DOCSLIB.ORG

The Struggle for Power and Security in the Mediterranean Sea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Struggle for Power and Security in the Mediterranean Sea Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2015 Enduring City-States: The Struggle for Power and Security in the Mediterranean Sea Zachary B. Topkis Trinity College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, Medieval History Commons, Military History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Topkis, Zachary B., "Enduring City-States: The Struggle for Power and Security in the Mediterranean Sea". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2015. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/467 Enduring City-States: The Struggle for Power and Security in the Mediterranean Sea Zachary B. Topkis History Senior Thesis Advisor: Sean Cocco Spring, 2015 1 Acknowledgements: I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to several individuals and groups, who without which this project would not have been possible. First and foremost, my advisor, Professor Cocco, not only helped me chose my topic, but has also been a continuous source of never ending help and aid throughout. In addition, I would also like to name and thank those individuals or groups who have either helped contribute to this thesis or have inspired me throughout various phases of this process: Mom Professor Gary Reger Professor Dario Euraque Gigi St. Peter My fellow spring 2015 History thesis writers Again, thank you to all who have helped me and to the entire History department for your knowledge, encouragement, and support. 2 Table of Contents Chapter 1(Introduction): “The Origin of Two Maritime City-States” ………………………….…………………………1 i. “City-State as Polity” …………………………………………………….………………….6 ii. “City-States in the Mediterranean Sea” ……...…………………………………………..16 Chapter 2: “Venice and Genoa, A Struggle for Foundation: Their Routes to Empire”...............29 i. Geography and Myth …………………........…………………………………………........32 ii. Creating a Government .………..…………………………………………………………...37 iii. Economy of a City-State …………………………………………………………………… 46 iv. Military Institutions and Responses ……………………………………………………….49 v. Changes In Military Institutions and Responses (After 1200 AD) ………………….. ..57 vi. Changes In Government (After 1200 AD) …………………...…………………………...67 Chapter 3: “A Clash of City-States: Rivals Confronted” …………………………………………………75 i. The War of 1294: The Beginning of a New Era ………………………………………....87 ii. The New Century and “The Black Death” ………………………………………...……..92 iii. War of 1350 ………………………………………………………....................................103 iv. War of Chioggia ……………………….................................…………………………...109 v. Conflict: Tactics and Diplomacy ………………………………………..……………….115 Chapter 4: “The City-State That Withstood a Millennia: Venice’s Adaptive and Resilient Course” ………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. 125 i. The Emergence of the Ottomans and the War for Negroponte ……………………….129 ii. Otranto and the Venetian-Ottoman War of 1499 ……………….....…………………..135 iii. The Italian Mainland Wars: The Leagues of Cambrai and Cognac ……..………….138 iv. The Rise of Corsairs and the Holy League of 1537 ……………………….........……..150 v. The Siege of Malta, Ottoman Conquest of Cyprus, and the Battle of Lepanto….….153 vi. Negotiating Borders: The Venetian Nation in Constantinople …………….....……..160 vii. The Mingling of Venetian and Ottoman People in the 16th and 17th Centuries…..173 Conclusion : ......……………………………….……………………………………………………… 188 3 1 “The Origin of Two Maritime City-States” The world is an ever changing place that has witnessed the rise and fall of a multitude of vast empires, the formation and break-up of alliances, and the invention of institutions and specializations that people have endeavored to create. Most of history focuses on the bigger picture, the so called “Big Players” or superpowers that are thought to control and be the main avenue for change. Past historians have concentrated on national histories, which in turn have dominated the narrative. However, this will never add up to be a complete history as small nations or cities have proven to play pivotal roles in historical events. These important moments in history are where the City-State, or ancient Polis, come into play as serious political, military, and commercial actors. The question is, not that of national histories, but instead a manner of scale and understanding the fact that national boundaries were not distinct and were fairly permeable which helps explain the massive cultural contacts that occur within this region of the world. This thesis will examine medieval and early modern city-states in the Mediterranean as illustrative of political, commercial and military responses to threats and opportunities in the pre- modern period instead of focusing on larger states and empires that seemingly dominate the Mediterranean world. When discussing state powers such as Venice, it is not enough to simply enough to acknowledge how they conduct wars, but the manner in which city-states are able to successfully negotiate with larger states and its ability to establish multi-layered relationships. This relationship creates an air of complexity that could see a city like Venice, go to war with the Ottoman Empire for example, and yet still conduct regular trade and commercial expeditions with them in Istanbul, so as not to allow political disturbances to ruin the overall trade economy. In order for a city-state to survive, that city must have shrew negotiation skills, skills that can 1 create creative outcomes such as this, when the alternative, all-out