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Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire, 400-1300

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Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire 400–1300 Key Events As you read, look for the key events in the history of early Europe and the Byzantine Empire. • The new European civilization was formed by the coming together of three major elements: the Germanic tribes, the Roman legacy, and the Christian church. • The collapse of a central authority in the Carolingian Empire led to feudalism. • In the 1100s, European monarchs began to build strong states. • While a new civilization arose in Europe, the Byzantine Empire created its own unique civilization in the eastern Mediterranean. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • Ancient Roman literary works exist today because they were copied by monks. • The influence of English common law is seen in our American legal system. • Byzantine architecture inspired building styles in eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. World History Video The Chapter 9 video, “Charlemagne and His World,” chronicles the emergence of the European nations. Charlemagne c. 510 Clovis 410 establishes Visigoths Frankish sack Rome kingdom 400 500 600 700 800 534 768 800 Justinian Charlemagne Charlemagne codifies Roman becomes Frankish crowned Roman law in The Body king emperor of Civil Law Emperor Justinian 282 Perched above the city, Edinburgh Castle was a residence for Scotland’s kings and queens. 962 1054 Otto I Schism begins HISTORY A returning crusader crowned between Eastern emperor of and Western the Romans Churches Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History Web site at 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 tx.wh.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 9–Chapter Overview to preview chapter information. 1066 1096 1215 1453 Battle of Crusades Magna Carta Byzantine Hastings begin is signed Empire ends fought William of Normandy 283 A medieval depiction of the crowning of Charlemagne The Crowning of Charlemagne Why It Matters The coronation of Charlemagne did n the autumn of the year 800, Charles the Great—or not signal a rebirth of the Roman Charlemagne—the king of the Franks, entered Rome. Empire, but reflected the emergence IHis goal was to help Pope Leo III, head of the Catholic of a new European civilization. The Church. The pope was disliked by the Roman people and period during which European civi- was barely clinging to power in the face of their hostility. lization developed is called the Mid- dle Ages or the medieval period. It Charlemagne brought the pope and the Romans together lasted from about 500 to 1500. and resolved their differences. To celebrate the newfound peace, Charlemagne, his family, and a host of citizens from At the same time European civiliza- the city crowded into Saint Peter’s Basilica on Christmas Day tion was emerging in the West, the to attend mass. Eastern Roman Empire continued to All were surprised, according to an observer, when, “as the survive as the Byzantine Empire. A king rose from praying before the tomb of the blessed apostle buffer between Europe and the East, Peter, Pope Leo placed a golden crown on his head.” In keep- the Byzantine Empire also preserved many of the accomplishments of the ing with ancient tradition, the people in the church shouted, Greeks and Romans. “Long life and victory to Charles Augustus, crowned by God the great and peace-loving Emperor of the Romans.” History and You Create a time Charles was not entirely happy being crowned emperor by line that shows events from 800 to the pope. He said later that he would not have entered the 1215 that led to the signing of the church if he had known that Leo intended to crown him. To Magna Carta. Identify the impact the onlookers, however, it appeared that the Roman Empire in of the political and legal ideas the West had been reborn and Charles had become the first contained in the Magna Carta. Roman emperor since 476. 284 Transforming the Roman World Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • The new European civilization was Clovis, Gregory I, Saint Benedict, Pepin, Summarizing Information Create a formed by the Germanic peoples, the Charlemagne diagram like the one below to list the legacy of the Romans, and the Church. Places to Locate reasons why monasticism was an impor- • Charlemagne expanded the Frankish tant factor in the development of Euro- Pyrenees, Carolingian Empire kingdom and created the Carolingian pean civilization. Empire. Preview Questions The Importance of Key Terms 1. How did the Germanic peoples impact Monasticism wergild, ordeal, bishopric, pope, monk, the new European civilization? What was the role of the Church in monasticism, missionary, nun, abbess 2. the growth of European civilization? Preview of Events ✦500 ✦600 ✦700 ✦800 c. 500 c. 510 590 768 800 Clovis