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AUTHOR Johnson, Elmima, Ed.; Calbert, Roosevelt, Ed. TITLE GaLeway to Diversity in the Scientific and Technological Workforce. INSTITUTION National Science Foundation, Washington,DC. Directorate for Education and Human Resources. REPORT NO NSF-92-99 PUB DATE Sep 92 NOTE 97p. AVAILABLE FROMDivision of Human Resource Development,Directorate for Education and Human Resources, NationalScience Foundation, Room 1225, Washington, DC 20550. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTOLo Academic Achievement; Black Colleges; *Black Institutions; Career Awareness; Careers; Demonstration Centers; Demonstration Programs; *Diversity (Institutional); ElementarySecondary Education; Higher Education; Human Resources; *Minority Groups; *Research andDevelopment Centers; Researchers; *Research Projects; *ScienceCareers; Science Education IDENTIFIERS *National Science Foundation

ABSTRACT The Division of Human Resource Developmentof the National Science Foundation (NSF) hasthe responsibility for broadening the participation of minoritygroups underrepresented in science, engineering and mathematics. Thispublication highlights a selection of model projects fundedby the NSF to accomplish that mandate. The projects are presented inthree sections concerning:an NSF precollege focus,an undergraduate focus, and faculty development and research initiatives. Within thesesections 32 projects are presented from 5 minority targetedprograms:(1) Comprehensive Regional Centers for Minorities;(2) Alliances for Minority Participation; (3) Research Careers for MinorityScholars; (4) Research Improvement in Minority Institutions;and (5) Minority Research Centers of Excellence. Programdescriptions and goals, indivIdual project profiles,and summary statistical dataon programs are presented. Two appendices containa list of Education and Human Resource minority-targeted projects byprogram and a list of other NSF publications of interest.(MDH)

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U DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Mc* of Educational Research andImprovement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) difhls document has Peenreproduced as received from the person ororganilatiod originating it. mad, to improve 0 Minor changes have been rprOductiOn duality in this docu Points of view Or opmcme stated merit do not necessenlyrepresent official OERI posthon or policy Division of Human Resource Development Directorate for Education and Human Resources National Science Foundation Inquiries Questions not addressed in this publicationmay be directed to the HRD staff by writing to: Division of Human Resource Development Directorate for Education and Human Resources National Science Foundation Room 1225 Washington, DC 20550 (202) 357-7350; 7461

The National Science Foundation (NSF) provides awards for research and education in thesciences and engineering. The awardee is wholly responsible for the conduct of such research and projects and preparation of the results for publication. The Foundation, therefore, does notassume responsibility for such findings or their interpretation.

The Foundation welcomes proposals on behalf of all qualified scientists and engineers, and strongly encourages women, minorities, and persons with disabilities to compete fully inany of the research and research-related programs described in this document.

In accordance with Federal statutes and regulations and NSF policies,no person on the grounds of race, color, age, sex, national origin, or disability shall be excluded from participationin, denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination underany program or activity receiving financial assistance from the National Science Foundation.

Facilitation Awards for Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities provide funding forspecial assistance or equipment to enable persons with disabilities (investigators and other staff, including student research assistants) to work on an NSF project.See the program announcement (NSF Publication 91-54,rev. 91), or contact the program coordinator in the Directorate for Education and Human Resources. The telephone number is (202) 357- 7456. The Foundation has TDD (Telephonic Device for the Deaf) capability, which enables individualswith hearing impairment to communicate with the Division of Personnel and Management about NSFprograms, employment, or general information. The telephone number is (202) 357-7492.

Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the work of Dr. Elmima Johnson, Staff Associate, and Dr. RooseveltCalbert, Deputy Director in the Division of Human Resource Development, who servedas the editors of this publication. Writers included L. Voss, B. Sprungman, L. Davis, and Drs. Calbert and Johnson. We also wish to acknowledge the cooperation of the project directors whowere interviewed for this publication and to recognize the dedication and commitment of staff of the Directorate for Educationand Human Resources (EHR) and the staff in the individual projects, whoare collectively responsible for the success of NSF's targeted minority programs in the Division of Human Resource Development. Gateway to Diversity

in the

Scientific and Technological Workforce

Directorate for Education & Human Resources National Science Foundation September 1992

6 5 OW COPY AVAILARE Foreword Message from the Assistant Director

This publication is the result of several discussion sessions in the Directorate for Education and Human Resources (EHR) on strategies to highlight NSF activities focusing on minorities that are underrepresented in science and engineering. It is the successor to an earlier publication that combined all the existing minority- focused programs into one program announcement. Each of these documents illustrates the NSF's long-term strategy to increase the participation and achievement of minorities in science, engineering, and mathematics (SEM) through systemic and comprehensive approaches. To broaden the public's understanding that the increased participation of minorities in SEM and other disciplines is essential to the nation's welfare, and that many segments of the population are involved in this effort, this publication profiles model programs that encourage alliances and coalitions among the Federal, academic, industrial, and other private sectors. The material in this publication cli arly demonstrates the NSF's leadership in developing programs to train students and faculty at all educational levels. We are pleased about the enthusiasm of the project directors who agreed to be profiled and their realization that this documentis an important way to demonstrate accomplishments and accountability for these key NSF minority programs.

1-{rov. Sv Lut er S. Williams Assistant Director Education and Human Resources Tableof Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION 1 NSF PRECOLLEGE FOCUS 3 CAREER ACCESS OPPORTUNITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 7 COMPREHENSIVE REGIONAL CENTERS FOR MINORITIES 7 Clark Atlanta University 10 Loyola University of Chicago 11 Maricopa County Community College District 13 Montana State University 15 Morgan State University 16 Philadelphia PATHS/PRISM 18 University of Texas at El Paso 20 PARTNERSHIPS FOR MINORITY STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT 22 SUMMER SCIENCE CAMPS 2".

UNDERGRADUATE FOCUS 23 ALLIANCES FOR MINORITY PARTICIPATION 25 Arizona State University 27 Jackson State University 28 University of California, Irvine 29 RESEARCH CAREERS FOR MINORITY SCHOLARS 33 Texas A&M University 34 University of Maryland, Baltimore County 35

FACULTY DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH INITIATIVES 39 RESEARCH IMPROVEMENT IN MINORITY INSTITUTIONS 41 Clark Atlanta University 43 City College of New York 43 Hampton University 45 New Mexico State University 46 North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University 48 St. Mary's University 49 Tuskegee University 50 University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras and Mayaguez 52 University of Texas at El Paso 53 Wayne State University 54 MINORITY RESEARCH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE 59 Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University 62 City College of New York 63 Clark Atlanta University 64 Hampton University 66 Howard University 67 Meharry Medical College 69 University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez 70 University of Texas at El Paso 72

APPENDICES A - List of EHR Minority-Targeted Projects by Program 75 B - List of Other NSF Publications of Interest 85 ExecutiveSummary

The National Science Foundation's (NSF) sources of the scientific and technical community as Division of Human Resource Development a whole. Objectives of the programs profiled in this (HRD), withintheDirectoratefor publication are as follows: Education and Human Resources, has To increase opportunities for participation in primary responsibility for broadening participation the nation's scientific and technical enterprise of minority groups underrepresented in science, for investigators who are minorities; young engineering, and mathematics (SEM). The NSF persons who are minorities; and faculty from minority programs reflect the Foundation's growing predominantly undergraduate colleges and commitment to develop the resources of the universities; scientific and technological community as a whole To strengthen the capabilities of institutions and to ensure an adequately trained research and that have significant minority enrollments; and development workforce in the next decade. To foster comprehensive approaches and build The Education and Human Resources Directorate effectivecoalitionsthataddressthe has five major long-range goals. development of scientific and engineering To help ensure that a high-quality school talent, drawing from underrepresented education in science is available to every child minority groups on a nationwide basis. in the United States and is of sufficient auality NSF's goals are to increase the number of to enable those who are interested and minorities underreprmnted in NSF-supported fields talented to pursue technical careers at all receiving B.S. degrees to more than 50,000 annually levels; by the year 2000 and to increase the minority Ph.D. To help ensure that the educational pipelines attainment to more than 2,000 annually by the same carrying students to careers in science, year. mathematics, and engineering yield enough Minorities that are underrepresented in science well-educated individuals to meet the needs of and engineering are: Blacks, Hispanics, American the U.S. technicai workforce; Indians, Native Alaskans, and Native Pacific To help ensure that those who select science Islanders (Micronesian and Polynesian). and engineering careers have available the best This publication highlights a selection of model possible professional education in their projects among numerous such projects funded by discipline; the NSF Directorate for Education and Human To help ensure that opportunities are available Resources in five minority targeted programs: at the college level for interested nonspecialists Comprehensive Regional Centers for Minorities to broaden their scientific backgrounds; and (CRCM); Alliances for Minority Participation (AMP); To support informal science education Research Careers for Minority Schoiars (RCMS); Research Improvement in Minority Institutions programs and to maintain public interest in, (RIMI); and Minority Research Centers of Excellence and awareness of, scientific and technological (MRCE). developments. Program descriptions and goals, individual project The Division of Human Resource Development profiles, and summary statistical data on programs is one of the six divisions of the Education and are presented in the following pages. Human Resources Directorate. HRD activities reflect NSF's commitment to developing the re- Introduction

The historical roots of mathematics and of today's studentsis valuable in meeting science can be traced to Africa and Egypt, tomorrow's scientific and technological challenges. then tothe great explorers of the In the 1980s, in response to a growing concern Mediterranean of Hispanic ancestry and to that the United States was no longer providing its the courageous people who found a way to cross the children with the intellectual tools needed for the land bridge from Asia to North America. Thus, 21st centuryparticularly in mathematics and the mathematics and science are a part of the heritage of sciencesthe National Science Foundation (NSF) today's minority students who are underrepresented developed a new generation of education and human in science, engineering, and mathematics. resources programs. Mathematics, physics, and engineering were the The aggressive actions of NSF in establishing tools that the ancient Egyptians utilized in building these minority education programs have set a high the great pyramids and their magnificent seafaring standard. The programs are successful models for ships. Even chemistrythe effects of salt water on national educatioa reform. Other agencies have their wooden shipsand the biology of barnacles begun replicating these programs. NSF's minority were subjects their scientists and engineers had to programs will have a ripple effect over the next ten master. years as the nation pursues excellence in education. The precursors of today's meteorologists were The NSF minority programs also offer a model consultants to yesterday's explorers. Navigators that private companies are interested in supporting. were employed to chart courses around hidden atolls In search of successful models, industry is aware of and "sea monsters." Today our technologylike our how these programs encourage initiative and array of communications and remote sensing excellence. The concept has been successful in satellitesassistsus,but the necessity of attracting minorities into scienc.. NSF-funded understanding and best utilizing these assets rests on research programs serve as a beacon to students who scientists and engineers of all ages. The participation are interested in careers in the sciences. -.as., .... : 4 1:11k7v,

