WINDOWLICKER. Der Ästhetische Paradigmenwechsel Im Musikvideo Durch Electronic Dance Music

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WINDOWLICKER. Der Ästhetische Paradigmenwechsel Im Musikvideo Durch Electronic Dance Music WINDOWLICKER. Der ästhetische Paradigmenwechsel im Musikvideo durch Electronic Dance Music Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) Eingereicht an der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin (im Fachbereich Musik- und Medienwissenschaft) von M.A. Sabine Röthig Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekanin der Philosophischen Fakultät III Prof. Dr. Julia von Blumenthal 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Peter Wicke, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Holger Schulze, University of Copenhagen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.11.2015 Abstract Deutsch In der Arbeit wird das Zusammentreffen der aus dem Club kommenden Electronic Dance Music (EDM) mit dem massenmedial konsolidierten Musikvideo untersucht. Diskutiert wird die These eines ästhetischen Paradigmenwechsels, der sich dadurch im Musikvideo vollzieht. Dieser beruht vor allem auf der musikalischen Figur des instrumentalen, modularen Tracks, die sich signifikant von der des Songs unterscheidet. Der originäre Zweck des Musikvideos, den Auftritt des Interpreten auf dem Monitor zu visualisieren, steht also mit dem Track zur Disposition oder wird gar obsolet; das erfordert neue Strategien der Bebilderung. Teil I und II der Arbeit verorten Musikvideo und EDM im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs und versammeln die jeweiligen ästhetischen Attribute. In Teil III wird anhand der Club Visuals die Beziehung von Tracks und Bildern erörtert, um darüber die veränderte Klang-Bild-Konstellation im Musikvideo durch EDM herzuleiten. In Teil IV werden die Erkenntnisse anhand der Fallstudie, dem Musikvideo „Windowlicker“ von Aphex Twin (Musik) und Chris Cunningham (Regie) aus dem Jahr 1999 ausgewertet und angewendet. Die Arbeit möchte die Dimension der ästhetischen Studien um das Musikvideo erweitern und verdeutlichen, wie sich das Musikvideo auch unter veränderten klanglichen Bedingungen als unentbehrlicher Bestandteil der Aufführung von Popmusik in der Monitorkultur erweist und als künstlerisches Genre unbedingt ernst zu nehmen ist, da sich in ihm zeitgenössische Avantgarden abbilden können. Abstract Englisch This thesis explores the relationship between Electronic Dance Music (EDM) which originated in clubs, and the mass media consolidated music video. Focussing on how EDM influences the music video, an aesthetic paradigm shift on the latter is discussed. This change stemmed mainly from the structure of the instrumental, modular EDM track, which is significantly different from the structure of the song. Originally, the music video was intended as way of visualising the performance of the artist on the monitor; however, the advent of instrumental EDM tracks posed critical problems for this approach, and arguably renders it obsolete. New strategies of illustrations are required. Parts I and II of this thesis analyse music video and EDM through scientific discourses in an attempt to define their respective aesthetic attributes. In part III the relationship between tracks and images in club visuals is discussed in order to illustrate the singularity of this dialogue. In part IV, conclusions from the foregoing sections are evaluated and applied to a study of “Windowlicker” by British artist Aphex Twin, the video to which was directed by Chris Cunningham in 1999. The purpose of this thesis is to extend the aesthetic studies of the music video to clarify its status as an essential part of popular music in monitor culture. As an artistic genre it has to be taken seriously because it can display contemporary avant-gardes. WINDOWLICKER Inhalt 0 Einleitung S. 4 I Musikvideo S. 7 1 Das Musikvideo im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs S. 8 1.1 Historische Verortung S. 9 1.2 Kommerzkunst S. 12 1.3 Image, Rasse, Gender S. 13 1.4 Musik und Bild S. 14 1.5 Recording S. 19 1.6 Das Musikvideo im intermedialen Raum S. 21 2 Die ästhetischen Attribute des Musikvideos S. 27 2.1 Sensationell S. 27 2.2 Fiktional S. 29 2.3 Pop S. 30 2.4 Pseudonarrativ S. 33 2.5 Klangformiert S. 34 II EDM S. 36 1 EDM im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs S. 37 1.1 Historische Verortung S. 38 1.2 Die neue Popkultur S. 45 1.3 Gesampelte Religion S. 47 1.4 Der Raum von EDM S. 47 1.5 Technologie S. 50 1.6 Acid S. 54 1.7 Klang S. 56 1.8 Was ist ein Track? S. 59 2 Die ästhetischen Attribute von EDM S. 64 2.1 Funktional S. 64 2.2 Pop (neu) S. 68 2.3 Nicht-narrativ S. 72 2.4 Technologisch S. 73 2.5 Fremd S. 76 III Tracks und Bilder S. 78 1 Club Visuals S. 79 1.1 Das Licht im Club S. 79 WINDOWLICKER 1.2 Historische Verortung S. 80 1.3 Die Ästhetik des Mixes S. 86 1.4 Club Visuals als Choreografie S. 87 2 Der ästhetische Paradigmenwechsel im Musikvideo durch Electronic Dance Music S. 89 2.1 Culture Clash S. 91 2.2 Audiovisuelle Formate von EDM S. 92 2.3 Das EDM-Video S. 97 IV Windowlicker S. 101 1 Der ästhetische Paradigmenwechsel im Musikvideo durch den Track der Electronic Dance Music in „Windowlicker“ S. 103 1.1 Kontext S. 106 1.2 Anwendung S. 109 1.2.1 Sensationell, fremd S. 110 1.2.2 Klangformiert, funktional S. 120 1.2.3 Pseudonarrativ, nicht-narrativ S. 135 1.2.4 Fiktional, technologisch S. 144 1.2.5 Pop, Pop (neu) S. 154 2 Resümee S. 170 V Quellen S. 177 VI Anhang S. 203 1 Vitae S. 204 1.1 Chris Cunningham S. 203 1.2 Richard D. James S. 207 2 Interviews S. 212 3 Weitere Abbildungen S. 215 3.