converts Clovis establishes Gregory I Charlemagne Charlemagne is crowned to Christianity Frankish kingdom becomes pope becomes king Roman emperor Voices from the Past In 416, a Byzantine historian named Procopius described the Visigoths: When the barbarians [the Visigoths] met with no opposition they proved the most brutal“ of mankind. All the cities they took they so destroyed as to leave them unrecog- nizable, unless a tower or a single gate or some such relic happened to survive. All the people that came their way, young and old, they killed, sparing neither women nor children. That is why Italy is depopulated to this day. They plundered all the money out of all Europe and, most important, in Rome they left nothing of value, public or private, when they moved on to Gaul.” —A History of Rome, Moses Hadas, ed., 1956 Visigoths on the battlefield The Visigoths were Germanic peoples. German tribes, like the Visigoths and Ostro- goths, would play an important part in the new European civilization. The New Germanic Kingdoms The Germanic peoples had begun to move into the lands of the Roman Empire by the third century. The Visigoths occupied Spain and Italy until the Ostro- goths, another Germanic tribe, took control of Italy in the fifth century. By 500, the Western Roman Empire had been replaced by a number of states ruled by German kings. The merging of Romans and Germans took different forms in the various Germanic kingdoms. CHAPTER 9 Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire 285 New Germanic Kingdoms, 500 North Germanic kingdoms devel- Sea oped in areas that once ANGLES & belonged to the Western SAXONS 50 °N Roman Empire. FRISIANS 1. Interpreting Maps R SAXONS h N i n Which Germanic king- e R W E doms were the largest in S . Atlantic e FRANKS ALEMANNI in e S 500? Which Germanic Ocean R LOMBARDS . BURGUNDIANS BAVARIANS group, west of the Pyre- P S BASQUES L nees, survives today? A OSTROGOTHS SUEVES P Po R YR . 2. Applying Geography 4 EN 0°N EE S D Black Sea Skills What prevented anube R. Rome EA the Germanic kingdoms VISIGOTHS STE VANDALS RN Constantinople from spreading south RO MA N E and east of the Danube? 10°W MP IRE Carthage 0 500 miles VANDALS 3 0°N Mediterranean Sea 0 500 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E Both the kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy and century historian, Clovis had remarked to his wife, the kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain retained the “Your God can do nothing.” Roman structure of government. However, a group During a battle with another Germanic tribe, how- of Germanic warriors came to dominate the consid- ever, when Clovis’s army faced certain destruction, he erably larger native populations and eventually cried out, “Jesus Christ, if you shall grant me victory excluded Romans from holding power. over these enemies, I will believe in you and be bap- Roman influence was even weaker in Britain. tized.” After he uttered these words, the enemy began When the Roman armies abandoned Britain at the to flee, and Clovis soon became a Christian. beginning of the fifth century, the Angles and Saxons, Clovis found that his conversion to Christianity Germanic tribes from Denmark and northern Ger- gained him the support of the Roman Catholic many, moved in and settled there. Eventually, these Church, as the Christian church in Rome had become peoples became the Anglo-Saxons. known. Not surprisingly, the Catholic Church was eager to obtain the friendship of a major ruler in the The Kingdom of the Franks Only one of the Ger- Germanic states. man states on the European continent proved long By 510, Clovis had established a powerful new lasting—the kingdom of the Franks. The Frankish Frankish kingdom that stretched from the Pyrenees kingdom was established by Clovis, a strong military in the southwest to German lands in the east (mod- leader who around 500 became the first Germanic ern-day France and western Germany). After Clo- ruler to convert to Christianity. At first, Clovis had vis’s death, however, his sons followed Frankish refused the pleas of his Christian wife to adopt Chris- custom and divided his newly created kingdom tianity. According to Gregory of Tours, a sixth- among themselves. 286 CHAPTER 9 Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire Germanic Society Over time, Germans and Romans innocent person to be harmed. If the accused person intermarried and began to create a new society. As was unharmed after a physical trial, or ordeal, he or they did, some of the social customs of the Germanic she was presumed innocent. people came to play an important role. Reading Check Analyzing What was the significance The crucial social bond among the Germanic peo- of Clovis’s conversion to Christianity? ples was the family, especially the extended family of husbands, wives, children, brothers, sisters, cousins, and grandparents.
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