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1 3BEST COPY AVAILABLE CareerAccess Opportunities in Science and Technology

The National Science Foundation's Career experience of minority students in science and Access Opportunities in Science and mathematics.The goal of the CRCMs is to Technology (CAREER ACCESS) program stimulate systemic improvement in precollege supports Comprehensive Regional Centers education in regions with significant minority for Minorities (CRCM), Partnerships for Minority population in a way that results in an increase in the Student Achievement (PMSA), and Summer Science number of minority high school students with strong Camps (SSC). CAREER ACCESS enhances the interest, confidence, and skills to pursue further kindergarten through 12th grade science and study in science, engineering, and mathematics. mathematics preparation of underrepresented These large-scale projects are supported at a level students in an effort to increase the number of of up to $1 million per year for up to five years. students prepared to enroll and succeed as science, Each CRCM establishes measurable objectives on engineering, and mathematics (SEM) majors in which its progress is evaluated annually. The centers college.The objective of the program is to improve are in the process of setting up databases in concert the education of underrepresented minorities at the with NSF's Division of Research, Evaluation and precollege level by strengthening student science, Dissemination (DRED) that will provide the base for mathematics, and technology literacy through evaluation. The Centers are also judged on the curriculum reform, teacher enhancement, student awardee's ability to manage the CRCM in a manner enrichment, and other activities. that maximizes achievement of the program goals. In fiscal year (FY) 1991, the restructuring of the The database measures the success of a project by CAREER ACCESS program had four major the number of program participants; the attitudinal, accomplishments: First, all existing projects were motivational, and academic enhancement that the examined and funding for weaker projects was programs provide; and the number of participants terminated.Second, new and more demanding who complete educational programs leading to standards of performance were set for project careers in science and technology. awardees and for the program.Third, the The Division of Human Resource Development programwhich initially provided activities for (HRD) has created a set of activities and projects that kindergarten through undergraduate studentswas have an excellent chance of meeting the objectives of restructured to focus exclusively at the precollege the program, which are described below. level to increase the number of minority students SaturdayScienceandMathematics who are adequately prepared and motivated to Academies. This 10-week program activity was pursue SEM majors in college.The fourth first offered at Clark Atlanta University in 1978 and achievement provided two new initiatives in FY because of its success was included in the CRCM 1992: PartnershipsforMinority Student program plan.The Saturday Academies are Achievement, to encourage school districts to take academic enrichment programs providing instruction the lead in regional changes in education; and in hands-on laboratory science, mathematics, Summer Science Camps, to provide a mechanism to computer applications, and communications skills increase summer enrichment opportunities for for third through eighth grade students. The courses middle school students nationwide. are taught by college professors and high school teachers and are designed to stimulate interest in Comprehensive Regional Centers for SEM careers. Minorities Several Saturday Academies offer students an opportunity to write articles, as well as poetry, on The Comprehensive Regional Centers for topics related to science and mathematics and their Minorities Program supports the establishment of lives. Their creative works are published in a coalitions of colleges, universities, school districts, newsletter that provides recognition to the students business, industry, and other organizations that are and to the CRCM project. designed to substantively improve the precollege

7 Summer Institutes for Junior High School engineering pipeline.They ensure that all Students. This activity provides instruction in participants possess the prerequisite skills necessary laboratory science, mathemaucs, computer to ensure a successful freshman year.Throughout applications, communications skills, and weekly the year, special lectures, seminars, and activities are career seminars in which scientistsand engineers conducted to support the goal. talk to students about their careers. Undergraduate Instructional Improvements and Curriculum and graduate students serve as tutors and counselors Revisions utilize K-12 teacher workshops, material in the program, and help participants explore SEM development activities, regional conferences, internships, and careers. summer teacher enhancement SummerScience,Engineering,and curriculum reviews. Mathematics Institutes. This is a six-week high Industry-based mentor programs, after-school school summer residential program activity to programs, career days, sciencefairs, and science enhance skills in math, computer science, laboratory clubs are also among the projects and activities that science, and communications. Students also receive have been effective in meeting CRCM goals. opportunities to attend local seminars to hear Figure 1 illustrates CRCM program student presentations given by scientists and engineers and participants by grade level for academic year to participate in field trips. 1991-1992. During this period there were Pre-Freshman Bridge Programs. These special more than 3,400 participantsin grades K intervention programs, consisting of six weeks, eight through 6, approximately 4,400 students in hours per day of intense work on chemistry, grades 7 through 9, and more than 4,700 mathematics, physics, and computer science, are participants in grades 10 through 12.Figure 2 designed to increase the retention rate of minority shows the geographic distribution of the 12 CRCM students in the undergraduate science and Centers and 2 prototypes.

Figure 1:Comprehensive Regional Centers for Minorities

Student Participants* Academic Year 1990-1991

# of Students

K-6 7-8 9-12

* Data From 8 CRCMs

8 I0 Figure 2:Comprehensive Regional Centers for Minorities in Science and Engineering

Puerto Rico

HAWAII AExisting Centers

Virgin Islands Prototypes

Comprehensive Regional Centers for Minorities (CRCM) FY 4991 Twelve Existing Centers 1. California State University at Los Angeles 2. Clark Atlanta University 3. Florida A&M University 4. Loyola University of Chicago 5. Maricopa County Community College District 6, Minorities in Science and Engineering Center at Cincinnati 7. Montana State University 8. PATHS/PRISM at Philadelphia 9. University of Missouri in St. Louis 10. University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras 11. University of Texas at San Antonio 12. University of Texas at El Paso

Two Prototypes 1. Morgan State University 2. New Mexico Highlands University

9 Clark Atlanta University Additional Center projects that are not typical of SEM programs include an improvisational theater The Atlanta University Centerin cooperation workshop called "Scenes from Science."Students with the Georgia Institute of Technology and also create murals related to science topics. Georgia State Universitywas awarded a five-year This project offers programs for teachers NSF grant to establish the Atlanta Comprehensive including the seminars and workshops on Regional Center for Minorities (ACRCM) in Science Curriculum Review and Revision. A mathematics and Technology in the fall of 1988. The ACRCM is workshop was provided for middle school teachers composed of Clark Atlanta University, Morehouse along with two science workshops for elementary College, Morris Brown College, and Spelman and middle school teachers. The Center's 'Cheap Collegeall Historically Black Colleges and Science" workshoputilizing discarded household Universities (HBCU)and is reaching out to the itemsmay lead to a workbook on inexpensive local and regional community with their scientific materials and hands-on exercises to use in resources and expertise. elementary school science classrooms. Thirty Dr. Melvin R. Webb, a professor of biology as teachers were involved in the CRCM's teacher well as Dean of the College of Education at Clark inservice programs in 1992. Atlanta University, is the principal investigator of the A further development of this program was the Center. Dr. Webb is assisted with program planning incorporation of the Saturday Science Academy and implementation by six other project directors, concept into the Atlanta public schools.Also, as a one from each of the participating institutions. result of the project's work with the science and Eleven Clark Atlanta University faculty members mathematics coordinators in the Atlanta Public contribute to the programs, along with 40 student School System, all students are now required to take staff members who provide tutoring and mentoring. algebra. The Center Ir.s two primary objectives: the The Center plans to develop informal education implementation ofprecollege and informal activities with science-related facilities that include education accivities for students, and the revision the Atlanta Botanical Gardens, SCITREK, ZOO and update of science, engineering, and mathematics Atlanta, and the Fembank Science Center. Another (SEM) and career information available to secondary project under way is a Junior Museum/Science and school teachers, counselors, and community Mathematics Tutorial Center, which is funded by members. Major activities under each of these other Federal and local sources. The Center will be components are described as follows: located in one of the oldest housing project in The precollege component consists of Saturday America, which is adjacent to Clark Atlanta Science Academies; the Summer Institute for Junior University. High School Students;Pre-Freshman Bridge The project has also established the Office of Programs; and the Summer Science, Engineering, and Science and Technology Careers to promote the Mathematics Institute.In 1992, 480 precollege pursuit of careers in science and technology at the minority students participated in these CRCM precollege, undergraduate, and graduate levels. The activities. officehasmaterialsandinformationon An innovative element of the Summer Science, opportunities for summer internships, research and Engineering, and Mathematics Institute is the academic enrichment experiences, and graduate student-produced newspaper,Expressions.It not only fellowships and assistantships. Future plans include promotes their programs and recognizes their adding audiovisual equipment and computers to the sponsors, but most importantly it provides students office to enable students to examine recruitment with an avenue for voicing their concerns. materials available on video tapes and computer Dr. Webb explained the importance of students disks. having an outlet for crea,.tive expression to enable Dr. Webb attributes the success of the Atlanta them to manage the pressures of high school life: CRCM in part to three activities.First, there is a 'Students have the opportunity to see thems(es as monthly directors' meeting to develop and review scientists and engineers through the publication.In program plans. Directors also submit written reports addition to articles on Center programs, students twice a year to Dr. Webb that highlight and justify write about their concernsfrom environmental any deviations from the original plans. problems to alcohol and drug abuse. One section is Next, an executive committee composed of senior devoted to students' poetry and prose." administrators from the cooperating institutions and

