DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and Steel Structures in Indiana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and Steel Structures in Indiana Final Report FHWA/IN/JTRP – 2004/4 Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and Steel Structures in Indiana by Mark D. Bowman Professor of Civil Engineering and Amy M. Piskorowski Graduate Research Assistant School of Civil Engineering Purdue University Joint Transportation Research Program Project No: C-36-SGJJJ File No: 7-4-61 SPR-2655 Conducted in Cooperation with the Indiana Department of Transportation And the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official view or policies of the Federal Highway Administration or the Indiana Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana June 2004 TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2004/4 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and Steel Structures in Indiana June 2004 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Mark D. Bowman, Amy M. Piskorowski FHWA/IN/JTRP-2004/4 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Joint Transportation Research Program 1284 Civil Engineering Building Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-1284 11. Contract or Grant No. SPR-2655 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Indiana Department of Transportation State Office Building Final Report 100 North Senate Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46204 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract Throughout the state of Indiana, there a number of older, historical bridges which have been in service since the late 19th century. Many, although not all, of these bridges are truss structures comprised either partially or completely of wrought iron members. Moreover, most of them need some degree pf maintenance or rehabilitation. However, engineers who must recommend repair or rehab operations typically do not know the material properties and behavior of wrought iron members. Consequently, an investigation was initiated to review and classify typical material properties of wrought iron members. This investigation involved three phases that included a literature review of other research and bridge rehabilitation studies, a survey of many transportation agencies throughout Indiana and the United States, and fundamental material and mechanical testing in the laboratory. Based upon this research, rehabilitation and repair recommendations for wrought iron members in existing bridges were then developed. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement historic bridges, bridge rehabilitation, wrought iron, truss bridges, repair procedures, rehabilitation, welding. No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 242 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-69) TECHNICAL Summary Technology Transfer and Project Implementation Information INDOT Research TRB Subject Code: 25-1 Bridges June 2004 Publication No.: FHWA/IN/JTRP-2004/4, SPR-2655 Final Report Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and Steel Structures in Indiana Introduction Throughout the state of Indiana, there performance and repair of wrought iron bridge are numerous historical bridges that have been in structures, (2) initiate a database of sample material service since the late 19th century and need to be properties through data collection and experimental either rehabilitated or replaced. Since the funds testing, and (3) develop suggested repair techniques needed for replacement are often unattainable by for joints and members typical of wrought iron the agencies owning these bridges, and the bridge construction. demolition of these historically significant bridges Upon the completion of these would be detrimental to preserving the history of objectives, the historical properties of wrought iron the state, rehabilitation of these bridges is an option were more fully understood and some typical repair worth investigating. procedures for historical wrought iron bridge Among the historical bridges existing members were developed. The properties of in Indiana, many are older metal bridge structures wrought iron were determined both by collecting comprised either partially or completely of wrought data from previous studies and by performing iron that need to be repaired or rehabilitated. Due experimental testing with wrought iron materials to technological advances in material production from two different wrought iron bridges in Indiana. during the late 19th century, the use of wrought iron The repair procedures were also developed from diminished, along with a common knowledge of experimental testing and analysis of literary wrought iron material properties and behavior. research. When rehabilitating these bridges engineers often The scope of the research completed in this have a difficult time determining not only if the study consisted of a literature review / synthesis metal is wrought iron, but also what material study, a survey of state Departments of properties to utilize when designing repairs. This Transportation and County Engineers, materials makes the repair and rehabilitation process testing of historical wrought iron, analysis and extremely difficult. evaluation of existing repair procedures and the This research study involved three primary development of repair recommendations. objectives: (1) collect information related to the Findings In the literature review completed, properties