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis S. 223 WINDOWLICKER 0 Einleitung Das Musikvideo ist seit vielen Jahrzehnten eine fest etablierte Aufführungsform auf dem Monitor, durch die sich die Popmusik mit ihren Interpreten mannigfaltig präsentiert. Innerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Debatte spielte das Musikvideo, nachdem es auf seine historischen und kulturellen Bezüge hinreichend untersucht worden war, als Forschungsgegenstand zum Ende des Jahrtausends keine große Rolle mehr – möglicherweise befördert durch die Krise der Musikindustrie, mit der das Genre zunächst seinen schöpferischen Zenit erreicht zu haben schien. Mit dem Internet als kulturellem Speicher und interaktivem Wiedergabemedium, in dem sich die Restriktionen des Fernsehens auflösen, ist das Musikvideo von seinen Anfängen bis zu zeitgenössischen Formen im Jahr 2014 wieder – und mehr denn je zuvor – im Alltag präsent. Es ist deshalb an der Zeit, die wissenschaftliche Debatte um dieses Genre fortzuführen und vor allem die ästhetische Dimension, der für das Musikvideo bisher kaum hinreichend Beachtung geschenkt wurde, anschaulicher zu machen und weiter zu systematisieren. Eine vertiefende ästhetische Betrachtung beabsichtigt hier, das Musikvideo nicht nur als sinnenhaftes Phänomen einzuordnen, sondern in erster Linie seine Struktur als sinnenhaftes Phänomen zu untersuchen.1 Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es dabei vor allem, das klangliche Material konsequent in die Betrachtung einzubeziehen. Die Untersuchungen, die Carol Vernallis zum Musikvideo unternommen hat, unterstreichen, dass ein ästhetisches Verstehen des Musikvideos nur über die musikalische Figur der klanglichen Grundlage führen kann. Dieser Perspektive haben sich bisher weder Medien-, Film-, Kultur- noch Kunstwissenschaft ausreichend gewidmet, obwohl sich in diesen Feldern die größte Menge an wissenschaftlichen Materialien zum Musikvideo versammelt zeigt. Die existenten wissenschaftlichen Ansätze mit einer musikwissenschaftlichen Herangehensweise zu verbinden, ist daher Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit. Als Ausgangsmaterial sollen die audiovisuellen Zusammenhänge dienen, die Vernallis für den Song und das herkömmliche Musikvideo entwickelt hat. Angewendet auf den Track der Electronic Dance Music und das zugehörige Musikvideo bzw. das vgl. Welsch, 1991, S. 10 WINDOWLICKER EDM-Video, werden Vernallis’ Erkenntnisse weiterentwickelt, um schließlich einen ästhetischen Paradigmenwechsel herzuleiten, der sich durch die musikalische Figur des Tracks im EDM-Video vollzieht. Es geht in dieser Arbeit allerdings nicht darum, das klangliche Konstrukt des Tracks als kulturelles Gebilde an sich zu ergründen oder wie Peter Wicke – für die Popmusik allgemein – danach zu fragen, „auf welche besondere Weise und nach welchen Regeln sowie in welchen diskursiven und technologischen Vermittlungszusammenhängen Klang hier jeweils als Musik funktioniert“2. Vielmehr wird auf einer Ebene agiert, auf der Klang bereits in bestimmten Formationen verbal als Musik kommunizierbar gemacht wurde. So ist auch der Begriff der „musikalischen Figur“, der im Folgenden Anwendung findet, die Beschreibung für einen in bestimmter Weise gestalteten Verbund von Klängen, der kulturell bereits als Musik manifestiert wurde. Auf dieser Grundlage wird EDM aus dem klanglichen Verbund des Techno-Tracks als seiner simpelsten Form heraus beschrieben. Auch wenn EDM ganz unterschiedlich klingen kann – so wie zum Beispiel auch der Track „Windowlicker“, der dieser Fallstudie zugrunde liegt, eine vergleichsweise3 hohe Dichte an unterschiedlichen Klangereignissen hat –, so ist dennoch allen diesen Musikstücken die instrumentale und nicht-narrative Form gemein. Diese Eigenschaft der musikalischen Figur unterscheidet EDM von den Genres der Popmusik, durch deren Songs das Musikvideo als mediale Erweiterung der Bühne im Fernsehen fungierte. Um einen ästhetischen Paradigmenwechsel im Musikvideo herzuleiten, ist deshalb diese Diskrepanz im Musikstück das entscheidende Kriterium der klanglichen Betrachtung. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt sich auch die Frage, ob ein Musikvideo dem Track überhaupt noch gerecht werden kann, wenn es nicht mehr den Zweck hat, den Auftritt der Pop-Persona zu visualisieren,
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