Border and Mobility – Kerr Et Al

Interagency collaborative team in broadcasting management at the border area of Sintang Regency, Indonesia

L.H. Kurnia, I.W. Midhio & T.B. Prasetyo Indonesia Defense University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

ABSTRACT: Sintang is one of the five border regencies in West Kalimantan. Its remote location makes this area to have limited access to information and communication. The Min- istry of Communication and Informatics of Indonesia as the leading sector in the development of access to information and communication has launched a program to solve this problem. However, the implementation of this program has not achieved the expected results due to weak coordination and program planning. Therefore, this study was conducted to formulate an integrated team and a special coordination channel in terms of broadcasting management on the border area. In this study, we use qualitative approach with field observation, in-depth interview, and literature study to collect the research data. The result of this study formulated an Interagency Collaborative Team led by the Directorate General of PPI Kemenkominfo, which consists of broadcasting stakeholders.

Keywords: information, communication, Sintang, broadcasting management

1 INTRODUCTION

Sintang is one of the five border districts in West Kalimantan. The geographical structure of Sintang Regency, especially in the border area, includes hills and is dominated by production and protected forests (BPP Sintang, 2015: 2). This geographical structure is one of the obsta- cles to develop Sintang’s border area in the fields of access to transportation, health, education, and information communication. Therefore, National Agency of Border Management (BNPP) categorized Central Ketungau and Ketungau Hulu Sub-District in the development of priority locations for two periods, 2010–2014 and 2015–2019 (bnpp.go.id, 2016). From the perspective of strengthening the values of Indonesia and improving the national identity of the community on the border of Sintang Regency, the presence of Public Service Broadcasting (LPP) embedded with vision and mission is crucial. LPP TVRI and RRI as Public Service Broadcasting centers have special principles and functions in disseminating Indonesian values, reflecting diversity and national identity, being a flag carrier, unifying the nation, and providing access to all citizens (rri.co.id, 2016). These functions are in line with the statement of McQuail et al. (1992: 9) about Public Service Broadcasting that was designed to “serve the audience and social institutions within the national territory, center- peripheral in form of organization, expected to protect national language and culture and (however implicitly) to represent the national interest. As an aspect of their national charac- ter, broadcasting institutions were also usually monopolistic or quasi-monopolistic in their form of control”. In terms of establishment and maintenance of such a national identity, Public Service Broadcasting plays a vital role. Public Service Broadcasting Television has functions to contribute, formulate, and spread national culture in national integration, as well as to make the country a united nation, “making the nation as one man” (Reith, cited in Scannelll, 1990:23, cited in Bulck and Poecke, 1996: 224). The presence of LPP in Sintang Regency is represented by RRI Sintang that has been built since 2002 and relay station of TVRI. Unfortunately, the transmitter signal of the TVRI or

333 RRI Sintang tower has difficulty reaching all Sintang border societies due to obstruction by hilly land contours. To overcome this, the Ministry of Communication and Informat- ics of Indonesia (Kemenkominfo) in 2011 through Minister Instruction No. 01/INST/M. KOMINFO/03/2011 initiated a community radio program to reach areas that have diffi- culties in accessing information and network of TVRI and RRI. In its implementation, Kemenkominfo through Universal Service Obligation (KPU/USO) program designed nine programs to improve access to information and communication in the border area. However, these programs encountered several problems and constraints so that their main purposes have not been achieved. On the basis of previous research, Kurnia (2018) describes the complexity of broadcasting management problem in Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan. This study divides the factors hampering the development of information access through broadcast media into five key result areas that must be addressed for the achievement of information dissemination in the border region. These key result areas are planning, coordinating, implementation and monitoring programs, maximizing of broadcaster agencies, and regulation. On the basis of these key result areas, Kemenkominfo’s program determines the success of the implementation of the program in border areas. This study recommends setting up a special team and coordination line consisting of broadcasting stakeholders. Therefore, this paper aims to further elaborate this recommendation by using the interagency collaborative team concept on broadcasting management in Sintang Regency.

