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Inventarisasi Anggrek Di Kabupaten Sintang, Kalimantan Barat

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Inventarisasi Anggrek Di Kabupaten Sintang, Kalimantan Barat B I O D I V E R S I T A S ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 9, Nomor 1 Januari 2008 Halaman: 21-24 Inventarisasi Anggrek di Kabupaten Sintang, Kalimantan Barat Orchids inventory in Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan ESTI ENDAH ARIYANTI♥, PA’I UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Purwodadi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Pasuruan 67163 Diterima: 26 Nopember 2007. Disetujui: 22 Januari 2008. ABSTRACT Orchid is one of ornamental plants which have commercial value. Therefore most species are becoming threatened or even endangered because of over exploitation. In addition, its natural habitat is also decreasing. Conservation must be done urgently, both by in situ and ex situ conservation, which can be started by orchid inventory. The orchid inventory was done in TWA Bukit Kelam, TWA Baning and several places in Regency of Sintang, West Kalimantan. The result showed that there were 40 species belonged to 27 genera, which 32 species of them (20 genera) were epiphytic orchids and 8 species (7 genera) were terrestrial orchids. © 2008 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta Key words: inventory, orchid, Sintang, West Kalimantan. PENDAHULUAN Topografi daerah ini datar dengan tipe ekosistem hutan rawa gambut. Jenis tanahnya adalah organosol, gley dan Pulau Kalimantan merupakan pulau terbesar ketiga di gambut (Kayoman, 2005). Sedangkan TWA Bukit Kelam dunia setelah Greenland dan seluruh pulau Nugini, yang ditetapkan berdasarkan SK Menhut No. 594/Kpts-II/1992 mempunyai potensi keanekaragaman hayati sangat tinggi. tanggal 6 Juni 1992 dengan luas ± 520 Ha. Kawasan ini Hal ini karena adanya perpaduan beberapa faktor yaitu: termasuk dalam wilayah Kecamatan Kelam Permai, dengan topografi, ketinggian, geologi, tanah, iklim serta koordinat 111°34’11”-111°34’13” BT dan 0°05’25”-0°05’27” ketersediaan air terutama air hujan. Selain itu, pulau ini LU. Topografi kawasan ini datar sampai berbukit dengan terletak di wilayah katulistiwa yang bersuhu tinggi jenis tanah dominan podsolik merah kuning. Bagian tengah sepanjang tahun dan merupakan daerah terbasah di Bukit Kelam merupakan hutan hujan tropis yang kondisinya Indonesia (MacKinnon, 1996). Salah satu propinsinya yaitu tidak primer lagi akibat kebakaran hutan tahun 1997 Kalimantan Barat merupakan propinsi terluas keempat (Kayoman, 2005). Kegiatan ini juga diarahkan ke kawasan setelah Papua, Kalimantan Timur dan Kalimantan Tengah sekitar di dua kecamatan tersebut dan juga di kecamatan dengan luas wilayah 146.807 km² (7,53% dari luas lain yaitu Kecamatan Sepauk yang letaknya berbatasan Indonesia) (Anonim, 2006). Kabupaten Sintang merupakan dengan Kecamatan Sintang di sebelah barat. salah satu kabupaten di Kalimantan Barat yang mempunyai Anggrek merupakan salah satu tumbuhan hias yang luas wilayah 32.279 km2 (terbesar kedua setelah Kabupaten mempunyai nilai ekonomi cukup tinggi. Hal tersebut Ketapang). Iklim di wilayah ini dapat dibilang basah dengan menyebabkan anggrek sering dieksploitasi secara intensitas curah hujan yang cukup tinggi (243.1 mm per berlebihan. Akibatnya beberapa jenis anggrek menjadi bulan) dan temperatur berkisar 26,0-35,7°C (Anonim, terancam atau bahkan langka keberadaan populasinya. 