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Prix Henri La Fontaine Prix Henri La Fontaine pour les meilleurs mémoires en relations internationales LA COMMUNAUTE INTERNATIONALE FACE A LA PIRATERIE AU LARGE DES COTES SOMALIENNES : LE RECOURS À LA FORCE PRÉDESTINÉ ? Jonathan LUKAS 2011 – 2012 PRIX DECERNE PAR LE REPI RECHERCHE ET ENSEIGNEMENT EN POLITIQUE INTERNATIONALE UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES, UNIVERSITE D’EUROPE FACULTE DES SCIENCES SOCIALES ET POLITIQUES Mémoire présenté par Jonathan LUKAS Directeur : Pr. Christian OLSSON Assesseur : Pr. Barbara DELCOURT En vue de l’obtention du grade de Master en sciences politiques - Orientation Relations internationales, finalité Sécurité, paix, conflits Année académique 2011-2012 - You guys! You guys! We can finally do it! We can finally leave this crappy town and live the life we've all dreamed of - We can? - What are you talking about,dude? - Haven't you assholes been watching the news? Pirating is back,my friends. Swashbuckling adventure on the high seas. The stuff we've all dreamed about! And it's all happening right here! Somalia! Eric Cartman. South Park épisode 13 saison 07 – Fatbeard. i Remerciements. La rédaction de ce mémoire constituant l’aboutissement de ma « carrière » universitaire, je m’en voudrais de ne pas remercier les personnes ayant contribué de près ou de loin à son élaboration. Je voudrais dès lors remercier tout particulièrement mon directeur de mémoire, Mr. Christian Olsson qui aura su guider ma recherche et se montrer disponible, à l’écoute et de bon conseil malgré mes innombrables requêtes. Je remercie également Mme Barbara Delcourt pour le temps qu’elle aura consacré à m’écouter et pour ses recommandations qui m’auront à plus d’un titre permis d’avancer dans cette entreprise complexe qu’est la rédaction d’un mémoire. A Alexis qui m’aura vu débarquer à l’improviste et qui aura su m’écouter, me conseiller et surtout me rassurer lors de cette période stressante et malgré mon inquiétude habituelle. Merci encore à Dounia, mon associée de parcours et d’étude, mon associée téléphonique journalière et surtout mon amie, sans qui cet été studieux et mes six années d’université n’auraient en rien été pareilles. Merci enfin à toutes les personnes sans qui la réalisation de ce mémoire n’aurait pu voir le jour. ii Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre 1 : La securitization en tant que base théorique .................................................... 8 1.1. La securitization et les études de sécurité ................................................................................ 8 1.2. L’Ecole de Copenhague et les études de sécurité .................................................................... 8 1.2.1. L’élargissement de la notion de sécurité et le concept de secteur ........................................ 9 1.2.2. La sécurité telle que pensée par l’Ecole de Copenhague .................................................... 11 1.3. Le concept de securitization ..................................................................................................... 12 1.4. La securitization et l’Ecole de Copenhague ............................................................................ 13 1.4.1. Une menace existentielle, des mesures d’urgence et l’assentiment de l’auditoire ............. 13 1.4.2. Facilitating conditions ........................................................................................................ 15 1.5. L’analyse du processus de securitization ................................................................................ 16 1.6. Le choix de la securitization ..................................................................................................... 16 Chapitre 2. La problématisation de la piraterie et des vols à main armée au large des côtes somaliennes .................................................................................................................... 17 2.1. Précisions méthodologiques .................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1. L’identification des acteurs intervenant dans le processus de securitization et le rôle principal du Conseil de sécurité .................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2. L’apparition de la piraterie comme enjeu sécuritaire majeur ............................................. 20 2.2.3. La piraterie : une menace « existentielle » ......................................................................... 23 Chapitre 3 : La « grammaire sécuritaire » de la piraterie au Conseil de sécurité : le recours à la force prédestiné ? .............................................................................................. 24 3.1. Précisions méthodologiques. ................................................................................................... 24 3.2. L’acheminement de l’aide humanitaire ................................................................................. 26 3.2.1. Le Conseil de sécurité face à une menace pesant sur une situation humanitaire ................ 27 3.2.2. Les considérations humanitaires et les autorisations du recours à la force dans la pratique du Conseil de sécurité ................................................................................................................... 28 3.2.3. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 31 3.3. La sécurité des routes commerciales maritimes et la navigation internationale ................ 32 3.3.1. La piraterie : une menace contre le secteur de la sécurité économique .............................. 35 3.3.2. L’importance des voies d’acheminement maritimes pour l’économie mondiale ............... 35 3.3.3. L’importance des voies d’acheminement maritimes pour l’approvisionnement énergétique ...................................................................................................................................................... 38 3.3.4. La sécurité énergétique et les voies d’approvisionnement énergétique dans le chef de l’Union européenne et de l’Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord .................................... 40 3.3.4.1. Le cas de l’Union européenne ............................................................................................... 41 3.3.4.2. Le cas de l’Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord ...................................................... 43 iii 3.3.5. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 47 3.4. L’incapacité de l’État à remplir son rôle ou le concept « d’État failli » ............................ 50 3.4.1. La piraterie : conséquence de la faillite de l’État somalien ................................................ 50 3.4.2. La problématique de la faillite de l’État ............................................................................. 52 3.4.3. Les différentes dimensions des conséquences de la faillite de l’État ................................. 52 3.4.3. Les implications de la faillite de l’État sur le plan international ........................................ 56 3.4.4. L’interventionnisme pour cause de faillite de l’État dans la pratique ................................ 59 3.4.4.1. Le cas de la Somalie .............................................................................................................. 59 3.4.4.2. Le cas de l’intervention militaire en Yougoslavie dans le cadre de la crise au Kosovo ........ 60 3.4.4.3. Les cas des interventions en Afghanistan (2001) et en en Irak (2003). ................................. 62 3.4.5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 65 Conclusions générales. ........................................................................................................... 67 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................................... 73 Annexes ................................................................................................................................... 86 iv Résumé Fortement intrigué par les autorisations octroyées en 2008 par le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies en vue de lutter contre la piraterie somalienne, nous nous sommes posé la question de savoir comment les actes de piraterie et les vols à main armée au large des côtes somaliennes ont-ils pu acquérir le statut d’enjeu sécuritaire mondial majeur, tel qu’il a justifié une réponse internationale de type essentiellement militaire. Nous avons alors proposé de répondre provisoirement à cette interrogation de la sorte : la manière dont les actes de piraterie et les vols à main armée au large des côtes somaliennes ont été dépeints au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies a rendu possible par le discours l’évidence sociale de la réponse militaire. En utilisant le support théorique qu’est la securitization nous avons été en mesure de constater que la piraterie somalienne s’était vue internationalement « sécurisée » au travers du Conseil de sécurité et qu’elle constituait un enjeu sécuritaire majeur devant faire l’objet d’une réponse orientée militairement. Cela nous aura aussi permis d’envisager la piraterie sous l’angle d’une securitization de type militaire au vu des effets engendrés dans la pratique.
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