DOCSLIB.ORG

Oleaceae Molecular Allergens Mayte Villalba, RFAM-4, Paris 2018 Which Factors Affect a Patient with Pollinosis?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oleaceae Molecular Allergens Mayte Villalba, RFAM-4, Paris 2018 Which Factors Affect a Patient with Pollinosis? Oleaceae molecular allergens Mayte Villalba, RFAM-4, Paris 2018 Which factors affect a patient with pollinosis? POLLEN Pollen type Concentration Season Transport ALLERGEN ENVIRONMENT Structure Other allergens Function Cofactors Stability Contaminants Tobacco smoke PATIENT Genetics Epigenetics Altered Epithelium pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Plant species with allergenic pollens in Spain Allergenic pollens: Cupressaceae, Platanaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Oleaceae 1. The overlap of Olive Privet Ash Lilac pollination periods of Cypress Forsythia several species Platanus 3. Strong pollen gradient from Grasses nord to south of Spain Olive Chenopodiaceae 2. Different pollination intervals between geographical areas Barber et al. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015 pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Oleaceae family • Family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales • Contains 25 genera and more than 700 species • Trees, shrubs, hedges • Grow spontaneously (Olea oleaster) or can be cultivated • Ornamental, medical, food purposes • Adaptation to different grounds http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Which Oleaceae species are allergenic? Forsythia Ash Privet Olive Lilac Forsythia Fraxinus Ligustrum Olea Syringa intermedia excelsior vulgare europaea vulgaris Pollen sensitization is usually restricted to anemophilous plants, mainly Ash and Olive. Anemophilous pollens are small, dehydrated with good aerodynamic properties that allow their dissemination over hundreds of kilometers. Privet, lilac, and forsythia which are entomophilous, contain allergen homologues but allergies to their pollens are very scarce. Nanovesicles named pollensomes carrying allergens seemed to be a widespread mechanism of allergen transport in many clinically relevant species during in vitro germination. Prado N J Immunol. 2015 pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Oleaceae trees: facts for allergy Olive tree is an important cause of Type-I respiratory allergy in South Europe, just followed by grass pollen. Ash pollen is in the middle Europe and north of Spain after birch and grass pollen. Privet Villalba M et al 2014 The flowering period is variable: olive typically occurs between April to June and ash from late December to february Berghi N, 2014 Lilac Elongation of the pollen season may drive to perennial symptoms on the allergic patients living in the Mediterranean area and in the people coming from north and middle Europe. García-Mozo et al., 2014 Urban people sensitized to Oleaceae could present allergenic reactions during the winter due to ash pollen allergens, in the spring by the olive pollen allergens and summer as consequence of the Privet or lilac flowering. Pollutants can increase the transport of pollen into the airways or alter the respiratory epithelium of patients Schiavoni G Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Olive-allergic patients present a complex and varied IgE-binding profile West EE.UU. Mediterranean area Olive pollen is the first cause of pollinosis Japan in several Spanish and Italian provinces Australia West South America South Africa IgE binding from individual sera CBS Different allergenic patterns in individual patients allergic to olive pollen pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Allergen pattern in olive pollen extract Ole e 4 Ole e 14 Ole e 9 Ole e 11 (Polygalacturonase) (β-1,3-glucanase) Ole e 8 (PME) Ole e 12 4 EF-hand (PCBER) MM Ex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 kDa 66 45 36 29 24 Ole e 1 20 14 Ole e 15 (Cyclophilin) Ole e 2 Ole e 3 (profilin) Ole e 10 (polcalcin) (CBM43) Ole e 7 (nsLTP) Ole e 5 Ole e 6 CRISP (superoxide dismutase) Ole e 4 results a proteolytic fragment of Ole e 9 Villalba M Methods 2013 RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Expression