2007). Hal ini juga diperparah dengan semakin rusaknya hutan Dari 14 kawasan konservasi yang dikelola oleh BKSDA yang menjadi habitat alami bagi anggrek alam. Kalimantan (Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam) Kalimantan Barat, sendiri diperkirakan memiliki 2.500-3.000 jenis anggrek dua di antaranya yang menjadi tujuan kegiatan inventarisasi spesies (Siregar dkk., 2005). ini adalah TWA (Taman Wisata Alam) Baning dan TWA UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bukit Kelam. TWA Baning ditetapkan oleh SK Menhut No. Purwodadi merupakan salah satu lembaga konservasi flora 129/Kpts-II/1990 tanggal 10 April dengan luas ± 213 Ha. ex situ yang salah satu kegiatan utamanya adalah Kawasan ini berada di pusat kota Sintang, dengan melakukan kegiatan eksplorasi dan inventarisasi tumbuhan koordinat antara 1°03’-1°16’ LS dan 110°37’-113°37’ BT. di beberapa kawasan di Indonesia, terutama yang berhabitat dataran rendah dengan tujuan mengkonservasi tumbuhan yang langka, endemik dan berpotensi ekonomi serta nilai ilmiah. Inventarisasi anggrek telah dilakukan di TWA Bukit Kelam, TWA Baning dan beberapa kawasan di ♥ Alamat korespondensi: kabupaten Sintang, Kalimantan Barat untuk tahap awal Jl. Raya Purwodadi, Purwodadi, Pasuruan 67163 pendokumetasian data jenis anggrek yang tumbuh di Tel. & Fax.: +62-341-42604616 e-mail: [email protected] kawasan tersebut. 22 BIODIVERSITAS Vol. 9, No. 1, Januari 2008, hal. 21-24 BAHAN DAN METODE Tabel 1. Jenis-jenis anggrek di beberapa kawasan di kabupaten Sintang, Kalimantan Barat. Kegiatan inventarisasi ini dilakukan pada 3-23 Juli 2005 di tujuh lokasi pengamatan di tiga kecamatan yang Lokasi termasuk wilayah kabupaten Sintang yaitu: (i) Taman Nama jenis Habitus Wisata Alam (TWA) Baning; Jalan Sintang-Putusibau KM 1 dan KM 2, Desa Akcaya I, serta KM 10 Desa Jerora, BKL BAN BLW KM1 KM2 KM10 SMT kesemuanya di Kecamatan Sintang; (ii) TWA Bukit Kelam Acriopsis indica epifit + + + + + - + dan Hutan Lindung Bukit Luwit, keduanya di Kecamatan Aerides odorata epifit + - - - - - - Kelam Permai; serta (iii) Hutan dusun Mengkusai, desa Arundina graminifolia terestrial - + - + + + + Semuntai, kecamatan Sepauk. Metode yang digunakan Acanthephippium sp. terestrial - - - - - - + adalah metode eksplorasi (jelajah) dengan menelusuri jalur Agrostophylum sp. * epifit - - - - - - + yang sudah ada. Data yang dicatat meliputi: jenis yang Aphyllorchis sp. terestrial - + - - - - - ditemukan, morfologi dan habitat. Bulbophyllum sp.1 (d.pendek) epifit + + + + - - + Bulbophyllum sp.2 (d.lebar) epifit - + - - - - - Bulbophyllum sp.3 (d. lonjong) epifit - + - - - - - HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Bulbophyllum sp.4 epifit - + - - - - - Bromheadia finlaysoniana terestrial + + - + + + + Dari hasil inventarisasi anggrek di beberapa kawasan di Corymborkis veratrifolia terestrial - + - - - - - kabupaten Sintang didapatkan 40 jenis anggrek yang Cymbidium finlaysonianum epifit + - - + - - + tergolong dalam 27 marga, 30 jenis di antaranya adalah Cymbidium aloifolium epifit - - - - - - + anggrek epifit dan hanya 10 jenis yang berupa anggrek Cymbidium sp. epifit + - - - - - + terestrial atau anggrek tanah (Tabel 1). Dari semua jenis