were discovered and the data were an in-depth search of many databases was recorded. completed along with an in-depth search of A survey was distributed to State collections in the Purdue University library Departments of Transportation, State Local system, and many other library systems. In this Technical Assistance Programs, Indiana County search, articles dealing with the repair and Engineers, and other engineering consultants to rehabilitation of specific bridges were located determine the number of existing historic iron along with many articles dealing with the material bridges in service in other locations and to collect properties and manufacturing processes of any existing wrought iron repair procedures used wrought iron. Also, many historic sources by other agencies. The results from this survey containing test data on wrought iron material did not lead to any existing wrought iron bridge 25-1 06/04 JTRP-2004/4 INDOT Division of Research West Lafayette, IN 47906 member repair procedures, but it did lead to a impact testing, and fatigue testing helped to better understanding of the need for more determine many common material properties. knowledge concerning the behavior of historic Eyebar end connection testing lead to a better wrought iron. understanding of the load distribution and force Material and mechanical testing was transfer behavior for one particular bridge completed on wrought iron bridge members from member connection. two existing bridges in Indiana. This testing Testing was also performed on different included: micrographs, chemical analysis, types of repairs that might be typically utilized in hardness testing, tensile coupon testing, charpy the field. These repairs included: member impact testing, tensile testing of eyebar end straightening with heat, straightening without connection, and some limited fatigue testing. The heat, welding to join two members, and filler micrographs that were taken helped to develop a welding to restore section loss from corrosion. better understanding of the microstructure of the This testing, along with articles found in the metal. The chemical analysis completed lead to a literature search, helped lead to the development determination of particular elements that are of some procedures and suggestions that could be commonly found in historic wrought iron. used to repair historic wrought iron bridge Hardness testing, tensile coupon testing, charpy members. Implementation Upon completion of this research study, capacity of the bridge, it is recommended that recommendations were developed to aid in the they be replaced with a stronger material. inspection and rehabilitation of existing historic truss bridges consisting of wrought iron tension 4. Upon inspecting an existing historic members. wrought iron truss bridge, it is not uncommon to find severe corrosion near the joints of the 1. When inspecting an old, existing bridge bridge. The eyebars and diagonals should be it is important to know the type of materials for checked thoroughly for section loss from the bridge members. For bridges consisting of corrosion. If severe section loss has occurred the wrought iron members, it is helpful to determine engineer should consider either replacement or the year and manufacturer of the bridge. A repair of the member. Repair of a corroded visual inspection of the surface of the material member could involve one of two procedures. after it has been thoroughly cleaned can be used One option is to grind the corroded areas to to aid in determining if the material is wrought clean metal and then use a filler weld repair
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Study and Characterization of EN AW 6181/6082-T6 and EN AC
    metals Article Study and Characterization of EN AW 6181/6082-T6 and EN AC 42100-T6 Aluminum Alloy Welding of Structural Applications: Metal Inert Gas (MIG), Cold Metal Transfer (CMT), and Fiber Laser-MIG Hybrid Comparison Giovanna Cornacchia * and Silvia Cecchel DIMI, Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-030-371-5827; Fax: +39-030-370-2448 Received: 18 February 2020; Accepted: 26 March 2020; Published: 27 March 2020 Abstract: The present research investigates the effects of different welding techniques, namely traditional metal inert gas (MIG), cold metal transfer (CMT), and fiber laser-MIG hybrid, on the microstructural and mechanical properties of joints between extruded EN AW 6181/6082-T6 and cast EN AC 42100-T6 aluminum alloys. These types of weld are very interesting for junctions of Al-alloys parts in the transportation field to promote the lightweight of a large scale chassis. The weld joints were characterized through various metallurgical methods including optical microscopy and hardness measurements to assess their microstructure and to individuate the nature of the intermetallics, their morphology, and distribution. The results allowed for the evaluation of the discrepancies between the welding technologies (MIG, CMT, fiber laser) on different aluminum alloys that represent an exhaustive range of possible joints of a frame. For this reason, both simple bar samples and real junctions of a prototype frame of a sports car were studied and, compared where possible. The study demonstrated the higher quality of innovative CMT and fiber laser-MIG hybrid welding than traditional MIG and the comparison between casting and extrusion techniques provide some inputs for future developments in the automotive field.