systems to produce recombinant allergens LTPs Ole e 7 Cys-rich Ole e 1, Fra e 1, Lig v 1, Syr v 1, Sal k 5, Ole e 6, Ole e 10 YEAST Enzymes Ole e 11, Ole e 9, Sal k 1 Pichia pastoris Profilins (Ole e 2, Che a 2, Fra e 2, Sal k 4, Sin a 4) BACTERIA EF-Hand (Ole e 8, Ole e 3, PLANTS Escherichia coli Ole e 3, Ole e 8 Che a 3, Fra e 3) Arabidopsis thaliana Others Ole e 1, NtD-Ole e 9, Ole e 12 INSECT CELLS Huecas S Eur J Biochem (1999) Spodoptera frugiperda Huecas S J Biol Chem (2001) Salamanca G FEBS J (2010) Barral P J Biotechnol (2006) Ledesma A FEBS J (2006) Mas S BBA (2017) Oeo-Santos C IAAI (2018) Ole e 10 pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba What characteristics make a protein an allergen? Biologic function: Proteases, glycosidases Pathogenesis-related 3D-structure: thermal and proteins: PR-2 enzymatic stability Specific location High solubilility Small size and Ole e 15 Glycosylation and high concentration polymorphism Intra/inter-specie cross-reactivity pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Families of olive allergenic proteins 14 allergen families pollen allergens characterized Ole e 1 Ole e 2 Ole e 3 Ole e 5 Ole e 6 (Regulatory protein) (profilin) (pocalcin) (superoxide dismutase) (Cys-rich) Ole e 8(Ca-binding 4-EF-Hand) Ole e 7 Ole e 9 Ole e 11 Ole e 10 (Lipid-binding protein) (b-1,3-glucanase) (pectin methylesterase) (Carbohydrate-binding) Ole e 14 Ole e 12 (polygalacturonase) Isoflavone reductase) Ole e 13 (Thaumatin) Ole e 15 (cyclophilin) pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Olive allergens have important biologic functions Remodelling pollen wall Ole e 9, Ole e 11, Ole e 14, Ole e 10, Jun a 1, Sal k 1 Redox environment Ole e 12, Ole e 5, Cyn d 4, Phl p 4Enzymes Other enzymes Ole e 15, Bet v 7 Changes in the cytoskeleton Ole e 2, Fra e 2, Sal k 4, Bet v 2 Calcium sensors Ole e 8, Ole e 3, Phl p 7, Amb a 3, Che a 3 Cellular signalling Ole e 7, Pru p 3, Bet v 1 Germination activators Ole e 1, Fra e 1, Syr v 1, Lig v 1, Sal k 5, Phl p 11, Pla l 1 Pathogenesis-related proteins Ole e 9 (PR2), Ole e 7 (PR14), Bet v 1 (PR10) Thaumatin-like Ole e 13, Cry j 3, Jun a 3 CRISP Ole e 6 Many of them bind ligands Proteins (actin) Lipids and fatty acids Carbohydrates Flavonoids and hidrophobic molecules Ions (Ca, Cu) Steroids pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Molecular features of olive allergens M 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Molecular Allergen Family pI Polymorphism Glycosylation mass (kDa) Ole e 1 Ole e 1-like 5.5-6.5 18.5 Yes Yes Ole e 2 Profilin 5.1 14-16 Yes No Ole e 3 Polcalcin 4.3 9.2 Moderate No Superoxide Ole e 5 5.7 16 ND ND dismutase Ole e 6 Unknown 4.2 5.8 Moderate No Purified allergens Ole e 7 LTP >9 9.9-10.3 Yes No Ole e 8 Four EF-hand 4.5 18.8 Moderate No Ole e 9 1,3-b-glucanase 4.8-5.4 46.4 Yes Yes 3 4.5 5 6 7 8.5 10 Ole e 10 CBM-43 5.8 10.8 Yes No Pectin Ole e 11 6.3-9.3 39.6 Yes Yes methylesterase Isoflavone Ole e 12 4.8-5.7 33.9 Yes No reductase Ole e 13 Thaumatin 4.8 22.0 No No Ole e 14 Polygalacturon. 5.9- 39.6 Yes Yes 6.5 Ole e 11 Ole e 15 Cyclophilin 5.0 17.5 No No Most of allergens are acidic proteins Molecular masses between 6 to 46 kDa High polymorphism degree Some are glycoproteins pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Ole e 1, a marker of genuine sensitization to Oleaceae PM Ext kDa 66 - Most abundant protein in pollen 45 - N-glycosylated protein (heterogeneous glycan) 36 29 - Specifically expressed in pollen 24 Ole e 1 20 14 van Ree R J Biol Chem 2000 pROF RFAM-4 Paris 2018 Dr. Mayte Villalba Emergent allergenic allergens from Salsola kali and Chenopodium album Relevant allergenic source in desertic areas and salt soils Chenopodium album and Salsola kali are the main Amaranthaceae pollens in Spanish provinces Sal k 5 (Ole e 1-like) pROF Dr. Mayte Villalba Effect of sequence similarity of Ole e 1–homologues to possible IgE cross-reactivity ? Ole e 1 Zea mays Chenopodium album Che a 1 Sal k 5 Salsola kali Syringa vulgaris Fraxinus excelsior Plantago lanceolata Ligustrum vulgare Phleum pratense Lolium perenne RFAM-4 Paris 2018 pROF Dr. MayteMas VillalbaS JACI (2014) Cross-reactivity among members from Ole e 