPENDIX B . 210 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. POPULATION, SAMPLE AND RESPONSE RATE, BY DIOCESE •• 36 2. POPULATION, SAMPLE, AND RESPONSE RATE, BY RITE ••• 37 3. AGE, YEARS IN MINISTRY AND CURRENT STATUS, BY RITE • 39 4. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF THE RESPONDENT'S FAMILY, BY RITE • . • • • • • . • . • • • • • • . • 40 5 . RESPONDENT'S EDUCATION, BY RITE • • • 4 3 6. MAJOR SEMINARIES ATTENDED BY THE RESPONDENTS, BY RITE . • 4 4 7. RESPONDENT'S FATHER'S EDUCATION AND OCCUPATION, BY RITE • 4 7 9. VIEWS OF THE CLERGY ON THE THEOLOGY OF PRIESTHOOD • 55 10. ASPECT OF THE PRIESTLY MINISTRY THAT NEEDS MOST EMPHASIS IN KERALA TODAY ••....••••.• 58 11. VIEWS ON THE MORALITY OF MASTURBATION • 6 1 1 2. VIEWS ON THE MORALITY OF ABORTION • 6 3 13. VIEWS ON THE MORALITY OF THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL . • . • • • . 64 1 4. PERSPECTIVES ON THE CHANGING CHURCH • 6 7 15. STEP-WISE MULTIPLE REGRESSION OF "PLAUSIBILITY- ORIENATION" . • . • • . • • . 71 16. CROSSTABULATION OF VIEWS ON OVERALL SEMI~ARY PREPARATION, BY SEMINARY .•.......... 80 17. EXPLANATION OF VARIANCE IN THE ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE ADEQUACY OF OVERALL SEMINARY PREPARATION 82 18. CROSSTABULATION OF THE VIEW OF RELEVANCE OF THE SEMINARY TRAINI~G, BY AGE . • 8 6 19. CROSSTABULATION OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE RELEVANCE OF TRAINI~G, BY SEMI~ARY . ..... 87 vi 20. HAPPINESS IN MINISTRY 89 21. JOB SATISFACTION SCORES OF PRIESTS IN KERALA AND THE U.S.A. • . • • • . • . • . • . • • • • 90 22. JOB SATISFACTION BY CURRENT POSITION FOR PRIESTS OF KERALA AND FOR PRIESTS AND MALE INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES OF THE U.S.A. 92 23. EXPLANATION OF VARIANCE IN JOB SATISFACTION AMONG THE KERALA PRIESTS • • • . • 9 3 24. CROSSTABULATION OF SOURCES OF SATISFACTION I~ MI~ISTRY, BY AGE • • • • • . • • 97 25. CROSSTABULATION OF PROBLEMS IN THE PRIESTHOOD, BY AGE • • • • • • . 99 26. CROSSTABULATION OF PROBLEMS IN THE PRIESTHOOD, BY CURRENT POSITION • . • • • • • • • • . 103 27. CROSSTABULATION OF PROBLEMS IN THE PRIESTHOOD, BY RITE • . • . 103 28. EXPLANATION OF VARIANCE IN THE EXPERIENCE OF PROBLEMS WITH THE WAY AUTHORITY IS EXERCISED I~ THE CHURCH . 107 29. EXPLANATION OF VARIANCE IN THE EXPERIENCE OF LONELINESS AS A PROBLEM IN THE PRIESTHOOD . 108 30. THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF CELIBACY IN ONE Is OWN LIFE . 1 1 1 31. VIEWS ON THE VALUE OF CELIBACY AND FRIENDSHIP WITH IJOME N 112 32. EXPLANATION OF VARIANCE IN THE PERCEPTION OF THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF CELIBACY • . • • . 114 33. CROSSTABULATION OF FUTURE PLANS I~ THE PRIESTHOOD, BY AGE 1 1 7 34. CROSSTABULATION OF FUTURE PLANS IN THE PRIESTHOOD, BY CURRENT POSITION IN THE CHURCH . 118 35. FUTURE PLANS IN THE PRIESTHOOD OF THE KERALA PRIESTS A~D THE AMERICAN PRIESTS . 119 36. ATTITUDES TOWARDS REENTERI~G THE PRIESTHOOD, BY CURRE~H POSITION . • . 120 vii 37. REASONS FOR STAYING IN THE PRIESTHOOD 121 38. CLERGY PERCEPTIONS OF THE GENERAL STATE OF THE KERALA CHURCH, BY AGE • • • • • • . • • 126 39. CLERGY PERCEPTIONS OF THE GENERAL STATE OF THE KERALA CHURCH, BY RITE • • • • • • • • 127 40. CLERGY PERCEPTIONS OF THE AUTHORITY, INSTITUTIONS, AND SOCIAL POLICY OF THE KERALA CHURCH, BY AGE 130 41. CLERGY PERCEPTIONS OF THE AUTHORITY, INSTITUTIONS, AND SOCIAL POLICY OF THE KERALA CHURCH, BY RITE 131 42. EXPLANATION OF VARIANCE IN THE PERCEPTION OF A CRISIS OF CREDIBILITY IN THE KERALA CHURCH 135 43. CLERGY PERCEPTIONS OF PROBLEMS OF THE KERALA CHURCH, BY AGE . 139 44. CLERGY PERCEPTIONS OF PROBLEMS OF THE KERALA CHURCH, BY RITE . 140 45. EXPLANATION OF VARIANCE IN THE PERCEPTION OF HIERARCHY DISUNITY AS A PROBLEM FOR THE CHURCH IN KERALA . • • • • • . • • • . • • • 144 46. EXPLANATION OF VARIANCE IN THE PERCEPTION OF THE GAP BETWEEN PREACHING AND PRACTICE AS A PROBLEM FOR THE KERALA CHURCH . • . • . • . • • • • . 146 47. CLERGY PERCEPTIONS OF "THE MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM" OF THE KERALA CHURCH, BY AGE (IN PERCENT) • • . 147 49. CLERGY PERCEPTIONS OF "THE ~fOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM" FOR THE KERALA CHURCH, BY RITE (IN PERCENT) . • 149 5 0 . CLERGY RESPONSES TO PROPOSED CHANGES IN THE KERALA CHURCH . 153 51. CLERGY ATTITUDES TO PROPOSED CHANGES FOR THE KERALA CHURCH, BY AGE . 157 52. CLERGY ATTITUDES TO PROPOSED CHANGES IN THE KERALA CHURCH, BY RITE . 159 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Problem and Its Significance Kerala, a small state tucked away in the south-west corner of India, is popularly known as "the Cradle of Indian Christianity." Although Kerala's population constitutes only 3.7 percent of the total population of India (684 mil- lion), 37 percent
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