10 1 7 the Atlanta public schools monitors the progress of funding from a variety of sources for at least a the CRCM. This committee evaluates schedules, decade, he believes the CRCM programs could resources, and the technical statusof selected achieve systemic change in our schools nationwide. milestones for each aspect of the program. Finally,the CRCM's National Advisory Loyola University of Chicago Committee, composed of industry and government Chicago's Comprehensive Regional Center for representatives, reviews program activities, writes Minorities program, known also as the Access 2000 critiques and reports, and recommends changes to Chicago Partnership, is a collaborative effort among improve the program. area universities, publicschools, government A computerized database has been created that agencies, and local organizationsboth private and tracks the long-term impact of the program on each nonprofit. student participant. The ACRCM measures its Access 2000 is a vehicle for dialogue and success by the number of programparticipants; the cooperation among the partners as they work attitudinal, motivational, and academic enhancement toward their goal of increasing the participation of that the programs provide; and the number of underrepresented minorities in SEM professions. participants who complete educational programs Their main objective is to quadruple the number of leading to SEM careers. African-American and Hispanic students completing NSF funding has assisted the CRCM in acquiring SEM baccalaureate degrees in Chicago between 1990 support from other sources including theOffice of and 2000. Naval Research Historically Black Colleges and To reach its goal, Access 2000 intends to help Universities (HBCU) Initiative in the Mathmatical increase from 250 to 1,000 the number of and Physical Sciences, the Howard Hughes Medical underrepresented minority students who receive Institute Undergraduate Initiatives in the Biomedical SEM baccalaureates in Chicago by the year 2000. Sciences program, and the IBM Computer The program is well on its way to meeting that goal. Laboratory Demonstration Center for Pre-Service In 1991, 1,490 students were involved in 19 full-time and Inservice Teacher Training. out-of-school SEM activities.It is projected that in Dr. Webb's work has resulted in increasing the 1992, 1,645 students will have participated in 25 close cooperation among the Center's partners and SEM activities. the community. Through the CRCM's Resource Spearheading the Chicago effort are dedicated co- Center for Science and Engineering, Clark Atlanta principal investigators Dr. Eric Hamilton and Dr. University is sharing its scientific resourcesboth Dorothy Strong. In addition to directing the CRCM human and materialwith the local community and at Loyola University of Chicago, the host institution, One program will produce and the region. Dr. Hamilton of Loyola's Mathematical Sciences disseminate minority-centered science recruitment Department is also a computer expert. Dr. Strong is materials to parents and provide a series of high Director of Mathematics for the Chicago Public school counselor awareness workshops. In 1992, the Schools. Parents' Orientation Programs attracted 350 According to Dr. Hamilton, the Chicago CRCM is participants. successful in encouraging partnerships because staff The CRCM programs have been, and continue to members are more than willing to share the be, a highlight of Dr. Webb's career. "Directing this recognition for the program's accomplishments. Center has given me an opportunity to work on They offer to potential partners more than they ask programs of national significanceand with of them. They also offer administrative and program exceedingly talented and dedicated people. leadership to leverage the work of each partner and "The Center's programs change the attitudes of to best utilize available resources. Each partner students towards science and mathematics by receives credit and is a winner in the process. exposing them to intellectually honest activities in Access 2000 currently offers 39 different SEM science, mathematics, computer science, and creative programs and activities to enrich the educationof expression. The students learn that they can students and teachers. The programs include Club participate in, and contribute to, science and PreMed, Holistic Tutoring Center, Chemistry Camp, mathematicsand they can succeed if they so Saturday Academy, AAAS Science Day, JETS Design choose." Dr. Webb stresses, "There is no secret to it, Competition, Loyola/Aspira PREP, Problem-Based It just takes a it doesn't require a particular talent. Learning, and Math/Science Centers, as well as willingness to work at it." With a commitment of

11 science fairs, teacher workshops, and inservice violence, and school failure, using an often training. underutilized vital resource in the community. Four of the activitiesthe algebra activities, Several Chicago churches serve as sites for after- Argonne's Chicago Science Explorers, the Young school tutorials, summer schools, computer classes, Scholars Program, and the Black Churches' and science activities.This collaborative effort Projectare described below. reached over 600 students in 1991 at a cost of Thanks to Dr. Dorothy Strong, who lends $140,000 to the Chicago CRCM. assistance to the Chicago CRCM at no cost, a critical Beyond the creative educational programs, the program was instituted that increases awarens of project has introduced an innovative administrative the role of algebra as the "pump" for minority function that serves to increase minority students in students to proceed in SEM careers.In cooperation the SEM pipeline.It is called the Chicago Area with the Chicago Algebra Project and the Parent Science Program Application Resource (CASPAR). Community Council, Dr. Strong has arranged Initiated in March 1992, CASPAR represents a training for Chicago public school teachers using the systematic, unified effort to encourage children to Bob Moses Algebra Model and the Chicago Algebra participate in summer science programs. Framework. Reaching nearly 2,500 students and CASPAR consists lf a document that details all 1,100 teachers, the Algebra Project received $51,000 the summer science programs in the Chicago area, a of the $1'90,000 CRCM funds in 1991. Additionally, summary chart, and an application form.Students CRCM funds supported a combined teacher training are encouraged to apply directly to programs of and algebra instruction activity during the summer interest and may use the CASPAR application to of 1992 for 30 teachers who worked with 50 apply to Access 2000 for admission to one or more students as part of their training. of the programs. Access 2000 then forwards the Access 2000 also cooperated with the National applications to the appropriate institutions. Thus, Society of Hispanic MBA's to cosponsor an algebra the Chicago CRCM has become an application program for 7th- and 8th-grade students.Finally, clearinghouse for SEM activities. Access 2000 hosted an 'Access to Algebra" national Additionally, the CRCM acts as a recruitment meeting that brought together other CRCM service, a function once handled individually by each personnel and directors of mathematics departments CRCM partner. Not only does CASPAR serve as a from six major cities. tool to raise the visibiiity and viability of summer Argonne's Chicago Science Explorers program science programs, it helps the Center in the reaches over 22,000 minority children each year at a allocation of funds to programs that best serve cost of approximately one million dollars, with a students. core grant made by the Department of Energy, In response to the NSF charge to nurture, supplemented by the Chicago CRCM. In addition to encourage, motivate, and challenge minority student enrichment, the program offers teacher youngsters to pursue SEM careers, Access 2000 has training in science.It provides teaching and reading produced evaluation instruments to measure success materials to accompany videotapes produced by a in achieving the goal. In February 1991, Access 2000 Chicago public broadcasting service.Teachers may began the development ofsix attitudinal sign up for the program, receive the curriculum, and instruments in English and Spanish for 1st- through show the videotapes. The Argonne National 12th-grade students. These instruments were Laboratory, which helps develop some of the indexed to 15 variables that assess the degree to videotapes, also has its scientists speak in classrooms which participating students have been "nurtured, and invites teachers and students to the laboratory. encouraged, motivated and challenged.' The The Loyola Young Scholars Program offers instruments reflect the success of each program and activities in mathematics and computer science for detect student attitudinal changes over one or 35 students at a cost of $80,000. The learning several years when given as pre- and post-measures. environment is stimulating and challenging.This Project investigators from other CRCMs have project is responsible for nearly doubling statewide requested copies of the instruments for use in their participation in the upper level AP Computer Science programs. Examination by underrepresented minorities. In addition to the attitudinal surveys, Access 2000 The Center's involvement in the Chicago Urban tracks students served in out-of-school programs. League's Black Churches' Project is an effort to About 2000 students are part of this database, which support children in neighborhoods beset by poverty, is now six months old.

12 1 1j The Chicago CRCM staff works closely with the That is the conviction of Dr. Alfredo G. de los community. They send CASPAR applications to Santos,Jr.,Vice Chancellor of Educational parent community councils, and one of their Holistic Development, Maricopa Community Colleges; Dr. Tutoring Centers is located in a local church. Kathleen K. Church, Vice Provost and Senior Vice Dr. Hamilton also receives strong support from President of Academic Programs, Arizona State his university. He is on indefinite, leave from his University, both CRCM co-principal investigators; department at Loyola University Chicago to work and Dr. Ernesto Ramirez, Jr., Director of the for the project. The university also contributes Maricopa County Community Colleges' CRCM. It is administrative support services to the program. coupled with their determination to double over a For Dr. Hamilton, who is particularly interested in five-year period the number of Hispanic, African computer consulting and research, the position with American, and American Indian students in the Access 2000 is an opportunity to use his skills in a Phoenix area proficient in science and engineering unique way. He enjoys the interesting work and the skills. challenge of bringing so many people together to 'Our kids,' as Dr. Ramirez calls them, are the make positive contributions to the SEM education of 2,382 minority student participants (K-12) eager to minority students. explore the world of science, and to gain access to Although Access 2000 does not keep track of all undergraduate college classes that will prepare them the publicity it receives, many articles have been for SEM careers. Minority student enrollment in written about the Center's activities."Argonne's CRCM programs is approximately 76 percent Chicago Science Explorers program has had a ton of Hispanic, 10 percent African American, and 8 articles written in local and national publications,' percent American Indian. says Hamilton. More than 15 articles have been From all indications, the program seems well on written on the university's Young Scholars' project, the way to achieving Dr. Ramirez's goal of unlimited and the CRCM itself has been featured in several options.After little more than a year, results are articles.The Black Churches' Project was encouraging: a 26 percent increase in the number of highlighted in a two-page article in the New York high school graduates proficient to pursue studies in Times. SEM, an increase of 19 percent and 11 percent, Despite the many successes of Access 2000, Dr. respectively, in the number of 8th- and 9th-grade Hamilton has some concerns. Many students are students enrolled in algebra I, and a 12 percent turned away annually for certain programs that increase in the number of high school graduates receive five times more applicants than available attending college. positions, while other programs must search for The Maricopa County CRCM has achieved these students. The system is currently operating at remarkable results through a systematic approach to capacity, and additional funding alone would not be the problem of underachievement of minority sufficient.Institutional resources would have to be students. Their approach targets the entire student expanded and more staff trained. environment: parents, teachers, and the community, Concerning systemic change on a national level, as well as the students themselves. Dr. Hamilton suggested that NSF programs focus on Indeed, the Maricopa County CRCM has algebra. 'Algebra instruction is probably the most identified parents as crucial in supporting and systemically oriented, single strategy of this CRCM. reinforcing the schools' attempts to improve It should be a national priority." minority performance. They have used various Dr. Hamilton explained, "The national CRCM model programs in their endeavor to develop the effort is an important program.It has a very noble Families Achieving Mathematics Excellence manual mission. We make the difference for a lot of and the short training program to facilitate its use by students; that is what it is all about!" teachers. "When children sit down with parents in the Families Achieving Science Excellence (FASE) and Maricopa County Community College our other family math programs, a new and District synergistic relationship is created between that parent and child," explained Dr. de los Santos, who In Arizona's Maricopa County, thanks to the also serves as the principal investigator for the Comprehensive Regional Center for Minorities, the CRCM project. options for students to pursue studies in science, Just as important are the teachers providing this engineering, and mathematics will not be limited. education for the world of tomorrow, some 268 of