1-like Gramineae Amaranthaceae Oleaceae Plantaginaceae Betulaceae Ole e 1 Fra e 1 Syr v 1 Lig v 1 Lol p 11 Che a 1 Sal k 5 Pla l 1 BB18 Ole e 1 87 90 88 27 30 32 33 29 Fra e 1 93 84 91 30 32 34 34 30 Cross-reactivity is Syr v 1 94 91 90 28 31 33 33 28 expected among % Identity % Lig v 1 93 95 95 28 31 33 33 29 members of the same Lol p 1 44 44 43 43 42 42 25 33 phylogenetic family Che a 1 49 48 50 51 54 68 24 44 Sal k 5 50 51 51 50 57 84 26 42 Pla l 1 49 50 50 52 39 36 38 29 BB18 47 47 46 48 46 59 50 40 % Similairty Identities between Oleaceae members: 85-91% Identities between Chenopodiaceae members: 68% Identities between Chenopodiaceae and Oleaceae: 30-32% Identities between Chenopodiaceae and others: 38% RFAM-4 Paris 2018 pROF Dr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Olea Europaea L. a Botanical Contribution to Culture
    American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 2 (4): 382-387, 2007 ISSN 1818-6769 © IDOSI Publications, 2007 Olea europaea L. A Botanical Contribution to Culture Sophia Rhizopoulou National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Biology, Section of Botany, Panepistimioupoli, Athens 157 84, Greece Abstract: One of the oldest known cultivated plant species is Olea europaea L., the olive tree. The wild olive tree is an evergreen, long-lived species, wide-spread as a native plant in the Mediterranean province. This sacred tree of the goddess Athena is intimately linked with the civilizations which developed around the shores of the Mediterranean and makes a starting point for mythological and symbolic forms, as well as for tradition, cultivation, diet, health and culture. In modern times, the olive has spread widely over the world. Key words: Olea • etymology • origin • cultivation • culture INTRODUCTION Table 1: Classification of Olea ewopaea Superdivi&on Speimatophyta-seed plants Olea europaea L. (Fig. 1 & Table 1) belongs to a Division Magnohophyta-flowenng plants genus of about 20-25 species in the family Oleaceae [1-3] Class Magn olio psi da- dicotyledons and it is one of the earliest cultivated plants. The olive Subclass Astendae- tree is an evergreen, slow-growing species, tolerant to Order Scrophulanale- drought stress and extremely long-lived, with a life Family Oleaceae- olive family expectancy of about 500 years. It is indicative that Genus Olea- olive Species Olea europaea L. -olive Theophrastus, 24 centuries ago, wrote: 'Perhaps we may say that the longest-lived tree is that which in all ways, is able to persist, as does the olive by its trunk, by its power of developing sidegrowth and by the fact its roots are so hard to destroy' [4, book IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characterization of Some Selected Wild Olive (Olea Oleaster
    TARIM B İLİMLER İ DERG İSİ 2009, 15 (1) 14-19 ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ Z İRAAT FAKÜLTES İ Molecular Characterization of Some Selected Wild Olive ( Olea oleaster L.) Ecotypes Grown in Turkey Mücahit Taha ÖZKAYA 1 Erkan ERGÜLEN 2 Salih ÜLGER 3 Nejat ÖZİLBEY 4 Geli ş Tarihi: 31.10.2008 Kabul Tarihi: 13.04.2009 Abstract: The wild olive subspecies oleaster called “Karadelice” in Turkish is a small tree or bush of rather irregular growth, with thorny branches and oppositely positioned oblong pointed leaves, dark grayish- green on the leaf surface and, in the early growth state, hoary on the lower surface with whitish scales. Generally, it is used as a dwarf rootstock; however, it has some grafting incompatibility with certain important olive cultivars. Some wild olive plants were selected from the village Kayadibi, 20 km distant from the city of İzmir in Turkey. This region is a very unique place for this type of wild olive. These ecotypes were differentiated by molecular markers using RAPD-PCR. Since they can be used as a dwarf rootstock, the correlations with some important olive cultivars were analyzed. For that reason Ayvalık cv, which is the most important olive cultivar for olive oil production was used primarily. Since Ayvalık cv and KD-8 are 97% similar, it was expected that they may have grafting compability. In the second part of the study, the comparison were done with Memecik and Tav şan Yüre ği cultivars which are important olive oil and table olive cultivars, respectively. Since Memecik and Tav şan Yüre ği were 100% similar therefore, it was considered that they may have more grafting compability with oleasters KD-3 and KD-8.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Olea Oleaster Leaves Extract on Some Physiological Parameters in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