war, is extremely risky and could end in the military domination of the capital city. In order to accomplish this goal, this thesis will attempt to identify and understand the institutions in which city-states, such as Venice and Genoa-- seemingly fragile and weak-- employ to counter significant internal and external threats in the form of rivalries with other city- states, the environment in relation to disease and commercial risk within the Mediterranean Sea, and finally, larger states or empires whose presence simply and utterly dwarf that of the respective city-state, both politically and militarily. The dynamics and institutions that comprise states are imperative in understanding how a specific state will act in a situation that they deem to be threatening. According to Hui, who wrote War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe, states whose rulers “wish to maintain survival, recover losses, or establish hegemony would have to strive to increase their military and economic capabilities” by not only creating “larger armies, but also [establishing] a range of administrative, fiscal, and policing organizations.” 1 In order to view this process and understand the mechanisms used and employed by city-states, this thesis will focus mainly on Venice as our chief example and will, on occasion, branch out to other city-states in the region for comparative purposes. The time period that this paper will deal with will roughly cover between 1100 AD and 1600 AD. In addition to this, it is important also to take into consideration the mechanisms that enabled city-states to survive, which this paper will accomplish by examining not only the city-states that endured and prospered, but also those that failed establish themselves and which were ultimately conquered by a neighboring forces or states. 1 Hui, Victoria Tin-bor, War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe , Cambridge University Press, 2005. pg 38-39 2 This thesis will also stand as a comparative study of two main city-states, Venice and Genoa. In addition to this, other city-states will be discussed in varying lengths in order to achieve a broader and more accurate understanding of their responses and reactions to threats. This will in part occur naturally with the application of the “survivor bias theory,” which takes into account (for the purposes of this thesis) those city-states that survived in addition to those that failed to establish themselves and lost power. Most historians, according to John Gaddis, “trace process from a knowledge of outcomes” whereas political scientists use “process tracking” “which suggests a rediscovery of narrative, and the technique does employ narratives in constructing comparative case studies.” 2 One primary goal of this thesis is to accomplish both tasks that historians and political scientists employ in an attempt to discover other key significant players within the Mediterranean region while at the same time analyzing their institutions which have allowed these states to react and respond to events. One of the goals of this examination is to identify those traits which help city-states and potentially more importantly, those characteristics that caused it fail. This comparative study will help determine the nature of city- states in the terms of what sorts of areas these entities tend to form in and the conditions that contextualize their rise to power. In addition, this will help identify each city-states distinct culture as well as how their foundings have influenced the institutions and mechanisms that their citizenry create. One might ask: Why is it important to study city-states? Or perhaps what possible benefit can one receive from studying a city-state that they can’t receive from studying a larger country in the same context? In short, it’s important to study city-states as they have either
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Caterina Corner in Venetian History and Iconography Holly Hurlburt
    Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2009, vol. 4 Body of Empire: Caterina Corner in Venetian History and Iconography Holly Hurlburt n 1578, a committee of government officials and monk and historian IGirolamo Bardi planned a program of redecoration for the Sala del Maggior Consiglio (Great Council Hall) and the adjoining Scrutinio, among the largest and most important rooms in the Venetian Doge’s Palace. Completed, the schema would recount Venetian history in terms of its international stature, its victories, and particularly its conquests; by the sixteenth century Venice had created a sizable maritime empire that stretched across the eastern Mediterranean, to which it added considerable holdings on the Italian mainland.1 Yet what many Venetians regarded as the jewel of its empire, the island of Cyprus, was calamitously lost to the Ottoman Turks in 1571, three years before the first of two fires that would necessitate the redecoration of these civic spaces.2 Anxiety about such a loss, fear of future threats, concern for Venice’s place in evolving geopolitics, and nostalgia for the past prompted the creation of this triumphant pro- gram, which featured thirty-five historical scenes on the walls surmounted by a chronological series of ducal portraits. Complementing these were twenty-one large narratives on the ceiling, flanked by smaller depictions of the city’s feats spanning the previous seven hundred years. The program culminated in the Maggior Consiglio, with Tintoretto’s massive Paradise on one wall and, on the ceiling, three depictions of allegorical Venice in triumph by Tintoretto, Veronese, and Palma il Giovane. These rooms, a center of republican authority, became a showcase for the skills of these and other artists, whose history paintings in particular underscore the deeds of men: clothed, in armor, partially nude, frontal and foreshortened, 61 62 EMWJ 2009, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • 18Th Biennial Conference ERB 2021 Portoferraio, Elba
