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University Micrdfilms International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University MicrdFilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD. ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW. LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 7908111 I b e l l * Elizabeth TEACHING HAITIAN CULTURE VIA LITERATURE* A CULTRAPOETIC APPROACH, THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY* PH.D., 1978 University Microfilms International 300 n zeeb hoad. ann ahboh, mi 4 biog © Copyright by Elizabeth Bell 1978 i TEACHING HAITIAN CULTURE VIA LITERATURE: A CULTRAPOETIC APPROACH DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillm ent of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Elizabeth Bell, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1978 Reading Committee: Approved By Professor Edward D. Allen, Adviser Professor Erika Bourguignon Professor Gilbert A. Jarvis Advi ser Faculty of Humanities-Education To Professor 0. R. Dathorne ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the following people without whom this doctoral thesis could not have been realized: — To my adviser Professor Edward D. Allen for his interest and encouragement during my studies at The Ohio State University. His patient criticism of the thesis at its various stages and his ungrudging assistance have been of inestimable value to me. — To Professor Gilbert A. Jarvis for consenting to serve on my reading committee. His willingness to share his own experience in matters of style and structure and his kindness and in ­ tellectual expertise helped me tremendously. — To Professor Erika Bourguignon for her willingness to serve on my reading committee. Her generous words of encouragement and her wholehearted desire to communicate her great wealth of knowl edge in the fie ld of Haitian culture enabled me to maintain s e lf confidence and n\y sanity throughout, the study. — To Mrs. Simone Jackson, a native of M arseille, France, fo r her helpful suggestions concerning the style and structure of the French activities in Chapter Five. To my sorority sister Ms. E. Bunche, Art Instructor at Allen University, for drawing the map of Haiti included in Chapter One of this thesis. To the past and present administrations of Allen University whose generous financial assistance made it possible for me to pursue graduate study at The Ohio State University and to do research in Haiti, West Indes. To Mrs. Sharon K. Donovan for an excellent job in typing and proof­ reading this thesis. To my friend Professor Frank W. Medley, Jr. for insisting that I finish this thesis without further delay. I am indebted to him for his careful reading and sensitive criticism of my work. Not only was he a source of inspiration for my doctoral thesis, but also for my Master's thesis. To my friend Professor Marion T. Johnson for allowing me to hibernate in her apartment for the past five months and for setting up a comfortable work area in her spacious basement. I am indebted to her fo r her kindness and moral support. To a ll my friends who provided moral support during my studies at The Ohio State University. To my family who so desperately wanted to know when, i f ever, I would finish but never asked. Finally, to my beloved friend George Bell for caring so much. VITA March 22, 1935 -------------Born, Laurens County, South Carolina 1952------------------------------Diploma (Val.) Bell Street High School, Clinton, South Carolina 1956------------------------------ B.A. (Hons.) French Allen University Columbia, South Carolina 1956-1965--------------------- Instructor of French Kittrell College K it t r e ll, North Carolina 1959 (summer) ---------------French Language In s titu te University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 1961 (summer) ---------------Study Abroad, the University of Paris (Sorbonne) Paris, France 1965 (summer) -------------- NDEA French In s titu te Howard University Washington, D.C. 1965-1967 --------------------- Director of Public Relations and Parttime Instructor of French Allen University Columbia, South Carolina 1966 (summer) ---------------Graduate Assistant Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana 1967-1968 --------------------- Graduate Assistant Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana 1968 ------------------------------M.A., French Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana v 1968 (summer) -------------- Instructor of French Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana 1968-1972 --------------------- Assistant Professor, French Allen University Columbia, South Carolina 1970 (Summer) -------------- TESOL In s titu te Georgetown University Washington, D.C. 1972 (Summer) -------------- Instructor of English, Special Services Program Allen University Columbia, South Carolina 1972-197 3 --------------------- Teaching Associate Supervisor of Student Teachers in F L Education The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1973-197 5 --------------------- Graduate Administrative Associate, University College, Division of Allied Health Professions The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1975 (March) ---------------- Researcher Port-au-Prince, Haiti, West Indes 1975-1978 --------------------- Associate Professor and Coordinator of Humanities Program Allen University Columbia, South Carolina FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Foreign Language Education. Proffesors Edward D. Allen, Gilbert A. Jarvis and Frank Otto Studies in Curriculum and Supervision. Professors Elsie J. Alberty, James K. Duncan, Jack R. Frymier, Charles M. Galloway and John B. Hough Studies in Afro-French and Haitian Literature. Professor 0. R. Dathorne v i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION..................................................................................................................i i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................... 1 ii VITA ................................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES......................................................................... ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION........................................................ 1 Purpose ...................................................................................... 6 Limitations .............................................................................. 7 Organization.................................................................................. 8 Definitions .............................................................................. 9 Map of H aiti................................................................................ 11 N o te s .............................................................................................12 I I . REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................. .1 3 Some Anthropological Contributions to the Study of Haitian Culture ............................... 13 A Summary of Research on the Teaching of Foreign Cultures .................... 22 The Teaching of Culture Through Literature and Other Media ..................................... 26 N o te s .............................................................................................34 I I I . THE HAITIAN POPULATION: AN AMALGAM OF AFRICAN AND FRENCH PEOPLES........................................................35 H istorical Foundations of the Republic of Haiti ..........................................................35 Origin of the Social Strata ..............................................40 Characteristics of the Social Strata. ......................... 44 The E l i t e ..............................................................44 The Peasant ..........................................................48 Summary 82 Notes . 84 v i i TABLE OF CONTENTS (c o
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