    World Applied Sciences Journal 36 (1): 16-28, 2018 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2018 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2018.16.28 Influence of Olea oleaster Leaves Extract on Some Physiological Parameters in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Mesfer A.M. Al-Thebaiti and Talal A. Zari Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia Abstract: The current study was intended to investigate the influence of wild olive (Olea oleaster) leaves extract on some physiological parameters in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in male Wistar rats after four weeks. The experimental rats were divided into four groups. Rats of the first group were served as normal controls. Rats of the second group were diabetic controls. Rats of the third group were diabetic rats, treated with olive leaves extract. Rats of the fourth group were non diabetic rats, treated with olive leaves extract. In diabetic rats of the second group, the levels of serum glucose, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased. However, the level of serum albumin was significantly decreased. Administration of olive leaves extract improved most observed physiological changes. Therefore, the results of this study proved the physiologically effective components of wild olive leaves extract which exert protective influence on diabetic rats. Key words: Olea Oleaster Olive Leaves Diabetes Streptozotocin Blood Rats INTRODUCTION resistance [6] and in chronic treatments causes anorexia nervosa, fatty liver and brain atrophy [7]. DM may be Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome induced in experimental animals by destruction of -cells distinguished by chronic hyperglycemia with of the pancreas with a single injection of streptozotocin disturbances of carbohydrate, protein and lipid (STZ).
    [Show full text]
  • T.C Istanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Coğrafya Anabilim Dali
    T.C İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ COĞRAFYA ANABİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ KUŞADASI, BODRUM VE PİRE(YUNANİSTAN) YAT LİMANLARININ TURİZM COĞRAFYASI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI OLCAY ŞEMİEOĞLU 2502918894 DANIŞMAN: DOÇ.DR.SÜHEYLA BALCI AKOVA İSTANBUL 2006 TEZ ONAY SAYFASI II ÖZ Kuşadası, Bodrum ve Pire (Yunanistan) yat limanlarının turizm coğrafyası açısından karşılaştırılması adındaki bu çalışmada, ülkemizde yat turizminin başlıca merkezleri olan Bodrum, Kuşadası bölgelerinin ve yat turizminde daha gelişmiş olarak kabul edilen Pire bölgesinin doğal çekicilikleri, zengin tarihi ve yat limanları incelenmektedir. Çalışmamızda araştırılan Bodrum (Karada-Milta) ve Kuşadası (Setur) Marinaları, modern alt yapıları ve uygun ücretleri ile Akdeniz’de seyir halinde olan yerli ve yabancı yatlara birinci sınıf hizmet veren marinalardır. Kuşadası, Bodrum ve Pire yat limanları dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinden gelen turistleri coğrafi şartlarının sağladığı avantajlardan dolayı etkilemektedirler. Bodrum ve Kuşadası bölgesi tüm dünyadaki diğer tarihi ve arkeolojik yöreler içinde en tanınmış ve bilinen eserlere ve yerlere sahiptir. Yatlarıyla gelen ziyaretçiler Bodrum Milta Marina ve Kuşadası Setur Marina’da gereksindikleri her tür hizmeti almaktadırlar. Bu yüzden tez konumuz olan marinalar Ege ve Akdeniz’de yelken açanlar tarafından tercih edilmektedir. Yat turizminin daha üst noktalara ulaşması için gerekli önlemler alındığında, Kuşadası Setur ve Bodrum Milta Marinalarının gelişen Akdeniz Yat turizmi dünyasında en önde kabul edilen İspanya, Fransa ve İtalya’daki marinalardan daha fazla ilerleyerek, her geçen yıl turizm alanında dünya pazarındaki payını artırarak bir çekim merkezi haline gelen Türkiye’nin en popüler marinaları olarak kabul edileceklerdir. ABSTRACT In the study ‘Comparison of Kuşadası, Bodrum and Piraeus (Greece) Marinas in terms of Tourism Geography’ the natural beauty, rich history and marinas of Bodrum, Kuşadası, accepted as the yacht tourism centers in Turkey, and Piraeus which is considered more developed in yacht tourism is analysed.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Olive Tree Mapping: Extent, Distribution and Basic Attributes of Wild Olive Tree in Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia, Using Remote Sensing Technology
