REPTILTA:: SAURIA: GEKKONIDAE

Catalogue of American Amphibians and . the pes. Preanal and femoral pores are lacking in both sexes (Taylor and Leonard, 1956). Body scales are small and usually granular and Bauer, A.M. and A.P. Russell. 1993. AristeIIger. homogeneous (conical and slightly heterogeneous in A. pmgnk pmesignis). The skin is fragile and easily tom. Small 'horns", ArLsteUiger Cope consisting of 1-3 slightly enlarged supraciliary scales, occur over the eyes. The basic color pattern for all species consists of a series of dorsal rhomboids and a pair of scapular ocelli. This pattern is often AristdIiger Cope, 1861 (1862):496. Type-species, Aristdliger lar obscured in adults and little or no recognizable pattern may be Cope, 1861 (1862):497, by original designation (see Smith and discernible on larger individuals. Taylor, 1950). Idhdactylus Bocourt, 187341.Type-species, Idiodactylusgeqaensis Descriptions. Descriptions of one or more specie of Bocourt, 1873:41[- Aristelligergeorgeensis Bocoutt, 18731, by A~telligw appear in Hallowell (1856 [1857D, Bocourt (18731, monotypy. Boulenger (18851, Ga-n (188T), Cope (1861 [18621, 1885, 18% AristelIigeJh Noble and Klingel, 1932:4. Type-species, Aristelligelka [1895D, Barbour (19141, Grant (1931, 194% 1940~1,Noble and ba*bouri Noble and Klingel, 1932:4 [- Aristellger barbouri Klingel(1932), Cochran (1933,19411, Thomas (1%6), Schwartz and Noble and Klingel, 19321, by original designation (implied, see Crombie (1975), and Schwa- and Henderson (1991). Comment). Illustrations. A color photograph of a juvenile A. hr is in Content. Si species are recognized: burbouri, cocbrnnae, Hoppe (1989). Black andwhite photographs ofadultswere provided georgW, becbti kar, and preerignis. by Grant (1931), Noble and Klingel(1932), Ayala (1975) and Burns et al. (19921, and color photos by Henkel and Schmidt (1991), Powell Definition Members of this are moderately small to and Parmerlee (19921, and Schmidt (1993). Lie drawings of the large sized gekkonine geckos, 46-135 mm SVL, with males reaching following features are presented as follows: details of the manus and slightly larger sizes than females of the same species. Body form is pes (Bocourt, 1873; Noble and Klingel, 1932; Cochran, 1941; Hecht, relativelv robust. The second ceratobranchial arch of the hvoid 1952; Underwood, 1954b; Ruibal and Ernst, 1965; Russell, 1976, apparat;s is lacking (Kluge, 1983) and small, fragmented parafrdnta~ 1981); details of the external features of the head (Bocourt, 1873; bones are Dresent in all swcies examined to date (Bauer and Russell. Cochran, 1941); and caudal scalation(Cochran, 1941). Liedrawings 1989). kles possess 6emipenial bones (Kluge, 19821, a feature of pupil shape and inner ear structure were depicted by Underwood unique among geckos. All Aristelliger possess small asymmetrical (1951) and Hamilton (19601, respectively. Aspects of cranial osteol- scansors adjacent to the claw on digit one of the manus and pes (Pig. ogywere illustrated in line drawings by Hecht (1951) and McDowell 1). In A. barboun' and A. cocbrnnae these asymmetrical plates are and Bogert (19541, and in black and white photos by Bauer and present on two or more digits of both the manus and pes. All digits Russell (1989). Line drawings of postcranial osteological features are clawed and the subdigital scansors are undivided. Subdigital appear in Hecht (1951) and Kluge (1982). Light and transmission scansors number 7-18 on the digits of the manus and 8-19 on those of electron micrographs of setal structure were furnished by Ruibal and

Map. Distribution of the genus Aristelliger in the Caribbean. Solid circles represent fossil localities (see species accounts for A. lar and A. pmesignis). Ernst (1965) and Ernst and Ruibal(1966). Russell (1977) provided a (19301, Noble and Klingel(19321, Hecht (1951,19521, Schwartz and radiograph of the cloaca1 region. Diagrammatic line drawings of Crombie (1975), Kluge (1987), Lynxwiler et al. (1991), Powell and sections of the developing heart were figured by Hart (1968). Eggs Parmerlee (1992), and Burns et al. (1992). Aspects of reproduction and juveniles were depicted by Hassler (19301, Noble and Klingel were outlined by Barbour (1910), Hassler (1930), Noble and Klingel (1932), andThomas (1966). A black and white photo of anegg laying (19321, Hecht (19521, Kluge (1967,1987), Bustard (19681, and Schwartz site was provided by Hassler (1930). and Henderson (1991). Behavior was considered by Grant (1%0a), - Dunn and Saxe (19501, Duellman (1969, Thomas (1%6), Kluge Distribution The genus Aristelliger is found in the West (1987), and Schwartz and Henderson (1991). Derrnatophagy was Indies and on Atlantic coastal islands off Central America. Main reported by Weldon et al. (1993). islands and island groups harbouring species of Aristelliger are Jamaica, Hispaniola, the Bahamas (Inagua Group), Cayman Islands, Key to Species. Catalogue account numbers are given in ~aicos~slands, Navassa Island, Swan Gland, and numerous islands parentheses after the species name. Note that external morphologi- off the coasts of Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize, and Mexico (Quintana cal and color pattern differences between species of Aristelliger are Roo). A few mainland localities exist in Quintana Roo and Belize. minute and distributional information, when available, should be Hecht (1951) provided a distribution map for the genus. employed in identification.

