Horticultural Reviews (Volume
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HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS Volume 31 Horticultural Reviews is sponsored by: American Society for Horticultural Science International Society for Horticultural Science Editorial Board, Volume 31 Rebecca Darnell Ian B. Ferguson Stan C. Hokanson HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS Volume 31 edited by Jules Janick Purdue University John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762- 2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: ISBN: 0-471-66694-7 ISSN: 0163-7851 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 Contents Contributors viii Dedication: Ian J. Warrington xi David C. Ferree 1. Particle Films: A New Technology for Agriculture 1 D. Michael Glenn and Gary J. Puterka I. Introduction 2 II. Particle Film Technology for Arthropod Pest Control 3 III. Physiological and Horticultural Uses of Particle Films 19 IV. Disease Control with Mineral and Particle Film Materials 32 V. Future Uses of Particle Film Technology in Agriculture 34 Literature Cited 36 2. The Foliage Plant Industry 45 Jianjun Chen, Dennis B. McConnell, Richard J. Henny, and David J. Norman I. Introduction 46 II. Production Conditions and Environments 59 III. Foliage Plant Propagation 74 IV. Foliage Plant Production 78 V. Postproduction 97 VI. The Future 100 Literature Cited 101 v vi CONTENTS 3. Fruit Drop in Mango 111 Zora Singh, Aman Ullah Malik, and Thomas L. Davenport I. Introduction 112 II. Intensity and Patterns of Fruit Drop 113 III. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing Fruit Drop 125 IV. Endogenous Factors Affecting Fruit Drop 136 V. Management Practices Affecting Fruit Drop 138 VI. Conclusion 139 Literature Cited 140 4. The Physiology of Adaptation and Yield Expression in Olive 155 D. J. Connor and E. Fereres I. Introduction 157 II. Growth and Development 159 III. Water Relations 169 IV. Mineral Nutrition 179 V. Carbon Accumulation 183 VI. Biomass Partitioning and Realization of Yield 195 VII. Stress Physiology 205 VIII. Integration of Responses 215 IX. Recommendations for Future Research 217 X. Conclusion 218 Literature Cited 219 5. Crop Load Interactions in Apple 231 Jens N. Wünsche and Ian B. Ferguson I. Introduction 233 II. Definition 234 III. Factors Determining Crop Load 235 IV. Factors Affected by Crop Load 241 V. Physiological and Biochemical Response 253 VI. Concluding Remarks 269 Literature Cited 273 CONTENTS vii 6. Chestnut: Botany, Horticulture, and Utilization 291 Giancarlo Bounous and Daniela Torello Marinoni I. Introduction 292 II. Botany 296 III. Horticulture 310 IV. Nut Utilization 327 V. The Future of the Chestnut Industry 340 Literature Cited 341 7. The North American Pawpaw: Botany and Horticulture 349 Kirk W. Pomper and Desmond R. Layne I. Introduction 350 II. History 351 III. Botany 352 IV. Horticulture 363 V. Future Prospects 377 Literature Cited 377 Subject Index 383 Cumulative Subject Index 385 Cumulative Contributor Index 409 Contributors Giancarlo Bounous, Department of Colture Arboree, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, [email protected] Jianjun Chen, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Envi- ronmental Horticulture Department, IFAS, University of Florida, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, Florida 32703, [email protected] D. J. Connor, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC) and Universidad de Córdoba, Apartado de Correos 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain, and The Institute of Land and Food Resources, The University of Mel- bourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, [email protected] Thomas L. Davenport, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 SW 280 St., Homestead, Florida 33031, [email protected] E. Fereres, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC) and Universidad de Córdoba, Apartado de Correos 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain, [email protected] Ian B. Ferguson, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand, [email protected] David C. Ferree, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, [email protected] D. Michael Glenn, United States Department of Agriculture, Agri- cultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, mglenn@ afrs.ars.usda.gov Richard J. Henny, University of Florida, IFAS, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center and Environmental Horticulture Department, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, Florida 32703 Desmond R. Layne, Clemson University, Department of Horticulture, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0319, [email protected] viii CONTRIBUTORS ix Aman Ullah Malik, Horticulture, Muresk Institute, Division of Resources and Environment, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845 WA, Australia Daniela Torello Marinoni, Department of Colture Arboree, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy Dennis B. McConnell, Environmental Horticulture Department, IFAS, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110670, Gainesville, Florida 32611 David J. Norman, University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Depart- ment, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, Florida 32703 Kirk W. Pomper, Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, 129 Atwood Research Facility, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601-2355, [email protected] Gary J. Puterka, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430 Zora Singh, Horticulture, Muresk Institute, Division of Resources and Environment, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845 WA, Australia, [email protected]. Jens N. Wünsche, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Hawke’s Bay Research Centre, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand, [email protected] Ian J. Warrington Dedication: Ian J. Warrington Probably no horticulturist has made more in-depth research contribu- tions to such a wide range of crops as Ian J. Warrington. His broad knowledge of horticulture and plant physiology and unique abilities with people have resulted in international recognition of his research as well as the administration of researchers and their programs. Ian has been a true pioneer and provided an example to worldwide horticul- turists in managing horticultural research as it becomes privatized and is required to pay its way. For over 20 years, beginning in 1969, Ian was the Biological Coordi- nator of the state-of-the-art controlled environment laboratory at the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in Palmerston North, New Zealand. He was instrumental in contributing strongly to the design of this facility that provides a very wide range of precisely con- trolled environments in a large number of sophisticated walk-in growth rooms. In-depth research conducted alone or in cooperation with other scientists resulted in publications on vegetable crops, agronomic or grass crops, ornamental or floriculture crops, forest tree species and fruit crops. The capabilities of the facility are so unique that scientists from several countries, including many from the United States, traveled to New Zealand and were graciously hosted by Ian while conducting their research. The facilities he designed and studies conducted have set the standard for controlled environment research around the world. Beginning in 1989, Ian’s responsibilities were expanded