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 SJIF (2019): 7.583 Wild Olive Tree Mapping: Extent, Distribution and Basic Attributes of Wild Olive Tree in Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia, Using Remote Sensing Technology III. Distribution and mapping of wild olive tree according to neighbouring tree species Abdullah Saleh Al-Ghamdi Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Al-Baha University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Baha 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia abdullah.saleh.alghamdi[at]gmail.com Abstract: This study provides a detailed overview of the extent and distribution of wild olive trees in Al-Baha region according to neighbouring tree species. The study area was concentrated along the Sarah mountainat Al-Baha region, encompassing the districts Al-Qura, Al-Mandaq, Al-Baha, the southern part of Baljurashi, and a small portion of Qelwa, Mekhwa, and Al-Aqiq districts. This indicates that the wild olive prefers to grow in high foggy mountain conditions, which a previous study determined as a medium-high vegetation density zone. The information extracted from the high-resolution PLEIADES satellite image reveals that the districts of Al- Mandaq and Al-Baha have a higher density of wild olives with more juniper neighbouring. On the other hand, the districts of Al-Qura and Al-Baljurashi have a lower density of wild olives but more acacia neighbouring. Meanwhile, the districts of Al-Aqiq, Qelwa, and Mekhwa have the least density of wild olives with more juniper neighbouring; however, Qelwa has more ‘other’ species neighbouring. Further analysis of the imagery by automatic measurement of olive trees found that the wild olive tree associates its occurrence with certain species.
    [Show full text]
  • Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia Di Viterbo
    UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DELLA TUSCIA DI VITERBO DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE E TECNOLOGIE PER L'AGRICOLTURA, LE FORESTE, LA NATURA E L'ENERGIA Corso di Dottorato di Ricerca in SCIENZE DELLE PRODUZIONI VEGETALI E ANIMALI - XXIX Ciclo Investigations on the transmission of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa by insect vectors (Settore Scientifico-disciplinare AGR/12) Tesi di dottorato di: Dott. ISSAM EDDINE BEN MOUSSA Coordinatore del corso Tutore Prof. STEFANIA MASCI Prof. LEONARDO VARVARO Prof. ANNA MARIA D'ONGHIA Co-tutore Prof. Caroline Roper Dott. Franco Valentini Prof. Stefano Speranza A.A. 2016/17 Dedicace To my beloved parents, my darling sister and to Safsoufa ii AKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my pleasure to express my heartfelt thanks to all the people who helped me to accomplish my PhD thesis and those who had great contribution in my life. First of all, I would like to thank the coordinator of the PhD program, Pr. Stefania Masci and the coordinator of IAMB's IPM department, Dr. Anna Maria D‟ONGHIA for giving me the opportunity to work on this interesting subject, their direction and for their guidance. Furthermore, I would like to gratefully and sincerely thank my supervisor Pr. Leonardo Varvaro and my advisors Dr. Valerio Mazzoni, Dr. Franco Valentini and Dr. Stefano Speranza for their assistance, patience and their critical comments in reviewing my paper. Special thanks to my co-supervisors during my training at the university of California Riverside, Pr. Caroline Roper, Pr. Elaine Backus and Dr. Rodrigo krugner for their collaboration, for giving me valuable remarks and most importantly for their friendship.