    Travel information International Scientific Committee EUROMEDITERRANEAN NETWORK Arrival at Pisa airport: João de Lima, Portugal (ERB coordinator) OF EXPERIMENTAL AND Train to Piombino + ferry or jetfoil to Hubert Holzmann, Austria Portoferraio Niko Verhoest, Belgium REPRESENTATIVE BASINS Miroslav Tesar, Czech Republic Arrival at Florence airport: Daniel Viville, France Tram to Santa Maria Novella main Britta Schmalz, Germany train station + bus or train to Piombino Péter Kalicz, Hungary + ferry or jetfoil to Portoferraio. Daniele Penna, Italy (conference convener) Edvinas Stonevicius, Lithuania Christophe Hissler, Luxemburg Piet Warmerdam, The Netherlands More detailed info is available on the conference webpage. Johannes Deelstra, Norway 18th Biennial Conference ERB 2021 Janusz Siwek, Poland Gianina Neculau, Romania Sergey Zhuravin, Russia Portoferraio, Elba Island (Italy), Accommodation Ladislav Holko, Slovakia 15-17 September 2021 The following three hotels are within a 15 min walk from the Mitja Brilly, Slovenia conference venue, and less than 1 min from the beach and the Jérôme Latron, Spain conference dinner restaurant: Ilja van Meerveld, Switzerland FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT Liudmyla Gorbachova, Ukraine AND CALL FOR ABSTRACTS Hotel Villombrosa***: 24 rooms, Viale De Gasperi 9, www.villaombrosa.it/en/ Single room: 65€ per person/night Call for abstracts Double room: 42€ per person /night All participants are invited to submit an abstract before 31st March, Triple and four-people room: 35€ per person/night 2021. The abstracts should be written in English (max. 400 words) New perspectives on following the template provided on the conference webpage. The Hotel Crystal****: 20 rooms, Via Cairoli 15 abstract must be sent to the conference email address and specify the hydrological and ecohydrological processes www.hotelcrystal.it preference for an oral or poster presentation.
    [Show full text]
  • MALTA's NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTION PLAN (NEEAP)
    MALTA’s NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTION PLAN (NEEAP) Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Background to the NEEAP ....................................................................................... 5 2. Background Information on the National Policy Context and Circumstances ................................... 11 3. Overview of the National Energy Targets and Achieved Savings ..................................................... 18 3.1 Indicative national energy efficiency target for 2020 as required by Article 3(1) of the EED ........... 18 3.2 Expected impact of the target on primary and final energy consumption in 2020 ............................. 18 3.3 Rationale for the 2020 target (EED Annex XIV Part 2.2.(a)). ........................................................... 19 3.4 Estimate of overall primary energy consumption and consumption by sectors in 2020 in accordance with Article 24(2). .......................................................................................................................................... 19 3.5 National intermediate target for nearly zero energy buildings for 2015 in accordance with recast EPBD Articles 9(1) and 9(3b) for new buildings. .......................................................................................... 20 3.6 Overview of the primary energy savings achieved by the time of reporting and estimations of expected savings for 2020 .............................................................................................................................. 20 3.7 Overview
    [Show full text]
  • 5° Centenario Battaglia Di Agnadello 1509 – 2009 Programma Generale
    5° Centenario Battaglia di Agnadello 1509 – 2009 Programma Generale Gruppo Intercomunale Comune di Agnadello Comitato“La Battaglia di Agnadello” Ge n n a i o . 09 Concorso estemporaneo di pittura “Guerra e Pace” . Concorso di Poesia “Guerra e Pace” INCONTRI STORICI E TEMATICI AD AGNADELLO (presso Teatro Padre Marcellino - P.zza della Chiesa) . : “Gesù nostra pace”. (Relatore Prof. Don Roberto Vignolo – Doc. Teologia Biblica 19 febbraio Incontro culturale di Lodi) . “Don Primo Mazzolari” ( Relatore Prof. Don Bruno Bignami, docente 26 febbraio • Testimoni di Pace; • di teologia morale a Cremona) 05 mar z o ; “Franz Jagerstatter” (relatore dott. Diego Cipriani, Caritas Italiana) . Testimoni di Pace . mostra itinerante c/o Scuola Media 08 marzo Ore 10.00 Inaugurazione 12 mar z o . ; “Giorgio La Pira” (relatore Prof. Angelo Rescaglio già Senatore della Testimoni di Pace Repubblica) 01 aprile : “VIVIAMO LA BATTAGLIA SUL CAMPO” (relatore Lorenzo Sartori . Incontro Storico DADI.COM)per le classi IV/V El. 1^/2^/3^ Me di a 21 aprile : CREMONA FRA LA FINE DEL 400 E I PRIMO DEL 500 (relatore Prof. Incontro Storico Massimo Marcocchi, già doc e n t e di storia mo d e r n a all’Univ e r s ità Cattolic a di Mila n o) 28 aprile . “La battaglia di Agnadello e i canti popolari Italiani” (relatore dott. Francoise Incontro storico: Bon al di Fiqu e t – Cre m o n a 05 ma g g i o : “I morti della Vittoria” ( relatore don Giancarlo Perego) . Incontro storico 10 maggio . Presentazione del volume (ricerca storica sulla battaglia e dintorni) a cura del “Centro Studi Storici della Geradadda”.
