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La Corse Entre Toscane Et Ligurie… ARQUEOLOGÍA DE LA ARQUITECTURA, 4 - 2005, págs. 131-146 L’hégémonie politique et économique En Corse, l’archéologie du bâti est une discipline extrê- comme cadre de diffusion des techniques mement récente qui n’a réellement été mise en œuvre qu’à de construction au Moyen Age: la Corse partir de la fin des années 19901. Depuis 1967 les chercheurs insulaires disposent pourtant d’un copieux inventaire, même entre Toscane et Ligurie du XIe au XIVe s. si non exhaustif, des édifices de culte médiévaux qui a servi de base à une étude strictement stylistique à l’origine d’une pre- DANIEL ISTRIA* mière typo-chronologie de l’architecture religieuse, rapide- ment étendue au domaine castral (MORACCHINI-MAZEL 1967 et 1984). Les datations proposées dans cette étude ont été re- mises en question depuis la fin des années 1970, en raison de leur mode même d’élaboration (PERGOLA 1979, 1980a et b). Mais, au-delà du questionnement lié à la chronologie du mo- nument, qui reste un élément fondamental de la recherche, les études s’orientent aujourd’hui vers l’analyse des matériaux et des techniques de construction, en tentant de les replacer dans leur contexte historique, social et économique2. L’évolution des savoir-faire et des modes de mise en œuvre est avant toute chose le fruit des échanges et des re- lations entre les hommes. En Corse, comme dans tout mi- lieu insulaire, les contacts avec l’extérieur ont été le moteur de cette évolution. La mer peut aussi bien être perçue et utilisée comme une large ouverture, en l’occurrence sur le Résumé bassin occidental de la Méditerranée et plus particulière- La Corse médiévale est une région où peu de réalisations majeures ment sur l’aire tyrrhénienne, que comme une barrière, un voient le jour dans le domaine de l’architecture. Elle n’en demeure frein, aux déplacements des hommes et des idées. Ainsi, pas moins, compte tenu de sa position et du contexte politique, après plusieurs siècles de difficultés liées à la présence sarra- d’un intérêt certain pour l’étude des échanges et des transferts de savoir-faire. La construction d’un important réseau d’édifices de culte sine le long des côtes, sinon à l’intérieur même des terres à partir de la fin du XIe siècle sous le contrôle de l’archevêque de Pise, (PERGOLA 1999: 24), la Corse entre, avec le Moyen Age, permet l’introduction, puis la diffusion, de procédés techniques dans une période féconde durant laquelle des relations poli- élaborés sur les grands chantiers continentaux, particulièrement tiques et économiques, solides et durables, vont se mettre toscans. C’est alors une véritable renaissance de l’architecture que connaît la Corse. en place avec les cités de Pise et de Gênes. En 1077 le pape Grégoire VII tente de réaffirmer Mots clés: Diffusion, techniques de construction, Corse, Moyen Age l’autorité pontificale sur l’île en confiant sa gestion, par dé- légation de pouvoirs, à l’évêque de Pise. Les Pisans s’appli- Abstract Medieval Corsica is an area where few major architectural quent alors à mettre en place ou à renforcer la puissance constructions have been developing. Nevertheless thanks to its des seigneurs insulaires tout en cherchant à les garder sous geographical position as well as to the overwhelming political leur tutelle. Mais, l’intervention génoise conduit très tôt à context, it does possess an undeniable importance if we focus on un revirement de situation avec, en 1133, le partage des such issues as trade and the transfers of the know-how. Indeed the construction, from the 11th under the control of the archbishop of évêchés entre les deux républiques. A Pise échoit le sud de Pisa, of a considerable network of building devoted to worship, l’île, alors que Gênes hérite des diocèses de Mariana, Nebbio leads to the introduction and consequently to the spread of technical et Accia situés dans la moitié nord. Si Pise conserve des processes engineered in the most renowned building sites on the alliances avec de puissantes familles seigneuriales du nord mainland and more particularly in Tuscany. Corsica is thus experiencing a complete architectural rebirth. de l’île à l’exception du Cap Corse contrôlé par des lignages Key words: Diffusion, building techniques, Corsica, Middle Ages 1 Pour une approche générale du concept d’archéologie du bâti, c’est-à-dire «l’étude architecturale des élévations qui ne se limite pas à des considéra- tions purement stylistiques» et des grandes orientations de cette discipli- * Je tiens à exrpimer ma reconnaissance à J.A. Quiros Castillo pour m’avoir ne sur le territoire français voir en premier lieu: ESQUIEU 1997. invité à participer à cette publication collective et à remercier François 2 Voir en particulier l’étude réalisée par l’équipe de