2 METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS TOOL

In this study, we use qualitative research method by field observation, in-depth interview, and literature study to collect the research data. To analyze and process the results of field data, we use the concept of integrated collaborative team to analyze and provide input in the management of broadcasting on the border so that dissemination of information can be accessed by all border communities, especially in Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan. The concept of integrated collaborative team “The ICT model is designed to enable organizations to work together in ways that generate the structural and process supports associated with successful implementation and sustainment of innovations” (Hurlburt, et.al, 2014: 161). Interagency collaborative team (ICT) is a model designed to formulate multiple organizations or institutions to work together in a structural system that can support successful implementation and sustainability of the program. On the basis of the results of field research, it is necessary to have a team that integrates and collaborates stakeholders in the management of broadcasting on the border area. The formation of this team is aimed to make stakeholders, who previously did not coordinate well and talk, work together in accordance with the authority and responsibility. The main barriers to successful interagency collaboration are cultural barriers, procedural/ regulatory barriers, and personal barriers (Barnett, 1995: 74). Therefore, in order to achieve successful interagency collaboration, a special approach is needed, such as interagency collaborative team, as a means to communicate the strategic planning and collective visioning.

3 DISCUSSION

As will be discussed in this paper, broadcasters include television and radio, which directly touch the border point of Sintang Regency and have a goal to channel the information needed by local residents as well as to distribute the Indonesian cultural values and national identity of Indonesia. These broadcasters are LPP RRI Sintang, Community Radio, which operated in Senaning-Ketungau Hulu, and LPP TVRI Pontianak Station.

334 3.1 RRI Sintang RRI Sintang, located in Oevang Oeray Road, Baning, Sintang, Indonesia, was established in 2002 with the aim to occupy the blank spot area that is not covered by RRI Central broadcast. RRI Sintang is the first RRI established on the border of West Kalimantan, even long before RRI Entikong. Sintang is chosen because it is considered as a strategic location in the middle of West Kalimantan and directly adjacent to Sarawak, Malaysia. RRI Sintang is expected to foster a sense of nationality of the people in the border area by broadcasting data about Indonesia’s programs, information, and development (Ngatno, Head of RRI Sintang, 2016). RRI Sintang’s coverage is highly dependent on the size and power of the transmitter. The constraint currently facing RRI Sintang is strengthening of the RRI transmitter, which takes two times greater electric power than the power of the transmitter. On the basis of interviews with Head of RRI Sintang in February 2016, there has been no coordination with Kemenkominfo for the development and strengthening of RRI Sintang. The distance from Sintang to the border of Ketungau Hulu and Ketungau Tengah is an obstacle for RRI Sintang reporters to be able to present at the border. In addition to long distances, the risks are also a constraint.

3.2 TVRI station of Pontianak TVRI Station of Pontianak is a public broadcasting institution serving in the West Kaliman- tan area that covers the inland areas and border of Kalimantan. Currently, TVRI Station of Pontianak broadcasts terrestrially with relay transmitter station in more than 19 locations in West Kalimantan. Until 2014, TVRI Pontianak Station could reach the border area only through satellite broadcasting. However, due to corruption cases conducted by West Kalimantan provincial officials related to the leasing of satellite transponders to expand the coverage of TVRI (Antaranews, 2014), TVRI Pontianak Station no longer receives the help of the West Kalimantan Provincial Government and can only broadcast terrestrially in the city of Pontianak with the duration of broadcast of only 4 hours per day. The cessation of satellite TVRI broadcasts in West Kalimantan has led to many complaints by people across West Kalimantan. M. Arif (36), for example, from Singkawang City, who could not watch TVRI special broadcast about events in local Kalbar, said “Yes, it is also sad usually we could broadcast local news of West Kalimantan through TVRI. But we couldn’t broadcast it any- more” (Pontianak Pos, 2014).