13 2 t) whom have been involved through the progran keep track of each student in the system. "Students Thanks to the spillover effects of improving teacher are tracked from their first day to their last," said Dr. skills, the educational experience for approximately de los Santos, 'wherever they might move within 8,889 students has been enhanced. No grade level the state.Tracking is just one component of our has been neglected; there are hands-on mathematics efforts to achieve the objectives we have set for training for teachers of grades 4-6, hands-on science ourselves. This is the goal we are continually striving training provided for teachers from kindergarten for." through the 8th grade, and a variety of teacher Both Dr. de los Santos and Dr. Ramirez stress the training components available at the high school hard work and collaboration that have made the level. Maricopa County Community College CRCM a The program also provides a summer school reality. The plan to apply for the grant was born in physics urse that does not require calculus and one the "Think Tank," an educational consortium that in life sciences to instruct teachers.Finally, for began in Phoenix in 1988 to address issues of teachers who have completed the training program, students at risk of dropping out of high school. an onsite follow-up service has been added to ensure The grant brings together 11 institutions in the the availability of expert scientific information. Maricopa County Community College District, in Advice is also available to teachers developing lesson cooperation with Arizona State University and 17 plans. public school districts in Maricopa County. Dr. de The heart of the program clearly lies with the los Santos is quick to credit the success of the students and the direct services they receive through program, in part, to the relationships formed at the the program. "We follow our students closely," said time of the grant preparation. 'The quality of the Dr. de los Santos. relationship, at both a professional and personal By the 6th grade, students have mastered basic level; between the Maricopa Community College arithmetic concepts. During 7th and 8th grades, they District and Arizona State is second to none," he strengthen those skills, and algebraic concepts are said."The same is true of our relationships with introduced. By 9th grade, they will be ready to school superintendents and school principals." pursue freshman algebra, and by the time they Another crucial set of ties has been formed with graduate from high school, ideally, they are ready to industry. "We prepare many mid-level managers for enroll in calculus. Students have the opportunity to Maricopa County businesses. We included major participate in the Algebra Club (grades 6-8), which industry players with backgrounds in SEM in our gives youngsters a taste of the joys of mathematics. deliberations on the proposal, and the grant proposal Comparable strides are being made in other contained letters of support from 30 different curriculum areas, with the enhancement of skills in industries, including Motorola, Intel, and the Salt the life and physical sciences through summer River Project," Dr. de los Santos added. training programs for teachers. From proposal to reality, the program has NSF funds are being used not only to strengthen generated enormous enthusiasm at all educational and reinforce the curriculum, but to provide bilingual levels. 'Our elementary, junior high, and high school materials, after-school tutoring, and precollege teachers have shown great enthusiasm, and they are motivational experiences. The program also spreading the word to their colleagues,' said Dr. sponsors five summer science and math camps Ramirez."Moreover, there is a high level of throughout the metropolitan Phoenix area, featuring enthusiasm among our own faculty, who are hands-on experiments in botany, astronomy, physics, involved in teacher training. And finally, there is the chemistry, and environmental science using real-life enthusiasm of the children, and our college students applications. who work with them as tutors. They are so The summer camps focus on providing hands-on enthusiastic, it's contagious!" experience.For example, in the summer of 1992, With such community response, it is easy to student teams designed and built models of energy- understand Dr. Ramirez's optimism about "our kids." efficient homes from plywood, then 'landscaped" In an atmosphere where analytic learning is those homes with replicas of native plants, forming encouraged and horizons pushed back as far as one natural habitats attractive to local wildlife. can see on a desert landscape, it is possible to believe To verify the key role of direct services to with him that, contrary to previous generations, "our students in the Center's program, the Maricopa kids" options will not be limited. CRCM has developed a relational database system to

14 21 Montana State University end of the five-year ASSIST program.In addition, the number of American Indian students in Montana In 1991, the Alliance of States Supporting Indians completing high school will increase from 542 in in Science and Technology (ASSIST) received a five- 1991 to 677 in 1996.For baccalaureate degrees in year NSF grant to establish a CRCM project to meet science, mathematics, and engineering, the Center's the special needs of American Indians in the goal is an increase from 45 to 81 in the same time Northwest region. Because of the serious health span. concernshigh rates of diabetes, hypertension, and ASSIST programs focus primarily on precollege alcoholismfaced by American Indians, the CRCM students and teachers and on significant interaction works to recruit, retain, and graduate American with the tribal community colleges. Two goals of Indian students in the sciences, including biomedical the programs are to demystify science and to science/health-related fields and to enhance teacher- impiove the transition between education levels, training techniques. The ASSIST CRCM has a while tracking student progress. A few notable unique advantage in reaching this population ASSIST programs are described below. because it works in concert with 18 of the 24 tribal Adopt-A-School.In this program, tribal community colleges located in Montana, Wyoming, community colleges agree to adopt schools in grades North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Idaho, K-12 and help the schools plan science fairs, career Oregon, and Washington. days, science academies, or other science-based The rural isolation of American Indian schools in activities. The program increases communications the Northwest is prominent and poses problems for between tribal community college instructors, teachers and students. In Montana alone, there are undergraduate students, precollege teachers, young over 100 one-room schools. Recruiting and retaining students, school district administrators, and teachers with science and mathematics knowledge community members. are especially difficult tasks. Keeping teachers Science-By-Mail. In this program, more than 30 abreast of new teaching methods and current on American Indian scientists and tribal college many subjects is also a problem. instructors in the region became pen pals to students To prepare American Indian children for the in grades 4-9. The Museum of the Rockies at world of the future and to increase the number who Montana State University, which offers the service, enter science and engineering careers requires also provides students with challenging science teachers who can motivate students to enter these project kits and sponsors the Science-By-Mail Day fields.For students, the problem is also serious. for students and teachers who seek stimulating Half of the American Indian students do not science experiences. This is one of the CRCM's complete high school, because of boredom, personal most successful programs because it fuels interest in problems, family needs, or an unwillingness to travel the sciences particularly, among 4th- through 6th- long distances each day to obtain an education. grade students.Studies by the Alliance indicate a Making systemic changes under these difficult major leak in the science and mathematics pipeline conditions is the goal of Dr. Patrick Weasel Head and beginning in the 8th grade; therefore, a program that Dr. David Young, co-principal investigators of the focuses on students before they reach that grade CRCM at Montana State University, the leading level is considered crucial to gain and retain students institution in the Alliance. The American Indian in the pipeline. Research Opportunities (AIRO) Program, which Saturday Science Academy. This program is houses ASSIST, has been actively working with designed to sustain the interest sparked by the tribal community colleges since 1982 to reverse the summer science classes.Fourth through sixth poor conditions of the 300,000 American Indians graders study under student role models from tribal living on reservations.Currently, ASSIST has over community colleges and aid guest instructors who 50 programs that support teachers and encourage teach science lessons. The program goes further students to enter the science and mathematics than most enrichment programs of this kind because pipeline. it emphasizes that science has always been a part of In 1991, there were 10,868 American Indian the Indian culture, except that such scientists are students enrolled in Montana schools in grades K-8. called by different names. For example, a field trip Dr. Weasel Head projects that at least 5,500 (50 to study plants might include an ecologist and a percent) of these students will be taking some type tribal herbalist, both of whom explain the value of of college preparatory program in grades 9-12 by the plants for food and medicine.

15 Involving Students in the Process of Science. directors. ASSIST may also explore cooperative This program creates opportunities for students to efforts with the Spokane Star Schools, a program utilize personal computers to design experiments, that provides about 200 rural schools with acquire experimental data, and organize and analyze telecommunication dishes to establish down-link the data during an inservice teacher training capability. workshop.It is aimed at junior and senior high ASSIST is making a special effort to involve school students in science, biology, chemistry, earth parents in their children's edueation. They believe science, and physics classes.Each of 12 teachers the school districts, the community, and the parents from reservations brings a student to an inservice must be involved in a holistic approach to education. science workshop held at a tribal community college. Dr. Young commented, "Parents need to be The students benefit by working as peers with their empowered to say, Why are we not graduating more instructors and scientists and serve as laboratory math and science individuals?If you look at the assistants upon returning to their schools. As part of population in the tribal colleges, you will find that the program, each participating school receives a more parents are enrolling. Many are single parents. personal computer and a data acquisition system. They are developing a strong appreciation for Using Computers to Teach. This precollege education." preparation program in chemistry allows students to A unique parental program exists at one of the conduct chemistry experiments utilizing a computer. colleges.Middle school female students are invited The program could have national ,implications for to the college and are asked to bring their fathers or courses taught by computer, especially in rural areas. uncles for a weekend of science and mathematics After one year of operation, Center staff point to tutoring activities on computers. At other sessions, three positive results.First, the co-principal male students are invited with their mothers or aunts investigators found a need to clarify where the leaks to science and mathematics activities. The college occurred in the American Indian science and then follows up by providing students and their mathematics pipeline. The response has been to parents with information to help with science and develop a comprehensive tracking system to collect mathematics activities at home. and monitor information on students. Dr. Weasel Head and Dr. Young are dedicated to Second, the co-principal investigators have helping American Indian youth rise above the observed increased interaction between area K-12 hardships of the past and present. Perhaps some of schools and tribally controlled community colleges. the Native American students in the program today The schools are talking to the tribal colleges, will be the lead scientists and engineers of tomorrow something they did not do before.Dr. Young who find cures for diseases as their ancestral believes the new dialogue will lead to more students medicine men did in the past. applying to tribal community colleges. Even parents are choosing to attend college. Morgan State University Third, the Alliance is finding that participation and support from other Federal programs are In 1990, Morgan State University (MSU) received increasing, and that requestsfor ASSIST's a three-year $490,000 NSF grant to establish a involvement in other mathematics and science prototype CRCM in the Baltimore metropolitan area. initiatives are becoming common. Participating institutions and schools included Dr. Weasel Head and Dr. Young continue their Morgan State University, Towson State University, efforts to encourage people to work together in the Bowie State University, Prince George's Community network. They are actively supporting tele- College, Baltimore City Public Schools, and Prince conferencing, an alternative approach for reaching George's County Public Schools. Today, this rur.: schools. Montana State University wants to prototype CRCM continues to link participants with link the tribal community colleges, the high schools, each other and with local businesses, government and major four-year science institutions with each agencies, and clubs to increase the number of other, so they can offer science enrichment activities. minorities in the science and mathematics education Such an effort is well timed because the tribal pipeline. community colleges are involved in a pilot project to Dr. Eugene DeLoatch, Dean of the MSU School of study the benefits of linking all 24 tribal institutions. Engineering and principal investigator for Morgan Because of rising travel costs, teleconferencing also State's CRCM, divides the precollege program into could facilitate discussions among ASSIST project three categories: academic preparation, teacher enhancement, and informal education.