    [Show full text]
  • A Virtual Train Journey Along the Mare Ligure from Ventimiglia to Rome
    Italian Culture Newsletter Number 22 A Virtual Train Journey along the Mare Ligure from Ventimiglia to Rome. Marie and I have made this journey on a number of occasions. In doing so we have either made the journey in a single day albeit with a change of train, usually at Genova. On other occasions, we have spent an evening or even a few days at Genova and/or at Livorno or Pisa. The journey described will involve more stops on the way but could be more interesting on that account. The trip begins in Ventimiglia where we stayed overnight on our last day of our last holiday in Italy. This had been occasioned by the French railway strike which prevented any trains from running from Ventimiglia to Nice on the day of our arrival from Rome into the city at the Italian- French border in Liguria. Our first visit to Ventimiglia was in 2006 when some Italian friends from Cuneo, due north of Ventimiglia, in Piemonte, met us at the rail station in Ventimiglia to take us for a short stay at their apartment in Nice. On that occasion we didn’t see much of the city except for part of the old medieval town, which now mostly is the home of many of the southerners from Naples, Calabria and Sicily who moved north seeking employment after WWII. The old town is perched high above the new city with its long sea-front promenade and railway station. Ventimiglia is the ancient Albium Intemelium, the capital of the Intemelii, a Ligurian tribe which long resisted the Romans, until in 115 BC it was forced to submit to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)
    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence, Protection and Commerce
    This file is to be used only for a purpose specified by Palgrave Macmillan, such as checking proofs, preparing an index, reviewing, endorsing or planning coursework/other institutional needs. You may store and print the file and share it with others helping you with the specified purpose, but under no circumstances may the file be distributed or otherwise made accessible to any other third parties without the express prior permission of Palgrave Macmillan. Please contact [email protected] if you have any queries regarding use of the file. Proof 1 2 3 3 4 Violence, Protection and 5 6 Commerce 7 8 Corsairing and ars piratica in the Early Modern 9 Mediterranean 10 11 Wolfgang Kaiser and Guillaume Calafat 12 13 14 15 Like other maritime spaces, and indeed even large oceans such as the 16 Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean was not at all a ‘no man’s sea’ – as 17 the sea in general appears, opposed to territorial conquest and occupa- 18 tion of land, in a prominent way in Carl Schmitt’s opposition between 19 a terrestrian and a ‘free maritime’ spatial order.1 Large oceanic spaces 20 such as the Indian Ocean and smaller ones such as the Mediterranean 21 were both culturally highly saturated and legally regulated spaces.2 22 The Inner Sea has even been considered as a matrix of the legal and 23 political scenario of imposition of the Roman ‘policy of the sea’ that 24 had efficiently guaranteed free circulation and trade by eliminating 25 the pirates – Cicero’s ‘enemy of mankind’ 3– who formerly had infected the 26 Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • VENICE Grant Allen's Historical Guides
    GR KS ^.At ENICE W VENICE Grant Allen's Historical Guides // is proposed to issue the Guides of this Series in the following order :— Paris, Florence, Cities of Belgium, Venice, Munich, Cities of North Italy (Milan, Verona, Padua, Bologna, Ravenna), Dresden (with Nuremberg, etc.), Rome (Pagan and Christian), Cities of Northern France (Rouen, Amiens, Blois, Tours, Orleans). The following arc now ready:— PARIS. FLORENCE. CITIES OF BELGIUM. VENICE. Fcap. 8vo, price 3s. 6d. each net. Bound in Green Cloth with rounded corners to slip into the pocket. THE TIMES.—" Good work in the way of showing students the right manner of approaching the history of a great city. These useful little volumes." THE SCOTSMAN "Those who travel for the sake of culture will be well catered for in Mr. Grant Allen's new series of historical guides. There are few more satisfactory books for a student who wishes to dig out the Paris of the past from the im- mense superincumbent mass of coffee-houses, kiosks, fashionable hotels, and other temples of civilisation, beneath which it is now submerged. Florence is more easily dug up, as you have only to go into the picture galleries, or into the churches or museums, whither Mr. Allen's^ guide accordingly conducts you, and tells you what to look at if you want to understand the art treasures of the city. The books, in a word, explain rather than describe. Such books are wanted nowadays. The more sober- minded among tourists will be grateful to him for the skill with which the new series promises to minister to their needs." GRANT RICHARDS 9 Henrietta St.