Dendrobium anosmum epifit + - - - - - + tersebut, 15 jenis di antaranya belum teridentifikasi sampai Dendrobium crumenatum epifit + + + + + + + tingkat jenis (baru diketahui marganya) karena anggrek- Dendrobium secundum epifit + - - - - - + anggrek tersebut pada waktu pengamatan belum berbunga. Dendrobium bracteosum epifit + - - - - - - Jumlah jenis anggrek epifit di sebagian besar lokasi Dendrobium rhodostele epifit + - - - - - - pengamatan lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan jumlah Dendrobium sp. epifit + - - - - - - jenis anggrek terestrial. Menurut Arditti (1992) epifitik Dipodium paludosum terestrial - + - - - - - merupakan salah satu karakter yang paling menonjol pada Dipodium scandens terestrial - + - - - - + anggrek dibandingkan cara hidup yang terestrial. Jenis Eria ornata * epifit + - - - - - - pohon inang bagi anggrek di lokasi pengamatan antara lain Eria pannea epifit + + + + - - + dari marga Durio, Malotus, Artocarpus, Macaranga, Alstonia Eria sp. epifit - + - - - - - yang pada umumnya mempunyai struktur batang agak Flickingeria auriloba epifit - - - - - - + lunak sehingga memudahkan organisme lain untuk Grammatophyllum speciosum epifit + - - + - - + menempel misalnya lumut, tumbuhan epifit (anggrek, paku Goodyera rubicunda terestrial - + - - - - - dan lain-lain). Oberonia sp. epifit + - - - - - - Plocoglottis sp. terestrial - - - - - - + Keanekaragaman anggrek Pteroceras emarginata epifit - - - - - - + TWA Baning Pomatocalpa spicata epifit - - - - - - + Tercatat sebanyak 15 jenis anggrek (tergolong dalam 10 Sarcanthus aloifolius epifit - - - - - - + marga) yang terdiri atas 8 jenis anggrek epifit dan 7 jenis Saccolabium sp. epifit + - - - - - - anggrek terestrial. Anggrek epifit yang berhasil ditemui Thrixspermum subulatum epifit + - - - - - - adalah dari marga Acriopsis, Bulbophyllum, Dendrobium Thecostele alata epifit - - - + - - - dan Eria, sedangkan untuk anggrek terestrial dari marga Vanda sp. epifit + - - - - - - Arundina, Bromheadia, Corymborkis, Dipodium, Aphyllorchis dan Goodyera. Ekosistem kawasan ini sebenarnya lebih Malaxis sp. terestrial + - - - - - - mendekati ekosistem hutan rawa gambut (peat swamp Phalaenopsis cornucervi epifit - - - - - - + forest), namun jenis-jenis yang ditemukan beberapa di Keterangan: *= koleksi baru di Kebun Raya Purwodadi. BKL = TWA Bukit Kelam, BAN = TWA Baning, BLW = Hutan Lindung antaranya juga merupakan jenis yang biasa tumbuh di Bukit Luwit, KM1 = Jl. Sintang-Putusibau Km 1, KM2 = Jl. Sintang- ekosistem lain, misalnya marga Goodyera yang biasanya Putusibau Km 2, KM10 = Jl. Sintang-Putusibau Km 10, MKS = hidup di ekosistem hutan kapur (limestone) dan hutan hujan Hutan Mengkusai. tropis pegunungan, Arundina dan Corymborkis yang lebih sering ditemukan di ekosistem hutan tropis dataran rendah terutama daerah yang terbuka, sebaliknya jenis-jenis yang kantor Brigade Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan (Brigdalkar); biasanya dijumpai di hutan rawa gambut justru tidak KM 2 yang terletak di Desa Akcaya I, dan KM 10 yang ditemukan di kawasan ini misal (menurut Chan dkk., 1994) terletak di Desa Jerora. Dari ketiga lokasi ini, jumlah jenis dari marga Malaxis, Plocoglottis, Grammatophyllum, dan anggrek yang paling banyak dijumpai adalah di KM 1 yaitu lain-lain. sebanyak
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