16 2.) The academic preparation category includes satellites to Earth. Most teachers find learning bout classroom activities for students and projects such as computers, data reception, and computer maping the Bridge Programs, the Saturday Science fascinating. They understand the rapid pace of Academies, and the Summer Mathematics and technology and scientific knowledge and realize Science Institutes. their responsibility in teaching for the future. The second category focuses on teacher During the summer of 1992, a CRCM workshop enhancement with in-service training sessions and sparked teachers' interest in the use of weather Saturday Teacher Workshops. satellite data in the classroom. Images of the day's Third, the informal education category includes cloud patterns were downlinked by a satellite dish at community outreach, with Family Mathematics, Morgan State University and then transmitted to the Science Nights for Adults, Career Awareness, and teachers' computers. Teachers learned how to Mentoring programs. Equally important are the interpret the data and design activities for students. science and mathematics activities sponsored by The workshop was sponsored by the National Mathematics, Engineering and Science Achievement Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) (MESA) and Academic Champions of Excellence Johns Hopkins University Space Grant Consortium, (ACE) clubs. Together, the three categories of of which the MSU CRCM is a member. The activities provide strong support to the precollege consortium also provides space science internships science and mathematics pipeline. for secondary mathematics and science teachers. The program functions at three pipeline levels. They receive graduate credit through the Center for Recognizing that a cadre of good teachers is crucial Excellence in Mathematics and Science Education, an to success, the program emphasizes teacher inservice effort supported by the CRCM. training and science and mathematics awareness in The linkages between the CRCM and the many grades K-6. support groups also affect students directly. The At the middle school level, CRCM programs Center for Excellence series as the CRCM's conduit introduce students and teacherstocareer for the Baltimore Science Fair.Additionally, the exploration. Students become part of a mathematics CRCM is linked to MESA and ACE clubs and funds chain with the hope that by the end of 8th grade, their science and mathematics projects. The club they will be prepared for algebra courses. projects offer students as young as 10 years old the Finally, at the high school level, students are excitement of science and the "doability" of encouraged to take algebra and biology. They then mathematics, and keep them involved through their move on to chemistry and physics in the sciences regular meetings. and to algebra II, geometry, and calculus in The MESA and ACE clubs benefit the CRCM in mathematics. By the time students complete high other ways too. Through MESA and ACE, thz school, they have the option to choose a science or program funds the Family Mathematics progpm to mathematics career; they are not precluded from excite parents and help them understand the making that choice for lack of the necessary course challenges their children face. The science and requirements. mathematics clubs act as an important resource to The CRCM's main role is to stimulate and find teachers and students for the CRCM programs. leverage the resources of people and organizations in Middle and high school students are placed in the the community and thus to produce systemic database to expose them to as many linking change. The key agents of change are the teachers. interventions as possible and to track their "I am extremely excited about the enthusiasm I performance in science and mathematics courses see among teachers towards the hands-on until they complete high school. innovations we use in in-service training.It's This idea of linking is crucial to program success. exciting to see the light come back into the teachers' Dr. DeLoatch explains, 'We match these students eyes. They are generating change in the whole with our programs so that we can pass the students system," Dr. DeLoatch ardently reported. from one program to another. By the time they Like most new initiatives, this one has witnessed complete 8th grade, they should be ready for algebra a few unanticipated results. Foremost among them and biology courses. Then, they could proceed from is the sense of awe shared by teachers. Much of the biology to chemistry to physics and from algebra to CRCM's work has been centered on space activities. geometry to algebra II to calculus. We track the Teachers learn about tracking satellites, about students and suggest activities and programs in weather, and about how data are transmitted from which they might want to participate each summer

17 and each academic ycar, whether to move from an With time, additional funds will be needed to ACE club to a Saturday Science Academy, for operate the CRCM. Dr. DeLoatch hopes that example. The ultimate goal is to pass on to students matching funds from industry and other government a high level of interest in science and mathematics.' agencies will be available for their programs as the Dr. DeLoatch helps community members CRCM moves out of the prototype stage.Industry understand the intent of the programs and how one and government currently provide in-kind services program overlaps another, and then encourages and other forms of support that greatly contribute to organizations to shape and link their programs to the quality of the students' experience. interface with each other.Dr. DeLoatch explained The programs are strengthened by the resources the CRCM's intervention strategy: "We will not fund available in an urban setting.For example, Martin duplication, but we will fund the interface of Mariettaprovidestoursofitsfacilities, programs to create a continuous pipeline. We ha...d Westinghouse and the Maryland Science Center off students from one program to another." provide speakers, and the Department of Defense Dr. DeLoatch also emphasizes collaboration, Career Exploration Program in Engineering and saying that "to reach students, one cannot bypass Science offers activities for the students. key people in the effort.' Teachers and parents are Though the CRCM does not receive funds from critical to the effort in grades K-6. Parents, teachers, other sources for its programs, additional funds are and the community are especially important to funneled through it to link existing community students in grades 7-12. programs. He hopes to move from a prototype to a full- Through networking and involvement in the fledged CRCM. He would like to see the current Center's activities, university faculty members are number of 800 students in the prototype program getting to know teachers in public schools.This expand to 3,000. linkage between two educational levels will certainly Dr. DeLoatch also hopes to significantly influence benefit students. the education process in the region by having the Students are not the only benefactors of the CRCM programs adopted in a systemic way by local intervention programs. The universities also benefit public school districts. To this end, he has initiated by enhancing their image and by helping to produce an experiment with students in one high school, better prepared students."In some ways it may adding 40 students frorthe freshman class each appear that we are exerting additional effort but it year until 160 students are selected. These students' really is a part of our job," says Dr. DeLoatch. As educational endeavors will be closely tracked as they long as students' lives are changed for the better, the pursue their education. participating institutions will be willing to go the The school chosen for the experiment historically extra mile.' has had few students selecting science and Thanks to NSF, these extra efforts are occurring technology careers.The CRCM will place a nationwide through other CRCMs. "Although there computer graphics laboratory in the school and is much to learn from other CRCM Program establish teams of two students each to share a Directors at their yearly meetings,' Dr. DeLoatch computer. The goal: to challenge students in science cautions, "we must never forget the 'regional and mathematics from the freshman year onward to differences among the CRCMs and their individual see if they choose science and mathematics goals and objectives.It is when programs are programs at the undergraduate level.Dr. DeLoatch individually tailored to meet student needs that they believes it may take a decade to obtain valid results are truly beneficial." from the experiment. Dr. DeLoatch insists that "we must get students The MSU CRCM will monitor both the involved and keep them involved after school, on the experimental group and a control group, a class that weekends, and through the summer. Let science and does not receive the benefits of the programs. mathematics become second nature to them." Comparison of the results from the two groups should bolster claims that the Center does achieve Philadelphia PATHS/PRISM results, and that it is worthwhile to adopt some of its programs and teaching methods. "Systemic change The Philadelphia Alliance for Teaching Human- is likely to come," according to Dr. DeLoatch, "as the ities in the Schools (PATHS) and the Philadelphia CRCM program produces proof. People will find it Renaissance in Science and Mathematics (PRISM) difficult to ignore the results." are programs of the Philadelphia Partnership for

18 Education, which includes colleges and universities, affect over 1,000 students) in integrating science, foundations, and corporations in partnership with mathematics, and technologies into their courses. the School District of Philadelphia. CRCM program Since many certified algebra teachers have been funding made possible the extension and expansion transferred to the high schools, the program offers of proven programs under PATHS/PRISM. middle school teachers mathematics enrichment for "We teach students that the historical roots of graduate credit to help them move toward mathematics and science can be traced beyond the mathematics certification. The Algebra Project has famous Greek and Roman contributions to Africa significantly influenced both schools and students. and Egypt," explained Stephen Cox, director of the Students, having been introduced to algebra and NSF project."It is part of African American history transition mathematics prior to high school, acquired and part of their heritage.'Just as the construction more interest in these subjects. Initially, in the 1989- of the great pyramids and shipbuilding challenged 1990 academic year, approximately 500 students the ancestors of today's African-American students, were enrolled in transition mathematics and algebra Philadelphia's PATHS/PRISM programF involve in the School District of Philadelphia. This number students in the search for solutions to today's increased to 2,000 in 1991. "The Center has technological challenges. dedicated itself to improve the understanding and The CRCM coordinates educational activities participation of African-American, Latino, and throughout metropolitan Philadelphia with the goal Native American students at all levels of the of significantly increasing minority student mathematics pipeline," said Mr. Cox. participation in science, engineering, and technology. The program's success was in part responsible for The project involves five metropolitan school the Superintendent of the School District of districts; seventeen universities, colleges, and Philadelphia mandating that algebra be taught in the community colleges; museums; corporations; and 8th grade, affecting 3,000 to 4,000 8th graders. minority professional organizations. The Center has many strategies for capturing The Center built upon a base of successful student interest.Its program integrates technologies existing programs. The initial program was the and humanities into SEM courses. When science Philadelphia Regional Introduction for Minorities to was taught across the curriculum, sulajects that were Engineering (PRIME), a 20-year program that offered perceived as abstract am; irrelevant by students a variety of support activities to African Americans acquired new meaning and significance. This and Hispanics.Through the CRCM, PRIME integration of the humanities and science courses exceeded its 1989 five-year expansion plan in two was a departure from the traditional curriculum and years (PRIME Universities Program (PUP) grew from met with some initial resistance. However, science, 540 students to 1,100 students). Ninety-five percent mathematics, history, and literature are now viewed of the PRIME high school graduates are enrolled in as an integral whole rather than as separate four-year college programs. components vying for student time and interest. The development of the CRCM was based on The success of Center programs has attracted research and experience, which indicated that to additional funding and sponsors.Organizers have prepare students for SEM careers, a more effective leveraged NSF funding into support from local introduction to mathematics and science in the foundations, such as the William Penn, the Pew middle schools was required. To accomplish this, it Charitable Trusts, the Ford, and the Merck was perceived that middle school teachers would Foundations. need further enrichment in science and mathematics In addition, industry contributes to the program. and students should be required to study algebra by "Many of our organizers had previously worked in the 8th grade. industry and had many contacts that helped us As a result, the CRCM established the goal of obtain the business community's support," said Mr. providing workshops for 177 middle school teachers Cox. Private industry provides scientists and in transition mathematics and algebra.Teachers in engineers who establish one-on-one mentoring the Algebra Project Norkshop staffed the summer relationships with youth. Eight hundred and Algebra Project for students, utilizing technology to seventeen students have participated in the convey mathematical concepts. K-8 teachers were mentoring program, which attempts to match them also taught to incorporate the use of manipulatives with mentors of similar backgrounds. in the instructional process. In addition, the Center The CRCM also has formed a consortium of is presently assisting high school teachers (who will colleges and universities to pull students into the