3.3 Community radio Community radio empowered by Kemenkominfo is located in a remote village, especially on the border, with the aim of providing an informative and entertaining event to the local community. The development of community radio is based on the instruction of the Minister of Kominfo (No. 01/INST/M.KOMINFO/03/2011) on the implementation of information village in the border region of Indonesia. At the time of the study, the number of community radios that were running was 76, in every area of information village programs through- out Indonesia. Community radio is managed by the Community Information Group (KIM) established by the Kemenkominfo through the Directorate General of IKP (Information and Public Communication), which consists of local community. Community radio (Rakom) is a community broadcasting institution that became one of the Kemenkominfo programs to open access to information for people in the border area. In Law No. 32 of 2002 on Broad- casting, in section 6 of Article 21, it is stated that the community broadcasting institution is independent and non-commercial, with low transmit power and limited area coverage, in order to serve the interests of the community. The purpose of the establishment of this community radio is to educate and promote the community to achieve prosperity, by implementing an event program that includes culture, education, and information that describes the identity of the nation.

335 Kurnia (2018) stated the following main issues in managing Rakom and Border Com- munity Information Group (Kimtas) in Sintang Regency: (1) Inadequate human resources and infrastructure (Kimtas manager is given equipment by the center but is not considered an operational support tool for the running of the program). (2) Managers receive tools for broadcasting at the sub-district office or certain locations according to the assignment, but after that, there is no further monitoring and sustainability by the central government. HR does not get further training and direction if the tools are damaged. (3) The handover of the tool is done directly by third party to the community without coordination with the provincial or local government. There is no grant process or delivery of aid assets to local governments, so there is no allocation of funds for the maintenance of these assets. (4) Managers refuse to continue, manage, and maintain assets, because there is no cost of sustainability support to pay for electricity and diesel. The district government cannot provide assistance for that matter, since the asset status is not the property of the region. (5) The difficulty of Rakom sustainability in the border area is also due to Rakom managers who are not getting compen- sation or salary. (6) An operator or Rakom manager is not a person who has experience in the field of broadcasting, so Rakom goes without the procedures and broadcasting agenda. The one-year-old Rakom program in Sintang, and in some other border areas, indicates the desire of the community to manage and develop community radio. However, the government that initiated the existence of Rakom did not maximally organize the program. In the second year, Rakom equipment has been damaged, and the sub-district lacks the funding and ability to repair the tools. In addition to the constraints of equipment resistance, human resources became an obstacle in managing Community Radio (Kurnia, 2018). On the basis of the problems that have been submitted, it is observed that the main problem of sustainability of Rakom program is the lack careful planning by central government for program maintenance and sustainability; lack of coordination and synergy between central government, local government, and other stakeholders related to the management of Rakom; and the limited space for the management of Rakom in obtaining financial resources for the sustainability of Rakom. In addition to the lack of careful planning, these problems arise because of the absence of a clear SOP to the local government and related authorities.