l’université de Floren- Bougard, Philippe Bernardi et Agnès Bonnet pour leurs très nombreux ce, dirigée par Guido Vannini dans le cadre de Projet Collectif de Recher- conseils. che «Mariana et la basse vallée du Golo». ARQUEOLOGÍA DE LA ARQUITECTURA, 4, 2005 131 L’HÉGÉMONIE POLITIQUE ET ÉCONOMIQUE COMME CADRE DE DIFFUSION DES TECHNIQUES DE CONSTRUCTION AU MOYEN AGE: LA CORSE ENTRE TOSCANE ET LIGURIE… ligures installés là depuis le XIIe siècle, Gênes développe des INTRODUCTION ET DIFFUSION DE L’ARCHITECTURE activités commerciales dans le sud grâce à la fondation de la ROMANE ET DES NOUVELLES TECHNIQUES DE colonie de Bonifacio, puis dans le nord-ouest, après s’être CONSTRUCTION (FIN XIE-XIIE SIÈCLE) emparée de la place forte de Calvi. Jusqu’à la fin du XIIIe siè- L’architecture insulaire du haut Moyen Age est encore très cle il est bien difficile de dire qui possède une réelle autorité peu documentée4. Toutefois, l’exemple de la basilique de sur l’île. L’hégémonie de la cité ligure ne se fait vraiment Mariana peut suffire à prendre conscience de l’importance ressentir qu’après la victoire de la Meloria en 1284. Cinq ans des changements introduits dans l’île à partir de la seconde plus tard, en 1289, Lucchetto Doria est envoyé avec le titre moitié du XIe siècle. de vicaire général de la commune et avec pour mission de La colonie romaine de Mariana fut fondée vers 90 av. soumettre les seigneurs insulaires. Malgré le succès de l’expé- J.-C. Elle devient à l’époque impériale la principale cité de dition, la partie n’est pas pour autant gagnée. La situation se l’île et le resta, sans doute, durant tout le Moyen Age en complique en effet lorsque, le 17 février 1297, le pape Boni- raison de son statut de ville épiscopale5. face VIII investit Jacques d’Aragon des royaumes de Corse et Une première basilique à trois nefs, terminée vers l’est de Sardaigne. Cette situation confuse et la multiplicité des par une abside semi-circulaire fut érigée ici, sur un quartier forces en présence, engendrent un climat d’anarchie qui d’habitation antique, vers la seconde moitié du Ve siècle régnera durant toute la première moitié du XIVe siècle malgré (PERGOLA et DI RENZO 2001). Cet édifice fut remanié à la présence dans l’île de gouverneurs nommés par Gênes. En plusieurs reprises dans le courant du haut Moyen Age. Les 1357, profitant d’une période d’instabilité et de crise, la cité derniers travaux ont bouleversé totalement l’aspect du sanc- ligure fomente une révolte avec pour objectif le renversement tuaire, désormais restreint à la seule nef centrale, limitée à des puissantes familles seigneuriales insulaires. Ce mouve- l’ouest par un nouveau mur beaucoup plus près du chœur ment populaire aboutit rapidement à la destruction des châ- que la précédente façade. L’espace qui subsistait entre les teaux, symboles du pouvoir sur les hommes et à la donation piles de briques qui ont remplacé les vielles colonnes en officielle de l’île à Gênes en 1358. Cette série d’événements granite de la nef est alors obturé. Les nouvelles maçonne- marque un moment de crise qui conduit à une déstabilisa- ries sont caractérisées par le remploi systématique de maté- tion du pouvoir et à un conflit permanent. Il engendre de riaux de construction: briques, tegulae mais aussi fragments manière incontestable des bouleversements économiques de marbre décorés d’époque impériale et du VIIIe siècle mais surtout politiques qui aboutissent dès la seconde moitié (PERGOLA et DI RENZO 2001). Le liant utilisé est de l’argile du XIVe siècle à l’émergence de nouveaux rapports sociaux. et non plus du mortier de chaux, comme c’était le cas dans Dans le cadre de ces relations entre la Corse et l’en- les maçonneries primitives (DUVAL 1995: 349). Il s’agit semble toscano-ligure au Moyen Age, émerge la problémati- donc d’une construction de facture grossière et maladroite, que fondamentale de la transmission des savoirs techniques réalisée sans doute à peu de frais. et plus exactement de la dialectique tradition/innovation La décision de Grégoire VII de réaffirmer la souveraine- qui nous conduit à une réflexion sur le rôle du rapport de té pontificale sur la Corse est à l’origine de bouleversements dépendance de l’île vis-à-vis des deux puissances mariti- mes, vecteurs de la diffusion de ces savoirs. Il importe, alors, 4 d’évaluer la part des acquisitions techniques dans l’île du Les datations très hautes (du Ve au Xe siècle) proposées par G. Moracchi- ni-Mazel (1967) pour toute une série d’églises insulaires sont à rejeter XIe au XIVe siècle, de comprendre leur mode de diffusion, puisqu’elles reposent essentiellement sur des textes antidatés (principale- mais aussi la capacité de la société insulaire à intégrer les ment ceux du cartulaire de l’abbaye de Montechristo).
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