235 Acemoglu, Daron, 19 , 224 Agricultural Debtor's Act of 1938

Home , Abdul Qayyum Khan, Objectives Resolution

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Index

Acemoglu, Daron, 19 , 224 Besant, Annie, 55 Agricultural Debtor’s Act of 1938, Bogra, Mohammed Ali, 184 , 188 , 141 199 Ahmadis, 183 , 198 Boix, Carles, 19 , 225 AISA (All India Spinners Association), Bombay Plan of 1944, 113 80 , 81 Bombay Trade Disputes Act, 118 Ali, Chaudri Mohammed, 188 Bonnerjee, Womesh Chandra, 49 Aligarh movement, 59 , 60 Bose, Subhas Chandra, 191 All-India Muslim Conference, 89 Brownlee, Jason, 215 All-India Muslim League Council, 133 bureaucracy, 27–29 , 175 All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), 115–116 Cabinet Mission, 157 Allahabhad, 90 caliphate movement, 65 , 76 , 89 , 90 Arabic, 59 , 60 capitalists, 111 Arya Samaj, 131 case selection, 39–40 Ayyar, A.K., 164 caste Brahmin, 45 , 48 Balochistan, 33 class and, 11 banias , 108–110 Congress and untouchability, 73–78 Bardoli, 103–104 , 230 Kerala and untouchability, 77–78 Bengal public sphere and, 73 Awami League and, 185 , 188 , 189 causal inferences, 36–39 economic crisis and, 138–139 Champaran, 70 , 72 , 75 , 229 , 232 Muslim League in, 142–144 Charter Act of 1833, 46 Muslims in, 137–138 Chundrigar, Ibrahim Ismail, 188 Pakistan demand and, 147–149 civil disobedience, 51 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 66 , Partition of, 51–53 70 , 72 , 75 , 77 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , religious confl ict in, 138–139 101 , 104 , 114 , 116 , 163 United Front and, 186 , 187 , 188 , Civil Disobedience movement, 77 , 82 , 200 83 , 105 , 109 , 111 Bengal Moneylenders Act of 1940, 141 civil–military relations, 32 235

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236 Index

Collier, David, 217 Congress and, 48 Collier, Ruth Berins, 217 extra-proportional representation, 8 , Communal Award of 1932, 76 , 122 62 , 64 , 66 , 123 , 206 communalism, 89–91 comparative historical analysis, 9 , 12 , famine, 70 , 121 17 , 20 , 36 , 39 , 212 , 216 Federation of Indian Chambers of Congress Assembly Party, 161 , 165 , 171 Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Constituent Assembl(ies) of Pakistan, 111 , 113 176–188 Fundamental Rights and Economic membership, 176–177 Programme of 1931, 112 role of Governor-General and, 194–196 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand Constituent Assembly of India, capitalists as trustees and, 118 160–170 civil disobedience and, 54 , 70–71 , Instrument of Instructions, 193 84 membership, 161 early experiences of, 70 role of President and, 192–193 leadership of Congress and, 69–72 coup, 1 , 29 , 30 , 37 , 186 , 187 , 189 , Non-Cooperation and, 83 198 , 200 , 202 , 211 Quit India and, 84 critical junctures, 216–218 Gandhi–Irwin Pact of 1931, 106 customary tenurial rights, 138 Gellner, Ernest, 68 , 226 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 49 , 69 , 232 Dar Commission, 170 Government of India Act of 1935, 90 , Daultana, Mian Mumtaz, 179 , 183 , 91 , 198 184 , 198 Gujarat, 103 , 108 , 226 degrees of freedom, 38 Gunther, Richard, 14 , 225 democracy class inequality and, 19–20 , 25–26 harijan , 76 colonial patronage and, 213 Harijan Seva Sangh, 76 constitution and, 160 Hasan, Syed Wazir, 92 defi nition of, 7–8 , 11 Hashim, Abul, 143 , 146 , 147 , 232 economic development and, 19 , Hindi–Urdu controversy, 59–60 24–25 Hindu Code Bill, 193 Islam and, 34–35 Home Rule Leagues, 53 military and, 29–31 Huntington, Samuel, 12 , 15 , 18 , 215 , political party strength and, 36 226 , 227 universal adult suffrage and, Huq, Fazlul, 140 , 141 , 142 , 144 , 145 , 162–164 149 , 186 Devanagari, 60 , 61 , 126 Husain, Fazli, 88 Diamond, Larry, 14 , 225 Direct Action Day, 158 Ibert Bill, 47 dominant peasants ideology defi nition of, 102–103 defi nition of, 68 Indian Councils Act of 1892, 56 economic crisis, 51 , 54 Indian Councils Act of 1909, 53 , 64 education Indian Councils Act of 1919, 54 , 86 , colonial policy of, 45 87 , 89 , 90