    [Show full text]
  • Root Physiology and Vine Performance
    Root physiology and vine performance FINAL REPORT to GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Project Number: UA 04/03 Principal Investigator: Stephen D. Tyerman Research Organisation: University of Adelaide Date: January 25, 2010 1 Report on: Root Physiology and Vine Performance Project UA 04/03 2005-2009 Prepared by: Professor Stephen D. Tyerman 25th January 2010 School of Agriculture, Food and Wine Plant Research Centre Adelaide University, Waite Campus PMB #1, Glen Osmond SA 5064 P: +618 8303 6663 F: +618 8313 0431 [email protected] 2 Table of Contents !"#$%&'($)'""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""*! +"#,-,).'/0,#&.11$(2 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3! 4"#%$)56(7.89""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""":! ;"#<(7=,)'#$/1&#$89#<,(>7(1$8),#'$(6,'&""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?! *"#1,'@79 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!A! "#$!%&''()* #################################################################################################################################################$+! "#,!-./(01.-!'(/.)0(1%!(2-!'./34-% ################################################################################################$+! !"#"$%&'()*+',%-)('.*)+%)/,%-'(01,2%31.%4"$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$5!
    [Show full text]
  • Horticultural Reviews (Volume
    HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS Volume 31 Horticultural Reviews is sponsored by: American Society for Horticultural Science International Society for Horticultural Science Editorial Board, Volume 31 Rebecca Darnell Ian B. Ferguson Stan C. Hokanson HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS Volume 31 edited by Jules Janick Purdue University John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines on Trees, Shrubs and Plants for Planting and Landscaping in The
    Guidelines on Trees, Shrubs and Plants for Planting and Landscaping in the Maltese Islands Environmental Management Unit Planning Directorate January 2002 CONTENTS CONTENTS 2 1. INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 General overview 4 1.2 Principal objectives and scope of these guidelines 5 2. SAFEGUARDING EXISTING TREES AND VEGETATION 7 2.1 Why protect existing trees and vegetation ? 7 2.2 Legal and policy framework 8 2.2.1 The Structure Plan for the Maltese Islands 8 2.2.2 The Development Planning Act 8 2.1.3 Other regulations 9 2.3 The Planning Authority’s outlook 10 3. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR NEW PLANTING 13 3.1 Ensuring successful planting projects 13 3.2 Ensuring compatibility with the environment 14 4. PLANTING IN RURAL AREAS 17 4.1 Ensuring compatibility with rural habitats 17 4.1.1 Minimising disturbance of thriving rural habitats 17 4.1.2 Planting in degraded rural environments 17 4.1.3 Successful integration of plantations with the rural environment 18 4.2 Using suitable vegetation 20 4.2.1 Problems caused by the use of alien species in rural areas 20 4.2.2 Using suitable species 21 4.2.3 Undoing existing problems 21 2 4.3 Respecting genetic diversity 22 4.3.1 Why be concerned ? 22 4.4 Site engineering 23 4.5 Planting within agricultural land 23 4.6 Planting within cemeteries 24 5. PLANTING IN URBAN AREAS 25 APPENDIX 1: GENERAL GUIDELINE FOR COMPENSATORY PLANTING 29 APPENDIX 2: LIST OF CHARACTERISTIC HABITAT/ ECOSYSTEM TYPES OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS 32 APPENDIX 3: LIST OF SPECIES THAT MAY BE USED OUTSIDE DEVELOPMENT ZONES AND IN URBAN FRINGES 35 APPENDIX 4: LIST OF MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE PLANT SPECIES THAT ARE ACCEPTABLE ONLY IN GARDENS AND URBAN PLANTINGS (EXCLUDING URBAN FRINGES) 43 APPENDIX 5: LIST OF SPECIES THAT ARE UNACCEPTABLE IN RURAL AREAS 46 APPENDIX 6: LIST OF TREES AND PLANTS CONSIDERED AS SUITABLE FOR NON-CROP PLANTING ON AGRICULTURAL LAND 49 APPENDIX 7: SPECIES WHICH SHOULD BE USED CAREFULLY IN URBAN AREAS 51 APPENDIX 8: GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS USED IN THIS TEXT 55 3 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Evergreen Mediterranean Hardwoods As Particleboard Raw Material à John A