C. 19 .71 6 pipeline. 'We were able to build a large coalition of programs. For 1992, in addition to its NSF funding, universities and colleges, because the logical the project has received $100,000 from industry to continuation of our precollege efforts focused a well- pay for its precollege programs. prepared pool of students for undergraduate SEM In keeping with its Center's emphasis on industry, curricula," explained Mr. Cox. business, and community involvement, CRCM is 'We were losing students at different joints in the advised by a regional board made up of key pipeline," said Mr. Cox. 'The key is strategic administrators from the participating school districts, intervention in students' lives." The Center has teachers, representatives from the cooperating strengthened and expanded existing summer colleges and universities, two regional business enrichment programs, as well as developed new leaders, a regional civic leader, and a statewide public programs, to bring entering first-year college education leader. st._:dents into the college environment.Participants In the summer of 1990, during its first year of have numbered 389 thus far.Several campuses offer operation, the Center served 1,773 precollege residential programs from two to ten weeks in students.In 1991 with an expanded number of Living on campus demystifies the college program activities available, the Center served 2,763 :nce and gives students a sense of ownership precollege students. Following a shift in program collegea sense of already belonging when focus to more systemic, school-based programs for they arrive in the fall.Participants are also precollege students, the El Paso CRCM predicts that introduced to student services such as tutoring, approximately 3,600 students will participate in its mentoring, and counseling, as well as assistance with activities in 1992.Faculty member participation for study skills and activities related to the humanities. 1992 is projected at 25, with 700 precollege teachers In addition, approximately 1,560 students participate in the program. in commuter and residential summer enrichment Current programs offered are the Science Day programs prior to the post-12th-grade level. Camps, a five-day program with periodic follow-up The overall effect of the hands-on experience in activities; Project LIFT-OFF, a five-year program with science and mathematics, student exposure to ongoing activities; and the Science/Engineering scientists and engineers as role models and mentors, Institutes, with one- or two-week activities. and the integration of SEM into the general Held at elementary schools, the summer Science curriculum have made participation in the sciences Day Camps provide students with hands-on science familiar and natural for students. Continuing science activities and examples of job 'related applications of courses in college takes on a certain logic.Science science and mathematics. In 1991, 33 camps in five and mathematics becomes part of the students' past school districts served nearly 1,500 students in and future. grades 2-6. This represented 52 percent more students than in 1990. University of Texas at El Paso Project LIFT-OFF identifies young people with potential in math and science at the 7th grade level The Comprehensive Regional Center, developed and monitors them until they enter college. In 1990, under UTEP leadership, includes six cooperating 88 students were involved in Project LIFT-OFF. The college:, and universities and seven school districts, program has grown to include 328 student representing 85 elementary and secondary schools. participants in 1992. With a focus on precollege programs to involve The project links the students with mentors underrepresented minority students in science, practicing professionals in the regionwho take engineering, and mathematics (SEM) careers, the them to laboratories and other science-related job Center reaches out to the 81 percent of the minority sites. These visits enable minority students to see students, mostly Hispanic, in these schools. the variety of careers available, and to n,t minority Business and community involvement in the scientists who have succeeded in those car: rs. The programs has been extensive. Approximately 100 mentors are linked with students for an ext., ,ded area scientists serve as mentors in Project LIFT-OFF period, and serve as advisors they can turn to as they for middle school and senior high students. An IBM move through the education pipeline. The ratio of employee who is on loan to UTEP for one year mentors to students is approximately one to one. spends 25 percent of his time on CRCM-related Participants in Project LIFT-OFF take part in activities, including establishing better bonds with special programs that offer hands-on experiences in industry. In addition, UTEP has a 10-year history of science and mathematics. In one 1991 summer raising money from industry for its outreach 20 27 project, students designed and built cardboard canoes finance their own education, the summer programs and raced them competitively in the university pool. are an empowering experience for them. Other engineering projects have included building a "There is a double benefit here for NSF in hot air balloon, building a telescope, and designing, employing students.First, the programs will attract building, and racing soap box derby cars. underrepresented minority students to pursue careers Project LIFT-OFF publishes a newsletter entitled in science and engineering. The second benefit is Star log for the student participants, the "Rising Stars" that jobs which reinforce their own education and of the project, that contains articles on students' make them feel good about themselves are a design projects and activities and future events. A powerful way to support underrepresented minority booklet identifying the local professionals serving as students who are already enrolled in science and mentors is also produced by the project annually. engineering programs," said Dr. Steven Riter, co- Junior and senior high students participate in the principal investigator of the CRCM at the University Summer Science or Engineering Institutes. These of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). Dr. Riter is Dean of programs enhance students' skills in laboratory UTEP's School of Engineering. science, mathematics, computer science, and Working as CRCM mentors and teachers also communications. In 1991, three two-week programs provides students with leadership opportunities. served 150 students in grades 7-10. One of the stated goals of the NSF Minority These programs will be expanded from three at Programs is to help create leaders. three institutions to twelve at four institutions. Parental support has been good, according to Dr. Additionally, two six-week summer institutes will be Riter. Many of the parents do not read or speak conducted for students planning to enter science and English, and they may not understand the benefits of engineering undergraduate programs in the fall.In the outreach programs. Nevertheless, they have total, the CRCM will lend support to 14 summer allowed their children to participa2 even when they institutes.Students served will increase from 150 to were needed at home. nearly 550, a 73 percent growth in the number of UTEP has created a unique method of assisting students served. students with their homework. A published flyer In the fall of 1991, the El Paso CRCM joined with says: "Stumped by science homework? Just call an area collaborative to improve student achievement Science Studio KTEP 88.5 FM on your dialtalk and undertake research and evaluation on Lsues of radio with smart answers!" Not only can students school improvement. The CRCM will continue to tune in on Saturdays at 11 a.m., but they can also call work on teacher enhancement with school district the KTEP Listener Line anytime with their problems, administrations and teachers, focusing on curriculum and a UTEP science professor will return the call. change. There is also strong support within the university. When asked to identify the project's most The UTEP President, Dr. Diana Natalicio, sees the important contribution, Dr. Riter expressed his University's mission as improving education in the El satisfaction that Center programs and professionals Paso area in general, and Dr. Riter is in complete have raised minority students' awareness of their agreement with this view. In fact, when asked about ability to enter science careers. "NSF funding has the influence of NSF funding and the project on his made possible a whole spectrum of summer activities career, he replied that the Center has changed the encouraging these young people to pursue careers in direction of his professional activities. NSF support science and engineering,' he said. has resulted in his making a personal commitment to Dr. Riter cited two unanticipated results of the precollege education; he now focuses on the ability summer programs: the growing interest in them and of Gtudents before they arrive at the university. theemployment theyhaveprovidedfor Dr. Riter added, "What we have said, frankly, is undergraduate minority students. Even with 200 that we have a broader role. We need to be involved slots for precollege students in .the programs, the with secondary school education in the El Paso area Center was forced to turn down 150 applicants. because ultimately these are the kids we are going to There is a great deal more interest in SEM programs teach. We are not responsible for secondary than people anticipated."All that was needed," education, but we have an obligation to do whatever according to Dr. Riter, 'was for the students' interest we can to improve it and to assure that students in to be stimulated." The Center primarily employs the system have as much of a chance as possible to undergraduates, supervised by faculty, to teach in the come to our university, or any university, and programs, and because these students must work to succeed."

9 21 Partnerships for Minority Student Summer Science Camps (SSC) Achievement (PMSA) The second new initiative under CAREER One of two new initiatives in FY 1992 under ACCESS is the Summer Science Camps (SSC) CAREER ACCESS is Partnerships for Minority program, which supports residential and commuter enrichment projects for minority students in grades Student Achievement (PMSA). PMSA isa comprehensive precollege program that builds on 7-9.Eligible organizations include school districts, museums, colleges, universities, and nonprofit NSF's strategy of forging alliances and partnerships for systemic reform.School systems with youth-centered and/or community-based organ- significant minority student populations are izations. required to establish partnerships with institutions Activities include classroom and hands-on of higher education, business and industry, experiences that provide for an integrated study of professional organizations, community-based SEM within the natural environment; expanded counseling regarding career opportunities in these organizations, and other educational organizations disciplines; interaction with role models in these that can be advantageous in facilitating program fields; and activities that strengthen family and peer objectives. This activity is intended to (1) focus on the needs support for student interest in these areas. of underrepresented minority students; (2) require FY 1992 was the first year of SSC program the direct participation of the school system as the operations. Approximately 150 proposals were received and 28 awards will be made, for a total of unit of change; (3) provide support for an integrated, systemic approach to enhancing all major $1,975,000. The average award amount for these components of the educational system; and (4) three-year continuing grants was $70,000 for actively identify successful models in the public and commuter projects and $100,000 for residential private sector and support their replication. ones.The projects will receive a total of approximately $6.2 million over a three-year period. In FY 1992, PMSA received 17 proposals and will make four awards. The awards will range from These projects will serve a total of 1,700 middle $400,000 to $500,000 and these projects will receive school minority students in 17 states in commuter a total of $5.6 million over a three-year period. The and residential projects ranging from four to six four school systems represented in these awards weeks in length. Prince George's County, Maryland; Rochester, New York, City School District; Santa Ana, California, Unified School District; and Durham, North Carolina, City and County Schoolsserve more than 100,000 underrepresented minority students.