    [Show full text]
  • Reduce Reuse Recycle Remanufacture
    STEEL - THE PERMANENT MATERIAL IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY AR ECONOMY BEN CUL EFI CIR TS E R R C E a U U w n D S m io E E a t t c R e u r i d a e l r s s c n o o n i s s s e i r v m a e t i 2 o O n C E n o E R i f t f U a ic R v o ie T n E n c C In y C Y FA C U LE N MA RE ts Jo duc bs pro Durable 1 CONTENTS Steel in the circular economy 3 Steel is essential to our modern world 5 Reduce 7 Decreasing the amount of material, energy and other resources used to create steel and reducing the weight of steel used in products. Use and reuse 11 Reuse is using an object or material again, either for its original purpose or for a similar purpose, without significantly altering the physical form of the object or material. Remanufacture 15 The process of restoring durable used steel products to as-new condition. Recycle 19 Melting steel products at the end of their useful life to create new steels. Recycling alters the physical form of the steel object so that a new application can be created from the recycled material. End notes 22 2 STEEL IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY A sustainable circular economy is one in which steel is fundamental to the circular economy. society reduces the burden on nature by ensuring The industry is continuing to expand its offer resources remain in use for as long as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon As Carburizer
    Materials Research, Vol. 12, No. 4, 483-487, 2009 © 2009 Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon as Carburizer Fatai Olufemi Aramidea,*, Simeon Ademola Ibitoyeb, Isiaka Oluwole Oladelea, Joseph Olatunde Borodea aMetallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria bMaterials Science and Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Received: July 31, 2009; Revised: September 25, 2009 Due to the complexity of controlling parameters in carburization, there has been relatively little work on process variables during the surface hardening process. This work focuses on the effects of the carburizing temperature and time on the mechanical properties of mild steel carburized with activated carbon, at 850, 900 and 950 °C, soaked at the carburizing temperature for 15 and 30 minutes, quenched in oil, tempered at 550 °C and held for 60 minutes. Prior carburization process, standard test samples were prepared from the as received specimen for tensile and impact tests. After carburization process, the test samples were subjected to the standard test and from the data obtained, ultimate tensile strength, engineering strain, impact strength, Youngs’ moduli were calculated. The case and core hardness of the carburized tempered samples were measured. It was observed that the mechanical properties of mild steels were found to be strongly influenced by the process of carburization, carburizing temperature and soaking time at carburizing temperature. It was concluded that the optimum combination of mechanical properties is achieved at the carburizing temperature of 900 °C followed by oil quenching and tempering at 550 °C.
    [Show full text]
  • Higher-Quality Electric-Arc Furnace Steel
    ACADEMIC PULSE Higher-Quality Electric-Arc Furnace Steel teelmakers have traditionally viewed Research Continues to Improve the electric arc furnaces (EAFs) as unsuitable Quality of Steel for producing steel with the highest- Even with continued improvements to the Squality surface finish because the process design of steelmaking processes, the steelmaking uses recycled steel instead of fresh iron. With over research community has focused their attention 100 years of processing improvements, however, on the fundamental materials used in steelmaking EAFs have become an efficient and reliable in order to improve the quality of steel. In my lab steelmaking alternative to integrated steelmaking. In at Carnegie Mellon University, we have several fact, steel produced in a modern-day EAF is often research projects that deal with controlling the DR. P. BILLCHRIS MAYER PISTORIUS indistinguishable from what is produced with the impurity concentration and chemical quality of POSCOManaging Professor Editorof Materials integrated blast-furnace/oxygen-steelmaking route. steel produced in EAFs. Science412-306-4350 and Engineering [email protected] Mellon University Improvements in design, coupled with research For example, we recently used mathematical developments in metallurgy, mean high-quality steel modeling to explore ways to control produced quickly and energy-efficiently. phosphorus. Careful regulation of temperature, slag and stirring are needed to produce low- Not Your (Great-) Grandparent’s EAF phosphorus steel. We analyzed data from Especially since the mid-1990s, there have been operating furnaces and found that, in many significant improvements in the design of EAFs, cases, the phosphorus removal reaction could which allow for better-functioning burners and a proceed further.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property
    NFS Form 10-900-b 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multipler Propertyr ' Documentation Form NATIONAL This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ____Iron and Steel Resources of Pennsylvania, 1716-1945_______________ B. Associated Historic Contexts_____________________________ ~ ___Pennsylvania Iron and Steel Industry. 1716-1945_________________ C. Geographical Data Commonwealth of Pennsylvania continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, J hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requiremerytS\set forth iri36JCFR PafrfsBOfcyid the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date / Brent D. Glass Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple
    [Show full text]
  • Fatigue and Wear of Steel Eyebars from Historic Railroad
    FATIGUE AND WEAR OF STEEL EYEBARS FROM HISTORIC RAILROAD TRUSS BRIDGES A Thesis by CARLOS ALBERTO BROWN Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Peter Keating Committee Members, Gary Fry Vikram Kinra Head of Department, Robin Autenrieth May 2017 Major Subject: Civil Engineering Copyright 2017 Carlos Brown ABSTRACT Fatigue of steel is a major cause of mechanical failure and as such is very important to the safe design of railroad bridges. Fatigue phenomena are governed by the creation and growth of cracks, which can propagate through the material under stress until the material fails from fracture. Since these cracks take time to form and grow, cyclic loading is the main driver of fatigue in steel. Two historic steel-truss railroad bridges were dismantled and several joints were extracted intact from each bridge. Historic railroad bridges built around the turn of the 19th century were mostly not designed for fatigue, so it has become necessary to study these bridges to understand their fatigue behavior. Additionally, many in-service bridges in the United States are very old, are approaching the end of their useful service lives, and do not have accurate as-built information readily available. Much research has been done to develop and evaluate experimental methods to evaluate the structural health of bridges in situ, however these often rely heavily on certain assumptions that may or may not hold. Often historic bridge behavior is a surprise to engineers and gives unexpected results.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Hardening of Steel : Science and Technology J
    HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY J. Vanpaemel To cite this version: J. Vanpaemel. HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1982, 43 (C4), pp.C4-847-C4-854. 10.1051/jphyscol:19824139. jpa- 00222126 HAL Id: jpa-00222126 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00222126 Submitted on 1 Jan 1982 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE Colloque C4, suppZ4ment au no 12, Tome 43, de'cembre 1982 page C4-847 HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3. Vanpaemel Center for historical and socio-economical studies on science and technology Teer EZstZaan 41, 3030 Leuven, SeZgim (Accepted 3 November 1982) Abstract. - The knowledge of the hardening phenomenon was achieved through a very cumulative process without any dis- continuity or 'scientific crisis' . The history of the hardening shows a definite interrelationship between techno- logical approach (or the application-side) and academic science . The hardening of steel appears to have been an operation in common use among the early Greeks The Greek and Roman smiths knew, from experience, how to control the.