Index 237

Indian Independence Act of 1947, Khan, Ayub, 30 , 188 , 202 159 , 160 , 190 , 198 Khan, Liaquat Ali, 125 , 143 , 147 , Indian National Congress 176 , 178 , 197 Andhra and, 106 Khan, Sikander Hyat, 129 , 132 , 134 , banias in, 108–110 149 Bihar and, 106 Khan, Sir Syed Ahmed, 60 capitalists and, 110–115 Kheda, 70 , 105 , 226 Central Provinces and Berar and, 106 Khuhro, Muhammad Ayub, 178 class alliances within, 102–119 Kohli, Atul, 3 , 21 , 35 , 227 class confl ict within, 84–85 Kothari, Rajni, 100 coherent distributive coalition in, Krishak Praja Party (KPP), 139–142 150–151 krishak samitis , 139 fi nances of, 121 Gandhi and, 71–72 Labour Party (Britain), 155 goals of, 49 lantern slideshows, 81 Gujarat and, 105 Legislative Councils, 47 , 56 , 57 , 60 khadi and, 78–82 Limongi, Fernando, 19 , 229 labor and, 115–119 linguistic provinces debate, 169–171 membership of, 48 , 121–122 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 19 , 219 , Moderates and Extremists within, 228 49 , 53–54 Londregan, John, 29 Muslims in, 51 , 89 Lucknow Pact, 65 organization of, 119–122 , 166–167 Punjab and, 106 Maddison, Angus, 10 , 228 religious reform and, 50 Magaloni, Beatriz, 215 social reform and, 73–78 Mahomedans, see Muslims Tamil Nadu and, 106 Mahoney, James, 217 Interim Report, 178 , 180 Mainwaring, Scott, 14 , 228 Ispahani, Hasan, 143 , 146 , 232 majoritarian rule, 8 Malaviyas, 90 Jalal, Ayesha, 22 , 27 , 227 Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), Jallianwala Bagh, 55 222 Jamaat-i-Islami , 183 Malayan Communist Party (MCP), Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 62 221 Bengal and, 139–140 Malayan Union, 221 Governor General and, 194–196 Malaysia leadership of, 23 , 144–145 and extension of argument, Pakistan demand and, 147–149 222–223 Punjab and, 134 , 135–136 martial law, 30 , 37 , 171 , 184 , 188 , United Provinces, 124–125 198 , 202 Jinnah-Sikander Pact of 1937, 132 Maududi, Maulana, 183 JVP Report, 170 middle class defi nition of, 10–11 khadi , 112 , see Indian National democracy and, 16–17 Congress, khadi and rural, see dominant peasants Khan, Abdul Qayyum Khan 180 military, 29–31 , 37–38 , 175 Khan, Akran, 143 security alliances and Pakistani, 201