22 CY') :3 -2 RE:7 COPYAVAILIME Alliances for Minority Participation

The Alliances for Minority Participation Undergraduate Summer Research and (AMP) program supports the establishment Graduate Preparation Institute. This program for of comprehensive approaches to increase upper level students features academic programs in the quantity and quality of education of research methodology, experimental design, underrepresented minorities successfully completing mathematics or statistics, and related topics that are science, engineering, and mathematics (SEM) customized to the students' needs and academic baccalaureate degree programs. fields of interest.Students also receive orientation A goal of the program is also to increase the to the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) and guidance number of minority students continuing in graduate concerning preparing for and applying to graduate studies in SEM fields.This near-term objective programs. facilitates AMP's long-term goal of increasing the Faculty-Directed Undergraduate Student production of minority Ph.D. degrees in SEM fields, Research Projects. This program activity gives including entry into faculty positions. AMP students hands-on opportunities to serve as activities include student enrichment, academic apprentice researchers to a faculty member's enrichment,curriculumimprovement,and research project. enhancement of institutions with significant Summer Internships. These programs offer minority SEM enrollment.AMP program students opportunities to work with scientists in activities are directed toward the overall NSF governmentlaboratoriesandparticipating goal of producing 50,000 minority bac- corporations. calaureates annually in SEM fields and 2,000 Graduate Level Mentorships. After being doctoral degree recipients annually, both by matched to a science, mathematics, or engineering the year 2000. instructor, a student receives guidance about the AMP reaches out to all undergraduate minority pursuit of a doctoral degree, orientation to the students regardless of their grade point average and customs of academe, and advice on the student's starts as soon as they graduate from high school, research project. involving them in Bridge Programs to prepare them Minority Experts Database. The database for college entrance in the fall. stores resumes of minority graduates and other Some of the AMP activities and programs are professionals and provides on-line updates of described as follows. available employment opportunities. The database Summer Bridge Program. The program activity isbecoming a comprehensive directory of is for incoming freshmen during the summer prior to opportunities in residency, internship, fellowship, their college entrance.It features academic work in and scholarship programs. The information includes areas that will assist students in passing traditional all the government programs and may well be the ugatekeeping" courses, such as calculus, biology, first time so much information has been physics, organic chemistry, and English. accumulated in one place and made available free of Peer Study Groups. The peer self-help network charge to students. offers undergraduate students the opportunity to Figure 3 compares SEM baccalaureate degree study together under the direction of a mathematics, attainment for minority students from 1977 to 2001. engineering, or science instructor for critical courses There is a significant increase beginning in 1991, such as calculus, physics, and chemistry. Peer study when the AMP program was implemented. groups encourage students to work at a more advanced level and fosier cooperative learning.

25 Figure 3:National Science Foundation Alliances for Minority Participation B.S. Degree Production in SEM*

Degrees Awarded (Thousands) 60 28 60 23 DeRa AMP Values 18 40 14

30

20

10

0 II11ii 1977 1979 1981 1983 1986 1987 1389 1991 1993 1996 1997 1909 2001 Year

B.S. Degrees =Without AMP iiiii With AMP

st msc,011,uEngnee,mu 81111Molf.efIltWeS

26 Arizona State University that addressed precollege and graduate students and add programs that reach students in pursuit of One of the goals of the Coalition to Increase baccalaureate degrees. Attempting to create a Minority Degrees (CIMD) is to encourage and continuous pipeline, CIMD offers an expansive support almost 5,000 underrepresented minority selection of programs and activities. students annually in pursuing baccalaureate degrees College students are offered Summer Bridge in SEM by the year 2000. Reaching this goal would Programs for incoming first-year students, Peer contribute 10 percent of the NSF national goal of Study Groups, Undergraduate Summer Research and 50,000 annually by the year 2000. CIMD also plans Graduate Preparation Institutes, and Faculty- to assist minority students in obtaining 182 science, Directed Individual and Group Undergraduate mathematics, and engineering doctorate degrees per Research Projects, as well as summer internships and year by the year 2000, a fourfold increase over the graduate-level mentorships. current regional number. Because the results of each program are CIMD received an NSF Alliances for Minority monitored regularly, midcourse change can be Participation (AMP) grant in 1991. Headquartered at implemented quickly when necessary. If a project is Arizona State University, CIMD combines the not effective, it can be phased out, and a potentially resources and abilities of 75 institutions and successful program can be funded at the start of the organizations serving minority students in Arizona, new cycle. Colorado, New Mexico, western Texas, and Utah The premier graduate program of the CIMD is who are underrepresented in SEM. Project 1000, a national initiative designed to recruit, Some of the key partners are 35 major colleges retain, and graduate underrepresented minority and universities in the region; 8 professional students in master's and doctoral programs. organizations including the American Indian Science Students receive free GRE workshops, a toll-free and Engineering Society, Society of Hispanic number offering bilingual counseling and academic Professional Engineers, and the National Society of advice, and a common application for a total of 71 BlackEngineers;Federallaboratoriesand comprehensive doctoral-granting institutions government agencies, including Sandia and Los nationwide. Alamos; and 26 corporations. The Minority Experts Database also has been Dr. Gary D. Keller Cardenas, the AMP Program established by CIMD. The database stores resumes Director at Arizona State University, coordinates the of minority graduates and other professionals and program and is assisted by co-principal investigators provides on-line updates of available employment representing each of the major minority groups in opportunities. the region. The co-principal investigators are Dr. In addition to the CIMD programs, a state-of-the- Albert L. McHenry, Dr. Fred Begay, and Dr. Antonio art student tracking and data management system A. Garcia. called MAESTRO (Management and Evaluation of Although the program is open to students Student Tracking Objectives) has been created. representing all minority groups, the largest number Menu-driven and object-oriented, MAESTRO of student participants are Hispanic and American ensures both the integrity of detailed project Indian. The current ethnic distribution of minority evaluation and the replicability of the Coalition's students in the program is Hispanic, 69 percent; comprehensive and longitudinal approach. The American Indian, 18 percent; African American, 9 system contains 2,500 variables to help monitor and percent; and Pacific Islander, 4 percent. track program participants. CIMD has clearly defined its future direction. Although the NSF AMP component of the CIMD The organization provides underrepresented program is only six months old, the AMP program minority students from junior high school through director already has observed some unanticipated the doctoral level with a continuous set of academic results. One is the strong faculty support for the and support programs and enrichment activities in program. The Coalition's efforts have bound the SEM. The Coalition gained program cohesion by faculty together in a common cause. 'They are using a $40,000 NSF planning grant to build turned on," said Dr. Keller Cardenas. 'Their level of consensus among its members regarding the purpose enthusiasm and interest on behalf of under- and goals of the program. represented students is beautiful to behold." The planning grant allowed Dr. Keller Cardenas Another unplanned result is the development of a to take an existing three-year-old academic structure comprehensive computer directory of academic

27 3r, support opportunities in SEM for minority students. follow-up by telephone. The overall goal of the The directory includes information regarding MAMP program is to increase the number of residency, internship, fellowship, and scholarship bachelor of science degrees earned by minority programs sponsored by the government, private program students from the current rate of 240 institutions, and foundations.It may well be the annually to 543 annually within five years. first time such extensive information on this subject Some students come from as far away as Ohio, has been accumulated in one place and made Michigan, and Minnesota. Once in college, students available free of charge to students. receive strong support in their course work, research Beyond the AMP funds, CIMD has obtained efforts, and personal lives. Students participate in an substantial support and cost-sharing contributions annual IMAGE Conference, interdisciplinary from participating institutions. Some of the support seminars, a scientific tools course, summer comes from foundations such as the Carnegie internships, and att9nd professional conferences. Corporation of New York, the Pew Charitable Research opportunities abound for students through Trusts, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the American summer and academic-year undergraduate research Honda Foundation, and the ARCO Foundation. projects. Moral and educational support comes from The primary focus is to join committed faculty minority role models and mentors, student support and students to pursue exciting academic work. teams, and tutoring and study groups.Finally, a Funding is used to buy chemicals and materials for Graduate Record Examination (GRE) workshop helps laboratory research projects and to provide stipends students prepare for the GRE and graduate school. to student participants. CIMD is also dedicated to Statewide implementation of the effort at eight preparing students to qualify for scholarship funds Mississippi universities is coordinated by the project available through other sources. director, Dr. Richard Sullivan, Chairman of the "It is very exciting," said Dr. Keller Cardenas of Chemistry Department at Jackson State University. the AMP program. "We have the opportunity to Dr. Sullivan has a site coordinator on each campus to work with wonderful peop'e from other institutions oversee local program implementation. and regions who have similar objectives, and most According to Dr. Sullivan, the major effort of the importantly, to help students achieve their goals." recently launched (November 1991) MAMP program is the High School-to-College Summer Bridge Jackson State University activity that stresses successful movement of students from high school to college. Since many of TheMississippiAllianceforMinority the students are the first in their families to consider Participation (MAMP) project places strong emphasis college, the summer program orients students and on undergraduate research and education and links their parents to college life.Eight courses, ranging eight state universities in Mississippi in this effort. from three to six weeks, operate each summer. MAMP's research foci are in the fields of chemistry, Students are not graded, although the course work is biology, physics, mathematics, computer science, intense. and engineering. The members of MAMP are Alcorn In addition to being tutored in analytical, writing, State University, Delta State University, Jackson and speaking skills, students are guided in personal State University, Mississippi State University, lifeskills and encouraged to take personal Mississippi University for Women, Mississippi responsibility for their learningto take charge of Valley State University, University of Mississippi, their careers in college. The community is involved and University of Southern Mississippi. in the bridge program through volunteers who take MAMP is designed to focus on the whole student, individual students to church, movies, and the mall. thus ensuring higher success rates for minority During the Fourth of July weekend, community students' college attendance and degree completion. volunteers invite students into their homes for the Bridging programs facilitate the successful transition holiday. from high school to college and from undergraduate One of Dr. Sullivan's goal is to improve the way to graduate study. The summer program, open to introductory science courses are taught at the approximately 200 students, starts with High School- universities.Introductory science and engineering to-College Bridge courses that provide instruction in courses are being partially or entirely restructured by all science and engineering subject areas. Over faculty to make them more meaningful by placing 11,000 students identified through the American emphasis on teaching concepts that are portable College Test (ACT) are contacted by mail with rather than on rote memory. The "constructivist"