    [Show full text]
  • Welding on the Farm: Selecting a Welding Unit for the Farm Or Ranch
    Welding on the Farm: Selecting a Welding Unit for the Farm or Ranch Farms encounter a wide variety of welding repairs and projects – having the right welder depends on a lot of factors. Do you have to bring the welder to the work or can you take the work to the welder? Which process (MIG, Stick, or TIG) fits your needs? This article examines all these issues and more. The weather finally cleared, and Wisconsin dairy farmer Al Hoffmann has 385 acres of haylage to cut and store when the chopper blower band for the silo snaps in half. Part of the 3/16 in. steel band has worn paper thin and snapped, and on this Saturday, the nearest replacement band is two days away. Using a 200 amp Millermatic® wire welder, Al saves the band by tack welding it together and then welding on a back-up strip of steel. The repaired chopper blower moves more than 800 tons of haylage in the next few days... ...It's evening milking time. Al is half done with his 185 cows when a hinge breaks on the air gate in the milking parlor. Al resumes milking a few minutes later, after he repairs the gate with a portable Millermatic wire welder that runs off his 115 V household current. "This farm has a lot of old iron, but welders keep my machinery running," Al says. In addition to the two wire welders, Al also uses a 175 amp Stick (shielded metal arc) welder, primarily for hardfacing the bucket on his skid loader or repairing his manure spreader.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Non-Ferrous Metals
    14 Manufacturing Processes CHAPTER 2 Ferrous Materials and Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys 2.1 INTRODUCTION Ferrous materials/metals may be defined as those metals whose main constituent is iron such as pig iron, wrought iron, cast iron, steel and their alloys. The principal raw materials for ferrous metals is pig iron. Ferrous materials are usually stronger and harder and are used in daily life products. Ferrous material possess a special property that their characteristics can be altered by heat treatment processes or by addition of small quantity of alloying elements. Ferrous metals possess different physical properties according to their carbon content. 2.2 IRON AND STEEL The ferrous metals are iron base metals which include all varieties of iron and steel. Most common engineering materials are ferrous materials which are alloys of iron. Ferrous means iron. Iron is the name given to pure ferrite Fe, as well as to fused mixtures of this ferrite with large amount of carbon (may be 1.8%), these mixtures are known as pig iron and cast iron. Primarily pig iron is produced from the iron ore in the blast furnace from which cast iron, wrought iron and steel can be produced. 2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON STEELS Plain carbon steel is that steel in which alloying element is carbon. Practically besides iron and carbon four other alloying elements are always present but their content is very small that they do not affect physical properties. These are sulphur, phosphorus, silicon and manganese. Although the effect of sulphur and phosphorus on properties of steel is detrimental, but their percentage is very small.