    [Show full text]
  • “Talk” on Albanian Territories (1392–1402)
    Doctoral Dissertation A Model to Decode Venetian Senate Deliberations: Pregadi “Talk” on Albanian Territories (1392–1402) By: Grabiela Rojas Molina Supervisors: Gerhard Jaritz and Katalin Szende Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department Central European University, Budapest In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, Budapest, Hungary 2020 CEU eTD Collection To my parents CEU eTD Collection Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. 1 List of Maps, Charts and Tables .......................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 A Survey of the Scholarship ........................................................................................................................... 8 a) The Myth of Venice ........................................................................................................................... 8 b) The Humanistic Outlook .................................................................................................................. 11 c) Chronicles, Histories and Diaries ..................................................................................................... 14 d) Albania as a Field of Study .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Area Di Cremonaarea Di Cremona
    AREA DI CREMONA LEGEND K501 K502 Verolanuova - Borgo S. Giacomo - Orzinuovi - Crema FS K503 Casaletto Melotta - Crema FS K504 A Mozzanica - Sergnano - Crema FS K505 Campagnalo Cr. - Crema S. Stefano K506 Treviglio FS - Vailate - Crema FS K507 Crema - Palazzo P. - Pandino - Rivolta K509 Crema FS - Vaiano Cr. - Monte Cr. - Dovera Roncadello K510 Bagnolo Cr. - Crespiatica - Dovera - Lodi FS K511 Treviglio FS - Rivolta - Spino - Lodi FS Vailate - Rivolta - Liscate - Pioltello AREA DI CREMONA K512 - Milano 5 Giornate K520 Vailate - RIvolta - Liscate - Pioltello - Milano S. Donato M3 (locale) Crema FS - Palazzo P. Pandino K521 - Spino - Milano S. Donato M3 K522 (diretta) Crema - Milano S. Donato M3 Palazzo P. Scannabue/Cremosano/ K523 Torlino - Milano S. Donato M3 Crema FS - Palazzo P. Scannabue K524 - Milano S. Donato M3 Chieve - Dovera/Bagnolo - Vaiano K525 - Monte - Milano S. Donato M3 Crema FS - Crema FS - Bagnolo - Vaiano p.le Martiri della Libertà, 8 linea M - Monte - Milano S. Donato M3 Orari d’apertura lun/ven: 6:30 / 18:30 sab: 7:30 / 12:30 Bergamo FS - Cologno S. - Mozzanica - Sergnano - Crema FS Servizi Provincia di Milano M etr o U Linee ferroviarieo - Linea Suburbane 3 Rho Fiera rbano Linea ferroviaria Regionale Zona Servita Miobus Extraurbano Milano K511 San Donato M3 Pioltello Peschiera Borromeo Bergamo Rogoredo FS/M3 Provincia di Bergamo linea M Liscate Azzano San Donato Mediglia S. Paolo K511 K522 K523 Guidati da te. K525 Zanica Paullo D’Adda Rivolta Truccazzano Treviglio K520 Tribiano Zelo Buon Urgnano Persico K505 D’Adda K524 K521 Spino K510 Calvenzano Caravaggio Cologno al Serio Pandino Agnadello Morengo K511 Misano di K511 Vailate Gera d’Adda Pignano Palazzo Pieranica Bariano K510 K522 K505 K520 linea M K521 Boalora Quintano Fornovo Torlino S.
    [Show full text]
  • Stato Da Màr
    Stato da Màr TABLE OF CONTENTS Historic Background ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Campaign Map ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 The Game ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Campaign Starting Positions............................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Campaign Turns ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Initiative ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Ship Building...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]