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Relationship of Diet and Prey Availability in Aristelliger Cochranae

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Relationship of Diet and Prey Availability in Aristelliger Cochranae NOTES 323 Direccio´n Nacional de Parques, facilitated our work in Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 36, No. 3-4, 323–326, 2000 Copyright 2000 College of Arts and Sciences the Dominican Republic. R. E. Glor made helpful com- University of Puerto Rico, Mayagu¨ez ments on an early draft of this manuscript. Permits were issued by G. Santana, Departamento de Vida Sil- vestre, and K. Grasela, Direccio´n Nacional de Parques. Relationship of Diet and Prey Field work was supported by Grant No. DBI-9732257 awarded by the National Science Foundation to Rob- Availability in Aristelliger cochranae,a ert Powell. Gecko from Navassa Island, West Indies MATTHEW E. GIFFORD1,ROBERT POWELL2,3 AND WAR- LITERATURE CITED REN E. STEINER,JR.41Department of Biology, Avila Col- lege, Kansas City, Missouri 64145-1698; gif3 hotmail.com. Cast, E. E. et al. 2000. Natural history of an anoline 2Department of Biology, Avila College, Kansas City, Mis- lizard community in the Sierra de Baoruco, His- souri 64145-1698; [email protected]. 3Corresponding paniola. Carib. J. Sci. 36:258-266. author. 4Department of Entomology, NHB-187, Smithso- Curio, E. 1976. The Ethology of Predation. Springer- nian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; steiner.warren@ Verlag, New York. 250 pp. nmnh.si.edu. Greene, H. W. 1988. Antipredator mechanisms in rep- tiles. In C. Gans and R. B. Huey (eds.), Biology of Aristelliger cochranae Grant is a relatively small the Reptilia. Vol. 16, Ecology B. Defense and Life gecko with maximum snout-vent lengths (SVL) of 63 History, pp. 1-152. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York. mm for males and 53 mm for females. It is endemic to Lenart, L. A., R. Powell, J. S. Parmerlee, Jr., A. Lathrop, Navassa Island, West Indies (Powell, 1999), and is and D. D. Smith. 1997. Anoline diversity in three typically arboreal, with individuals frequently found differentially altered habitats in the Sierra de within the twisted branches of Ficus trees or under Baoruco, Republica Dominicana, Hispaniola. Bio- bark. Thomas (1966) also noted their association with tropica 29:117-123. fan palms (Thrinax morrisii). In 1998, we collected this Losos, J. B., and D. J. Irschick. 1996. The effect of perch predator and its potential prey in fan palms on Na- diameter on escape behavior of Anolis lizards: labo- vassa. This tiny island, with an area of approximately 2 ratory predictions and field tests. Anim. Behav. 51: 5.2 km , is located about 60 km west of the southwest- 593-602. ern tip of the Haitian Tiburon Peninsula (Thomas, Rand, A. S. 1962. Notes on Hispaniolan herpetology 5. 1966). The natural history of three sympatric species of Although A. cochranae was described by Grant Anolis. Breviora (154):1-15. (1931) nearly 70 years ago, very little is known about its natural history (Lynxwiler and Parmerlee, 1993). Rand, A. S., and E. E. Williams. 1969. The anoles of La Because energy acquisition is a fundamental aspect of Palma: aspects of their ecological relationships. any species’ niche, we examined food habits in rela- Breviora (327):1-19. tion to potential prey present in the lizards’ habitat. Regalado, R. 1998. Approach distance and escape be- Previous studies of the West Indian geckos Hemidac- havior of three species of Cuban Anolis (Squamata, tylus haitianus (Powell et al., 1990), Aristelliger lar Polychrotidae). Carib. J. Sci. 34:211-217. (Burns et al., 1992), and Sphaerodactylus difficilis, S. al- Schwartz, A. 1974. A new species of primitive Anolis tavelensis, S. clenchi,andS. asterulus (Cunningham et (Sauria, Iguanidae) from the Sierra de Bahoruco, al., 1993) indicated that all of these lizards consume a Hispanolia. Breviora (423):1-19. wide range of prey. However, none of these studies SEA/DVS (Secretarı´a de Estado de Agricultura/ compared prey items taken by geckos with available Departamento de Vida Silvestre). 1992. Reconoc- prey. imiento y evaluacio´n de los recursos naturales en el Twenty-two (9 males and 13 females) geckos and Bahoruco Oriental. Sec. Estado Agric., Depto. Vida associated arthropods were collected on 29 July and 2 Silvestre. Sto. Domingo, Repu´ blica Dominicana. × August 1998 from fan palms in a savanna just south of + 141 pp. the lighthouse on Navassa. Predators and presumed Sifers, S. M., M. L. Yeska, Y. M. Ramos, R. Powell, and prey were acquired by shaking dead fronds over an J. S. Parmerlee, Jr. 2001. Anolis lizards restricted to insect net. Arthropods were placed in a killing jar and altered edge habitats in a Hispaniolan cloud forest. preserved in 80 % ethyl alcohol. Lizards were killed by lethal injection of T-61 (a veterinary drug no longer Carib. J. Sci. 37: in press. available), preserved in 10 % formalin, and transferred Williams, E. E. 