    [Show full text]
  • STEEL in the CIRCULAR ECONOMY a Life Cycle Perspective CONTENTS
    STEEL IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY A life cycle perspective CONTENTS Foreword 3 The circular economy 4 Life cycle thinking 6 The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach 8 worldsteel’s LCA methodology and life cycle inventory (LCI) database 10 Sustainability and life cycle assessment 12 LCA in the steel industry 14 LCA by life cycle phase 15 Raw materials and steel production 15 Markets for by-products 16 Manufacturing and use 16 Reuse and remanufacturing 18 Recycling 19 LCA initiatives 20 Regional and global initiatives 21 Market sector initiatives 22 Construction 22 Automotive 24 Packaging 25 End notes 28 Glossary 29 Cover image: Steel staircase, office building, Prague, Czech Republic Design: double-id.com FOREWORD We live in a rapidly changing world with finite resources. Too many legislative bodies around the world At the same time, improvements in standards of living still enact regulations which only affect the “use and eradication of poverty, combined with global phase” of a product’s life, for example water and population growth, exert pressure on our ecosystems. energy consumption for washing machines, energy consumption for a fridge or CO2 emissions whilst As steel is everywhere in our lives and is at the heart driving a vehicle. This focus on the “use phase” can of our sustainable future, our industry is an integral part lead to more expensive alternative lower density of the global circular economy. The circular economy materials being employed but which typically have a promotes zero waste, reduces the amount of materials higher environmental burden when the whole life cycle used, and encourages the reuse and recycling of is considered.
    [Show full text]
  • The Stainless Steel Family
    The Stainless Steel Family A short description of the various grades of stainless steel and how they fit into distinct metallurgical families. It has been written primarily from a European perspective and may not fully reflect the practice in other regions. Stainless steel is the term used to describe an extremely versatile family of engineering materials, which are selected primarily for their corrosion and heat resistant properties. All stainless steels contain principally iron and a minimum of 10.5% chromium. At this level, chromium reacts with oxygen and moisture in the environment to form a protective, adherent and coherent, oxide film that envelops the entire surface of the material. This oxide film (known as the passive or boundary layer) is very thin (2-3 namometres). [1nanometre = 10-9 m]. The passive layer on stainless steels exhibits a truly remarkable property: when damaged (e.g. abraded), it self-repairs as chromium in the steel reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in the environment to reform the oxide layer. Increasing the chromium content beyond the minimum of 10.5% confers still greater corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance may be further improved, and a wide range of properties provided, by the addition of 8% or more nickel. The addition of molybdenum further increases corrosion resistance (in particular, resistance to pitting corrosion), while nitrogen increases mechanical strength and enhances resistance to pitting. Categories of Stainless Steels The stainless steel family tree has several branches, which may be differentiated in a variety of ways e.g. in terms of their areas of application, by the alloying elements used in their production, or, perhaps the most accurate way, by the metallurgical phases present in their microscopic structures: .
    [Show full text]
  • Boilermaker B2
    BOILERMAKER B2 AWS E8018-B2 H4R WELDING POSITIONS: FEATURES: BENEFITS: • Good arc characteristics • Stable easy to control arc, x-ray clear welds • Low spatter level • Improved weld bead appearance, less clean-up • Quick, easy slag removal • No slag inclusions, increased welding efficiency • Low moisture absorption • Reduces chance of starting porosity • Low hydrogen less than 4 ml/100 g • Resistant to hydrogen induced cracking APPLICATIONS: • Boilers • Tubing TYPE OF CURRENT: Direct Current Electrode Positive (DCEP) or AC RECOMMENDED WELDING TECHNIQUES: ENERAL Electrode positive, work negative (DCEP) or AC G : RC ENGTH Very short arc A L : LAT Angle electrode 10°-15° from 90° F : ERTICAL P Use weaving techniques V -U : ERTICAL OWN Not recommended V -D : OVERHEAD: Use slight weaving motion within the puddle STORAGE: After opening, store in holding oven (220°F to 350°F) until used. RECONDITIONING If exposed to atmosphere for extended periods, reconditioned for one (1) hour at 600°F. TYPICAL WELD METAL PROPERTIES* (Chem Pad): Weld Metal Analysis (%) AWS Spec Carbon (C) 0.05 0.12 max Manganese (Mn) 0.68 0.90 max Sulphur (S) 0.01 0.03 max Phosphorus (P) 0.01 0.03 max Silicon (Si) 0.36 0.80 max Chromium (Cr) 1.12 1.00 - 1.50 Molybdenum (Mo) 0.40 0.40 - 0.65 TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES* (As Welded): Stress relieved 1 hr. @ 1275°F AWS Spec Tensile Strength 98,000 psi (673 MPa) 80,000 psi Yield Strength 86,000 psi (592 MPa) 67,000 psi Elongation % in 2” 23% 19% TYPICAL CHARPY V-NOTCH IMPACT VALUES* (As Welded): Stress relieved 1 hr.
    [Show full text]