Fossil Record. Several taxa have been identified from 1. a. Small, asymmetrical adhesive plates adjacent to claw on Pleistocene to Holocene sites in Jamaica, Hispaniola, and the Baha- digit I only (Fig. 1) ...... 3 mas. Hecht (1951) reported on putative A. praesignis from Dairy b. Small, asymmetrical adhesive plates adjacent to claw on Cave, SLAMParish, Jamaica. Additional Holocene material possibly two or more digits of both manus and pes (Fig. 1) ...... 2 referable to A.praesignis has recently been described fromthe Marta Tick Cave, near Quickstep, Trelawney Parish, in the Cockpit Country 2. a. Loreal scales generally 2 16; dark longitudinal stripe from of Jamaica (F'regill et al., 1991 [19923). Aristelligerlar is represented snout to shoulder ...... cocbranae (567) by fossil material from Haiti (Hecht, 1951) and the Dominican b. Loreal scales generally < 16; longitudinal stripes absent, Republic (Etheridge, 1965) and (as A. titan) from Jamaica (Hecht, pale or not reaching shoulder ...... barboun' (566) 1951). An unidentified speciesof Aristelliger has been recorded from the Pleistocene of New Providence, Bahamas (F'regill, 1982). Estes 3. a. Small (adult SVL to 90 mm), lamellae under 4th digit of (1983) summarized known fossil material referable to the genus. manus S 14 ...... 4 b. Large (adult SVL to 135 mm), larnellae under 4th digit of Pertinent Literature. A general account of the basic biology manus 2 13 ...... 5 of each of the recognized species of Aristelliger is provided by Schwartz and Henderson (1991). The overall characteristics of the 4. a. Dorsal scales moderately to strongly conical and some- genus and its basic ecological associations were outlined by Hecht what regionally heterogeneous; 0-3 enlarged portmental (1952). Evolution and systematics were treated by Barbour (1921), scales ...... in (571) Cochran (1933, 1%1), Hecht (1951, 1952), Hecht and Hecht (in b. Dorsal scales flattened, granular and generally homoge- Hecht, 19511, Underwood (1954a), Hamilton (1%0), Thomas (1%6), neous; 1enlarged postrnental scale present. becbti (569) and Kluge (1967, 1983). Zoogeography and distribution were dii- cussed by Barbour (19141, Hecht (1951,19521, Schwartz (19681, and 5. a. 2-3 enlarged postmental scales present. geoqeensis (568) Pregill (1982). Parasitology was considered by Dunn and Saxe b. One (rarely 2-3) enlarged postrnental scales present ...... fi (1950), Ayala (1975), andTelford (1975). Morphology was treated by ...... lar (570) Cope (1894 (189511, Barbour (1910, 19211, Grant (1940b, 19561, Hecht (1951, 1952), Underwood (1951, 1954a, 1954b), Hamilton Etymology. The name Aristelliger is a combination derived (1%0,1%4), Stephensonand Stephenson(19%), Stephenson(l%O), from the Greek an ("good" or 'excellent") and the Latin s&lh Holder (1%0), Solano (1964), Etheridge (1%5), Ruibal and Ernst ("star"), in apparent reference to the prominent pale centers of the (1%5), Ernstand Ruibal(19661, Miller (1%6), Werner (19691, Moffat scapular ocelli which are typical components of the color pattern of (19731, Rieppel (19761, Russell (1976, 1977, 1979, 19881, Wever members of this genus, including the type species, A. lar. (1978), Kluge (1982), Pregi11(1982), Russell and Bauer (1986), Sumida and Murphy (1987), Greene (19881, Bauer and Russell (1989,19921, Comer&The relationshipsof Aristelligertoothergekkonine and Bauer et al. (1989, 1992). Ecology was considered by Hassler geckos remain obscureand thedigital morphology is in some regards

Flgure. The two types of digital form in Aristelliga: On the left is a depiction of the ventral aspect ofthe right manus of A.prmgnis showing the small, asymmetrical adhesive plate adjacent tothe claw of digit I only (arrow). On the right isaventralviewofthe 1eftmanusofA.cocbmnae indicating the disposition of the asymmetrical plates on digits I, I1 and V (arrows). convergent with representatives of the diplodactylines, endemic to 57-68. the southwest Pacific (Underwood, 1954a; Russell, 1979). Dunn and Dunn, E.R. and L.H. Saxe,Jr. 1950. Results ofthe Catherwood-Chaplin Saxe (1950) suggested affiities of the genus with Pbylloperus, as did West Indies Expedition, 1948. Part V. Amphibians and reptiles Hecht (1952), whereas Kluge (in Duellman and Pianka, 1990) has of San Andres and Providencia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- suggested that the sister taxon of Aristelliger is African. phia 102:141-165. The genus Aristelligella, erected by Noble and Klingel(1932), Ernst, V. and R Ruibal. 