3.4 Interagency collaborative team Therefore, on the basis of the issues presented in the previous section, it is necessary to estab- lish a special team in terms of broadcasting management on the border area, which aims to meet the needs of information access for border communities and the distribution of Indo- nesian values in order to strengthen the national identity of communities in the border area of Indonesia. The team is structured on the concept of interagency collaborative team. The ICT team formulated in this study was led by the Directorate General of PPI Kemenkominfo, who oversees the Heads of Provincial Communications and Informatics. Directorate General of PPI Kemenkominfo is responsible for ensuring assistance in the regions by monitoring and coordinating with third parties as providers of procurement services, provincial government, district government, broadcasting agencies, and sub-district heads whose territory is the locus of aid programs. DG PPI Kemenkominfo’s duty is to ensure that the program runs synergistically and communication and good cooperation between the provincial government and third-party service providers are established. The third party is responsible for the implementation of the program to the Directorate General of PPI and financing the Directorate General of BP3TI Kominfo. A third party or service provider is working with the provincial government to provide assistance and maintenance programs and improvements. The provincial government in this position has a supervisory function of the implementation of the program responsible for reporting it to the Directorate General of PPI Kemenkominfo, who should have direct responsibility for monitoring and implementing the program, not as long as it is immediately released to third parties and resulted in the number of programs that are not continuous and inappropriate target. The provincial government facilitates the need and reviews the implementation of broadcasting management program from KPID, LPP TVRI, and local government. Local gov- 336 Figure 1. Interagency collaborative team chart of border broadcasting management in Sintang Regency. Source: Processed by researcher, 2018. ernment through Head of Kominfo’s Division in Sintang Regency facilitates the need and reviews the implementation of the central program for RRI Sintang and Community Radio. This team can coordinate remotely, as long as each institution performs its duties and responsibilities. Coordination meetings also need to be conducted periodically to review stakeholder needs, problems encountered, and comprehensive program evaluation. KPID Kalbar as an institution that oversees and monitors the development of broadcasting on the border of West Kalimantan can play a role in providing rewards to broadcasting institutions that have contributed to help disseminate and open access to information in the border region. On May 2015, Kemenkominfo, TVRI Kalbar, RRI Sintang, and West Kalimantan Governor signed an MoU for the development and strengthening of LPP TVRI and RRI in West Kali- mantan. However, until this research was conducted, there has been no MoU sustainability or coordination on what steps or programs will be implemented. This is an opportunity that should be used by RRI and TVRI to strengthen its presence in the border region. Through this ICT border broadcaster, RRI and TVRI can question the forum during a coordination meeting on the sustainability of a memorandum of understanding signed in 2015. RRI Sintang aimed to foster the implementation of Community Radio program in border sub-district. Coaching is within the scope of broadcasting training, journalistic training, tool maintenance, and other things that support the running of Community Radio broadcasting programs. The Community Radio operator also plays a citizen journalist for RRI Sintang and TVRI Pontianak, which reports on the conditions and information surrounding the border sub- district. With the concept of citizen journalist, Rakom managers can get more intensive input from RRI Sintang or TVRI Pontianak. In addition, the broadcasting location of Community Radio installed transmitter RRI Sintang relay. Thus, if Rakom operators cannot broadcast, the Rakom broadcast program will continue to be filled by RRI Sintang broadcast. Sintang RRI program can be enjoyed by the border community that has not been covered by broadcasting RRI Sintang. Rape managers can also form a community and invite local residents to alternately broadcast and can be a container of information and communication for local residents. As for the strengthening of TVRI, it requires an increase in competitiveness or competitive advantage in the competition with private broadcasting institutions, which are more popular and more accessible to the border community. Through this team, TVRI Pontianak Station can convey its need to be able to broadcast back satellite in West Kalimantan region. TVRI Pontianak Station faces the same problem as RRI Sintang, that is, the lack of human resources as a reporter and delivery channel of news related to border area. Through this team, TVRI Pontianak can synergize with RRI Sintang in terms of information flow and actual data on 337 the border. News from areas collected by RRI Sintang can also be distributed by TVRI Pon- tianak Station (or vice versa). This will further disseminate information about the border area. As a fellow public broadcasting institution in the border area, communication and good synergy between RRI Sintang and TVRI Pontianak should be established. News and information gathered by RRI Sintang and Community Radio can be news material to be informed and broadcast by TVRI Pontianak located at provincial level, and vice versa. Border broadcasting management strategy through the establishment of ICT is present to answer the problems of coordination and synergy between institutions, lack of human resources RRI Sintang, lack of capacity Community Radio managers in terms of broadcasting, weakness of transmit RRI and TVRI, and weak supervision in the implementation of the program.

4 CONCLUSION

In order to overcome the problems encountered in the implementation of managing broadcasting and to broaden access to information in border areas, it is necessary to set up a special team and coordination line consisting of broadcasting stakeholders. This team integrates the interests and responsibilities of stakeholders in meeting the need for information access through media broadcast. It is achieved by using the concept approach of interagency collaborative team, which is led by Directorate General of PPI Kemenkominfo with members of related institutions such as DG BP3TI, third party, KPID, Diskominfo West Kalimantan Province, TVRI Pontianak Sta- tion, Diskominfo Sintang Regency, RRI Sintang, Rakom management, and local communities. The Directorate General of PPI Kemenkominfo coordinating with the Directorate General of BP3TI Kemenkominfo is in procurement with the third party. Asset relief from Kemenkominfo was granted and became a regional asset. The local government plays an important role in coordination and serves as a bridge between the nationals and the community. Community Radio is under the guidance of RRI Sintang. Its management receives journalistic coaching and becomes citizen journalist for RRI Sintang & TVRI Pontianak, as well as invites local community to play an active role in dissemination of information in the border area of Sintang.

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