1983. Ecomorphs, faunas, island size, to 75 % ethyl alcohol upon return to the laboratory. and diverse end points in island radiations of Ano- Stomachs were removed and contents identified to the lis. In R. B. Huey et al. (eds.), Lizard Ecology: Stud- lowest possible taxonomic level. Insect collections ies of a Model Organism, pp. 326-370. Harvard made during the biological inventory of Navassa fa- University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. cilitated identification of the often fragmented prey. Ydenberg, R. C. and L. M. Dill. 1986. The economics of Prey items were counted and volumes determined us- fleeing from predators. In J. S. Rosenblatt et al. ing the formula for the volume of a prolate spheroid (eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior. Vol. 16, (Vitt and Zani, 1996). The intact size of lizard ova, pp. 229-251. Academic Press, New York. fragments of which were found in some stomachs, 324 NOTES was estimated by using the mean size of 11 intact eggs oviductal egg. Ova and hatchlings had importance (Powell, 1999). The resultant data were used to calcu- values of 0.271 and 0.082, respectively, in a pooled late dietary importance values (Powell et al., 1990; Birt sample of all lizards (Table 2). In females alone, ova et al., in press), which consider numbers, volumes, had an importance value of 0.318 and were the most and frequencies of occurrence for each type of prey. important item. Three stomachs were empty and two Prey types were defined as species for vertebrates and contained unidentifiable fragments. order for arthropods to facilitate comparisons with Consumed ova and hatchlings presumably repre- other dietary studies of West Indian lizards. Impor- sented the greatest energy source available. That they tance values then were used to calculate dietary niche were taken only by females is likely due to the high breadths standardized on a scale of 0-1 (Levins, 1968; energy demands of reproduction. At least 37 species of Hurlbert, 1978) and dietary niche overlaps (Pianka, geckos feed on other vertebrates (Bauer, 1990), with 1973) between males and females and between poten- other geckos and conspecifics (mostly juveniles) the tial prey found in palm fronds and actual prey con- most frequent victims. Consumption of intact eggs sumed by geckos. had not been reported previously (A.M. Bauer, pers. Statistical analyses were made using StatView 5.0 comm.), but we could not determine whether intact (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). All means ova were consumed or hatching triggered a feeding are presented ± one SE; for all tests, ␣ = 0.05. Lizards response in the females. are in the Bobby Witcher Memorial Collection, Avila Standardized niche breadths of 0.612 for males and College, Kansas City, Missouri (BWMC 06199-220). In- 0.516 for females are substantially larger than for other sect specimens are deposited in the U.S. National Mu- West Indian geckos. Males consumed only 3 of 10 prey seum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, types (Table 2), but all were taken in large quantities. Washington, DC, and, in addition to locality informa- Females consumed 9 of 10 prey types. Dietary overlap tion, bear the label “Taken by beating dead leaves of between males and females (0.282) was surprisingly Thrinax in open rocky savanna and forest edges.” low, but it increased to 0.462 when ova and hatchlings A total of 576 arthropods was collected (Table 1). were excluded from the calculation. These low values The most abundant taxa were Psocoptera (32 %), Co- and a sexual size dimorphism index (M:F) of 1.19:1 leoptera (20 %), and Araneida (17 %). Psocoptera were (based on maximum male and female SVL; Roughgar- not found in lizard stomachs, but the combination of den, 1995) suggest resource partitioning. However, small size and soft bodies could have resulted in such the largest food items were taken by the smaller fe- rapid digestion that they appeared to be absent from males and mean food item size of males (26.7 ± 13.2 stomach samples. Araneida (20 %) and Coleoptera (12 mm3, 1.0-62.2 mm3, N = 5) and females (64.2 ± 19.9 %) were well represented in the lizards’ diets. The mm3, 0.8-202.0 mm3, N = 12) did not differ signifi- most common prey items were ants (Formicidae; 32 cantly when ova and hatchlings were included (Mann- %), which were far less commonly represented among Whitney U, Z = −0.95, P = 0.34) or excluded (Z = −0.11, potential prey (6 %). P = 0.92). Similarly, SVL and mean food item size were Hatchling A. cochranae, egg shell fragments, or both not significantly correlated (Spearman correlation; were found in five females, all of which contained an males: Z = 0.60, P = 0.55; females: Z = 1.89, P = 0.06; TABLE 1. Numbers of potential prey compared to prey consumed by A. cochranae found in dead, pendant palm fronds of Thrinax morrisii. Percentages are in parentheses; dashes indicate that a particular type of prey item was not found.
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