1966. The structure and development of the has been used by some authors (e.g. Hecht, 1951) as a subgeneric digital lamellae of lizards. J. Morphol. 120:233-265. category for the small members of the genus with two or more Estes, R 1983. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie. Teil 10A, Sauria ter- asymmetrical terminal scansors (Fig. 1). Although AristeNigeka has restria, Amphisbaenia. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. not been used as such in the recent literature, some workers regard Etheridge, R. 1965. Fossil lizards from the Dominican Republic. it as valid at the generic level (R.I. Crombie, pers. comm.). Wermuth Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 28:83-105. (1965) regarded A, barboun' as the type species of Aristelligda by Garman, S. 1887. On the reptiles and batrachians of Grand Cayman. monotypy, but two species actually were assigned to this genus by Proc. Amer. Phi. Soc. 24273-277. Noble and Klingel(1932). Although not explicitlystated, the original Grant, C. 1931. A new species of AristeNiger from Navassa. J. Dept. generic description implicates ~.barboukas the type species: Agr. Porto Rico 4:399400. ?he homogeneity of external form and color within the genus -. 1940a. The herpetology of Jamaica 11. The reptiles. Bull. Inst. has resulted in several interpretations of species boundaries within Jamaica, Sci. Ser., (1):61-148. AristeNiger (see species accounts). Some confusion has resulted -. 1940b. Notes on the reptiles and amphibians of Jamaica, with from Hecht's (1952) idiosyncraticway of reporting lamellar (scansor) diagnoses of new species and subspecies, p. 151-157. In Ja- counts. He summed the total of lamellae for the right and left manus maica to-day. Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ltd., London. (or pes) by digit. Thus, the fourth digit count for the manus, for -. 1940~.The herpetology of the Cayman Islands. Bull. Inst. Ja- example, was given by adding the total of right and left lamellae. maica, Sci. Ser., (2):iv + 65 p. Subsequent authors have repeated Hecht's (1952) figures, but have -. 1956. Report on a collection of Hispaniolan reptiles. Herpeto- reported them as if they pertain to a single digit, thus resulting in a logica 12:85-90. greatly inflated number (e.g., Schwartz and Henderson, 1991). Greene, H.W. 1988.Antipredator mechanisms in reptiles, p. 1-152. In C. Gans and R.B. Huey (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 16, Ecology B. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York. allow ell, I?: 1856 (1857). ~oteson the reptiles in the collection ofthe Ayala, S.C. 1975. Malaria and hemogregarines from lizards of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philad'a. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. western Caribbean islands of San Andres and Providencia. Rev. ~hiladelphia8:221-238. 1st. Med. Trop. Sio Paulo 17:218-224. Hamilton, D.W. 1960. Observations on the morphology of the inner Barbour, T. 1910. Notes on the herpetology of Jamaica. Bull. Mus. ear in certain gekkonoid lizards. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 41:983- Comp. Zool. 52:273-301. 1024. -.1914. Contribution to the zoogeography of the West Indies, -1964. The inner ear of lizards I. Gross structure. J. Morphol. 115: with especial reference to amphibians and reptiles. Mem. Mus. 255-271. Comp. 2001. 44209-359. Hart, N.H. 1968.Formationof septa in the bulbus cordis of a turtle and -. 1921.41baet.odactyIur. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 47:217-278. a lizard. J. Morphol. 12.51-21. Bauer, A.M. and A.P. Russell. 1989. Supraorbital ossifications in geck- Hassler, W.G. 1930. Digging for lizard nests. Nat. Hist. 30:409-420. os (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Can. J. Zool.67:678684. Hecht, M.K. 1951. Fossil lizards of the West Indian genus AristeNiger -and -. 1992. The evolutionary significance of regional inte- (Gekkonidae). Amer. Mus. Nov. (1538):l-33. gumentary loss in island geckos: a complement to caudal auto- -. 1952. 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