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Building and Environment ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv Evergreen Mediterranean hardwoods as particleboard raw material à John A. Barboutis , John L. Philippou Laboratory of wood products technology, School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University, Box 243, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece Received 5 May 2005; received in revised form 5 July 2005; accepted 12 July 2005 Abstract Wood and biomass (branches and foliage) of five Mediterranean evergreen hardwood species (Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo, Phillyrea latifolia, Erica arborea) growing in Greece were investigated as particleboard raw material. The average diameter of the stems varied between the species from 4.1 cm (Erica arborea) to 7.5 cm (Quercus ilex) and the bark to wood ratio of the stems varied between the species from 7.8% (Quercus ilex) to 15.9% (Erica arborea). Bulk density of particleboard furnishes produced by processing the above materials through a chipper and a ring flaker varied between the species from 143.6 to 162.5 kg/m3. Common industrial furnish reached in the used lab conditions a bulk density of 143 kg/m3. Particle size and their distribution also varied between the hardwood species. One-layer laboratory particleboards made with the above materials at densities of 650, 700 and 750 kg/m3 had considerable lower mechanical properties but better dimensional stability than boards made with common industrial furnish. All properties were affected by wood species and board density. Internal bond of all boards was higher than the value required by EN 319/1993312/2003 but adequate bending strength at moderate densities (0.70 kg/m3) was achieved only in boards made with Arbutus unedo and Quercus ilex.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Olive Cultivation in Turkey: Botanical Features, Eco-Physiology and Phytochemical Aspects
    agronomy Review An Overview of Olive Cultivation in Turkey: Botanical Features, Eco-Physiology and Phytochemical Aspects Munir Ozturk 1,* , Volkan Altay 2, Tuba Mert Gönenç 3, Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal 4 , Recep Efe 5 , Eren Akçiçek 6 and Andleeb Bukhari 7 1 Botany Department, Science Faculty, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey 2 Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay 31060, Turkey; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey; [email protected] 4 Biotechnology Department, Science and Arts Faculty, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde 51240, Turkey; [email protected] 5 Geography Department, Science and Arts Faculty, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir 10145, Turkey; [email protected] 6 Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey; [email protected] 7 Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34098, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +90-535-309-8104 Abstract: Global climate change, especially global warming, is affecting olive production efficiency as well as its product quality. The size and water content of fruit varies depending on the olive fruit yield along with the region, climate, and geographical position as well as agricultural applications. Anthropogenic activities also affect its ecology to a great extent. The plant prefers areas with mild Citation: Ozturk, M.; Altay, V.; winters and short rainy seasons but is facing long and dry summers, sunny habitats, well drained Gönenç, T.M.; Unal, B.T.; Efe, R.; dry, poor, loamy, clayey-loamy, slightly calcareous, pebbly and nutrient-rich soils, with a pH around Akçiçek, E.; Bukhari, A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Study of the Religious Meaning of Food Towards Value Creation: a Case of Olive in North Africa
    The Study of the Religious Meaning of Food towards Value Creation: A Case of Olive in North Africa January 2019 Tamaki KITAGAWA The Study of the Religious Meaning of Food towards Value Creation: A Case of Olive in North Africa A Dissertation Submitted to the School of the Integrative and Global Majors, the University of Tsukuba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Innovation (Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation) Tamaki KITAGAWA Table of Contents Pages List of Tables iii List of Figures iv General Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………..1 1. Food innovation on olive 1 2. Importance of eating in the history of human beings 5 3. Approach of history of religions 6 4. Studies on food in the history of religions 9 5. Contemporary meaning of food 12 6. Fieldwork 13 7. Outline of the chapters 15 Chapter 1. Symbolism of Olive in the Mediterranean Region and the Customs in North Africa……………... 18 1. Introduction 18 2. Nature and function of symbols 18 3. Symbolism of olive in the Mediterranean region 19 3.1 Olive in myths 19 3.2 Olive in Bible 22 3.3 Olive in Quran 24 4. Olive symbols in modern North Africa 25 4.1 Beliefs, customs and symbolic meaning of olive 26 4.2 Exorcism and purification 26 4.3 Ritualistic tools and medium of powers 27 4.4 Fertility and blessing 27 4.5 Transformation of olive custom 29 5. Conclusion 29 Chapter 2. Saint Veneration with Symbolism of Nature in South Tunisia…………………………………….. 31 1. Introduction 31 2.
    [Show full text]