238 Index

minority rights, 8 , 97 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1 , 55 , 71 , 114 , Mirza, Iskander, 188 , 199 , 201 , 202 161 , 162 , 164 , 167 , 169 , 232 mohajirs , 33 , 175 , 196 Nehru, Motilal, 71 , 79 Mohammad, Ghulam, 186 , 197 Non-Cooperation movement, 82 , 83 , Moore, Barrington, 15 , 16 , 18 85 Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Noon, Firoz Khan, 88 , 186 , 188 Defence Association of Upper North-West Frontier, 88 , 125 , 178 India, 61 North, Douglass, 215 , 216 Munshi, Kanaiyalal Mankelal, 164 Muslim Objectives Resolution, 176 demographics, 57 Muslim League Pakistan Bengal and, 137–150 demand for, 93–95 , 134–136 , class alliances within, 129–150 145–146 , 147–149 , 157 goals of, 63–64 Pal, Bipin Chandra, 49 ideology of, 64 , 86–98 panchayat , 163 incoherent distributive coalition in, pan-Islamism, 91 151 partition of colonial India, 154–160 membership of, 62–63, 64–65 Patel, Vallabhbhai, 104 , 114 , North-West Frontier Province and, 117 , 161 , 164 , 168 , 169 , 178–179 192 , 232 organization of, 64 , 124–125 , pirs , 130–131 , 136 142–144 , 146 political parties Punjab and, 124–129 , 179–180 causal independence of, 122 Sindh and, 178 class interests in, 18 United Provinces and, 124–129 core coalitions in, 14–15 United Provinces dominance of, 63 defi ning strength of, 12–15 Muslims linchpin role of, 213–215 Bengal and, 137–138 organization of, 13–14 United Provinces and, 57–59 , programmatic ideology of, 12–13 124–129 Poole, Keith, 29 Poona Pact of 1932, 162 Naoroji, Dadabhai, 49 Potter, David, 27 , 229 National Agriculturalist Party, 124 Prasad, Rajendra, 80 , 164 , 169 , 193 National Planning Committee, 112 process tracing, 36 , 37 , 38 nationalism Przeworksi, Adam, 19 Congress and Indian, 73–86 public sphere, 49 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 78 , constitution-making and Indian, 82 , 99 , 207 167–168 Punjab defi nition of, 68 military and, 29 Muslim League and, 86–98 Muslim League and, 124–129 Pakistan and, 86–98 Pakistan demand and, 134–136 Nawab of Mamdot, 134 , 179 Nazimuddin, Khawaja, 143 , 147 , 179 , Quit India movement, 82 , 84 182 , 183 , 197 , 198 , 199 Nehru Report of 1928, 162 , 191 , Rai, Lala Lajput, 49 234 Raja of Mahmudabad, 63 , 143

Index 239

Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti, 169 Sindh, 28 , 33 , 125 , 178 Ranade, Mahadev Govind, 73 , 232 Sitaramayya, Pattabhi, 170 Rau, Benegal Narsing, 192 Smith, Benjamin, 217 regime stability/instability social classes coherent distributive alliances and, British India and, 10–11 , 102–103 6 coherent distributive coalitions constitution and, 160 between, 215–216 constitution-making in India and, creation of political parties and, 160–173 44–66 , 203 constitution-making in Pakistan defi nition of, 9–10 and, 160–173 democracy and, 16 defi nition of, 2 , 9 Sriramulu, Potti, 171 intra-party organization and, 6 , States’ Reorganization Commission 166–167 (SRC), 171 political party strength and, 4–6 , 17 Stepan, Alfred, 34 programmatic ideology and, 5 , Stephens, Evelyne Huber, 214 167–168 Stephens, John D., 214 regime type Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed, 142 , class and, 4 , 172–173 143 , 146 , 147 , 180 , 188 , 232 constitution-making in India and, summary of argument, 3–7 , 206–212 160–173 Swadeshi , 52 , 53 , 66 , 112 , 231 defi nition of, 2 swaraj , 53 elected chief executive in India and, 190–194 Tenancy Act of 1938, 141 programmatic ideology and, 5 , Thakurdas, Purshotamdas, 113 162–163 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 49 , 121 unelected chief executive in Pakistan and, 194–203 ulema , 183 , 198 Republican Party, 189 , 201 Unionist Party, 87 , 129–130 , Riedl, Rachel, 217 131–136 , 142 Robertson, Graeme, 34 United Indian Patriotic Association, Robinson, James, 19 , 59 , 224 , 230 61 Rokkan, Stein, 219 United Malays National Organization Round Table conferences, 162 (UMNO), 222 Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 214 United Muslim Party, 139 , 140 ryotwari system, 103 United Provinces Hindi–Urdu controversy in, salt boycott, see Civil Disobedience 59–60 movement Muslim League and, 124–129 satyagraha , 83 , 104 , 108 Muslim League and dominance of, Sayeed, Khalid bin, 27 , 230 63 Scully, Timothy, 14 , 228 Muslims in, 57–59 , 63 Selznick, Philip, 12, 67 , 230 universal adult franchise, 4 , 162 , 164 , separate electorates, 62 , 71 , 76 , 92 , 172 , 210 126 , 127 UP, see United Provinces Shefter, Martin, 14 , 230 Urdu, 33 Sikh, 132 Urdu-speaking elite, 59

240 Index

vakils , 75 zamindari abolition, 148 , 165 , viceregal tradition, 27 , 28 172–173 , 211 zamindari system, 102 , 140 Yashar, Deborah, 16 , 19 , 214 , 231 zamindars , 56 , 57 , 85 , 106