28 concept of learning allows students to use personal Of particular interest to prospective industrial experiences, intuition, and mistakes to learn. employers will be the development of a database to Teachers on the campuses are being enlisted to teach include science and engineering professionals and the new courses and to turn them into 'gateway' their employers from both the public and private rather than 'gatekeeper" courses, thus drawing more sectors, as well as statistical information that can be students into science and engineering careers. used as "predictors" of applicants' probability of Dr. Sullivan believes minority students at the success. undergraduate level are often misperceived by An evaluation team has been created to review faculty. To reduce problems created by lack of and publish the results of the program.In the cultural understanding, the universities hold cultural interim, articles about MAMP have appeared in the diversity workshops to raise the level of faculty Black Collegiate and the Chronicle of Higher Education. awareness of people with orientations that differ from their own. University of California, Irvine Although a statewide networking infrastructure was in place before MAMP received the grant, the Cooperation, diversification, and planning for the NSF support also helps coordinate program efforts. future characterize the California Alliance for statewide. Minority Participation in the Sciences (CAMP). The Additional funding is being sought through. University of California system is cooperating with private and other public sources to offer sustained the California State University System, the precollege activities that are essential to increasing independent colleges and universities of California, the number of minority students in the science and the California Community Colleges, public school engineering pipeline.An industrial linkage districts, and private enterprise in forming the component also leverages NSF and state funds by unique partnership known as CAMP. increasing business and industrial support for science CAMP's goal is to promote a common vision: to and engineering education. increase the number of underrepresented minority Mississippi universities participate in a broad base students successfully completing undergraduate and of industrial and governmental partnerships that graduate degrees in SEM across California and to provide undergraduate research opportunities for develop an educational pipeline for access to SEM students. A unique plan to attract new industrial careers that will continue beyond the duration of the participation will place two grant-funded students at NSF grant. new industrial sites that agree to sponsor at least one Throughout the NSF grant application process, additional intern and to fund all interns in CAMP received solid support from University of subsequent years.Ultimately, Dr. Sullivan believes California at Irvine's (UCI) top administrators, the best way to increase minority graduates in SEM including the UCI Chancellor, Dr. Jack Peltason, who is to enroll as many minority students as possible in will become President of the University of California college and, more important, to provide the System in the fall of 1992. Chancellor Peltason said emotional and academic support the students need of CAMP: "With its scale encompassing the entire to graduate. educational continuum in the state of California, we To date, there have been no real surprises for the believe that the Alliance represents a model program Alliance.Dr. Sullivan was pleased to see the of great value unprecedented in its potential to attendance rate for the first Summer Bridge Program achieve its stated goals!' at his university 10 percent higher than originally Dr. Eloy Rodriguez, professor in the Department expected. of Developmental and Cell Biology at UCI, is the Computers are used to network with other principal investigator of the CAMP project. As a alliance programs, and the university database is student, he personally experienced some of the accessible to other institutions. This database tracks barriers to education that today continue to hamper precollege students interested in science and underrepresented minority students.Co-principal engineeringandthose who enteratthe investigators are the Executive Vice Chancellor of undergraduate level.In addition, MAMP will UCI, Dr. L. Dennis Smith, and Dr. Ralph Cicerone, support a nationwide database for monitoring, nationally known for his work in atmospheric evaluating, and reporting outcomes of all NSF chemistry and global environmental change. Alliance projects. While Dr. Rodriguez is committed to students, he is also dedicated to his research. He operates the

29 3 " Research Laboratories of Phytochemistry and scientists to teach them. The minority faculty Toxicology, an on-campus greenhouse lab that members recruited for the program will provide houses the important medicinal plants he studies. excellent role models for the students. As a biochemist, he often travels to exotic places to Herbert Carter, former Executive Vice Chancellor collect medicinal plants for research. During the of the California State University System, stated in a summer of 1992, several students accomi..mied him Los Angeles Times article, "Those of us in education to the Amazon as research assistants.In the future, have been struggling with the issues of how to best he plans to expand the number of students who can engage the minds of young people who have lots of participate in this experience in hands-on science. things tugging them in different directions. It is clear The goals of CAMP are ambitious: to double the that education best occurs between teachers and number of minority degree graduates by the close of students.That's where it all happens, on a one-to- the century-3,500 bachelor's, 500 master's, and 150 one basis. The students will be able to relate to doctoral degrees; to identify and remove barriers to some of the best faculty in the world." education; to develop alternate sources of income so CAMP is a cooperative project between a the program will continue without pause after the diversity of institutions, both public and private, and NSF grant has terminated; to create incentive this cooperation extends far beyond the five-year programs for primary and secondary students; and to NSF grant.Six hundred science professors from the move students from the community college system, California State University System and independent where most of them begin their education, into a universitiesthroughout thestate have university to obtain bachelor's and graduate degrees. enthusiastically agreed to participate in the project. The philosophy that forms the foundation of Public school districts link the project to students these goals is the belief that students will want to and parents, and private enterprise provides become scientistsbiological,chemical,or internships, mentors, and permanent employment physicalonly after they become excited about opportunities.It is truly an effort where all facets of science. This excitement can best be generated, said the students' communities are involved. Dr. Rodriguez, uby rubbing shoulders with scientists. Dr. Rodriguez explained the importance and the Don't talk about science to students, help them do necessity of UC's involvement. 'The University of science," he contends. California system is one of the premier research CAMP will identify likely candidates for the institutions in the world. UC campuses have program while they are still in elementary school produced top scientists and engineers in all fields of and will monitor and encourage them all the way scientific research, development, and management in through high school and into college. government, industry, and academia. UC has an Not all of the students will enter CAMP's obligationand has made a strong commitmentto programs with a strong background in science. contribute to the recruitment and retention of Consequently, CAMP is developing strategies to students from underrepresented minority groups.' improve student performance. As Dr. Rodriguez In an effort to reach as many minority students as said, "We want CAMP to entice more minority possible, 80 percent of the five-year $5,000,000 grant studenL, and to improve the quality of their work. is dedicated to supporting students in their quest for We explain to students, 'We don't want you to be an education. The remaining 20 percent supports just a passenger on the boat; we want you to steer the infrastructure to encourage students to attend itto be its captain.'"Dr. Rodriguez also believes and to remain in college. that writing is as much a gatekeeper as physics, With NSF's help, CAMP has been able to form an chemistry, and calculus. Therefore, the CAMP alliance of diverse institutions and groups united by project utilizes computers to help students improve the common goal of enhancing the opportunities for their writing skills. minorities to contribute to the scientific knowledge During the summersusually free time for base.It is providing encouragement and incentive studentsprograms, activities, and classes are held directly through researchers themselves to a group to encourage student interest in the sciences. of Americans who have too long been under- Student identification and recruitment are only represented in the scientific and engineering parts of the project. To provide incentives and community. training for students requires competent, qualified

30 3 o panupoj sinol "111.._

4i MALE Research Careers for Minority Scholars

The Research Careers for Minority Scholars minorities into the pipeline and retain them in these (RCMS) program provides support to four- SEM disciplines through graduate school leading to year colleges and universities to implement faculty positions. research enrichment programs in science, Support can be provided for student research engineering, and mathematics (SEM). The program experiences, tuition, counseling, mentoring, and includes stipends for qualified minority students to other academic enrichment activities.Although the enable them to pursue career paths in SEM fields. goals of the RCMS program are similar to those of Students are especially encouraged to seek careers the Alliances for Minority Participation (AMP) leading them to higher education faculty positions. program, and its activities may also serve as AMP In 1987, only 12 Institutions of Higher Learning components, RCMS efforts tend to be smaller in (IHLs) graduated 20 or more African Americans with scale and more departmentally oriented. baccalaureate degrees in the biological sciences. Of In the first two years of this program, the those 12 institutions, 10 were Historically Black participating institutions retained 96 percent of Colleges or Universities (HBCUs). Only 12 IHLs their scholars, including 9 percent who graduated 10 or more African Americans with received SEM degrees. In 1992, 35 colleges and baccalaureates in physical and environmental universities participated in the program. By the sciences in 1987. Of those 12 institutions, 10 were end of 1992, more than 500 students will be HBCUs. In 1987, only 1 percent of the SEM faculty involved nationwide. on IHLs campuses were African American. Figure 4 illustrates the disciplinary analysis of Based on these facts, RCMS was initidted in 1989 existing RCMS projects. Figure 5 gives a breakdown to encourage SEM departments to vigorously recruit of student participant status for 1991 and 1992.

/ Figure 4: / RCMS Participation by Discipline/

22% 20% 25% 18% 18%

15% 9% 6% 6% I.1096 2% 5% II/ II

00/0 /Bio. Psych. Physics///////Math.Env. Sci Engin. Comp.Sci Chem. 33 42 Figure 5: RCMS Student Participants

87% 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Student Drop-outs Graduates

Texas A&M University performed in the areas that interest them. Then, in their junior years, they choose their own mentors "This research experience really provides students and begin research."Programs at other schools with an added dimension to their education. The match students up with professors who are in their NSF Research Careers for Minority Scholars program areas but do not give the students the chance to has a chance to demonstrate nationally that research choose." At Texas A&M, students make their experience is extremely importantnot just to decisions by interviewing professors as well as encourage people to enter graduate school, but to consulting the graduate students who work with help empower them to become leading scientists and them. engineers," explained Dr. Carl Erdman, principal Faculty members are enthusiastic about working investigator of Texas A&M University's RCMS with students who have selected their research program. projects. A benefit for the faculty is that these The RCMS program at Texas A&M is a joint students already have scholarship funding and travel effort between the colleges of engineering and money. Professors can be reimbursed Eor special science.It is designed to link the best minority supplies and laboratory costs for the students. undergraduates from those colleges with Texas A&M Student interest is strong, too. For the past three research faculty to foster undergraduate research years, over 100 students have applied for the experience. In its first year at the university, RCMS program. Openings have increased from 25 in the drew interest and support from more than 100 program's first year to 56 for the 1992-1993 school engineering and science professors. This large year. There is a strong feeling among program number of professors allows students to select the administrators that the number of slots should be faculty mentor with whom they will conduct expanded to 100. The student response and the high research. caliber of the applicantsmany who are turned Lori Cardenas, the program coordinator, away have grade point averages in the 3.5 range explained, "In our program, the freshmen and may be partially attributable to students' wanting to sophomore students attend seminars, meet faculty, and find out what kind of research is being participate in a program funded by NSF, according to Dr. Erdman.

34 4,3 Students are also attracted by the opportunity to plishments of the RCMS students verify the success devote themselves full-time to completing their of our program." said Dr. Erdman. The NSF "stamp degrees and pursuing research. Without RCMS of approval" likely contributed to Texas A&M's scholarship funding, many would have to take part- receiving U. S. Department of Education funding for time jobs to support their studies, which would fellowships for minority students and a General delay progress toward obtaining their baccalaureate Electric Foundation grant that provides stipends for degrees. students to participate in summer research projects One of the goals of the program is to encourage on campus. graduate study and careers in engineering specialties The enthusiasm for the RCMS program has including aerospace, chemical, civil, electrical, resulted such an outpouring of volunteer efforts industrial, mechanical, nuclear, oceanic, and that the program is extremely cost-effective.It may petroleum engineering, as well as computer science, be the largest program of its kind operating at the biology,chemistry,mathematics,applied lowest cost per student in the country. The only mathematics, microbiology, physics, and zoology. full-time program employee is the coordinator. More than 50 percent of the students in A&M's The feeling of community extends to the program have continued in graduate studies students' neighborhoods. Under the outreach approximately five times the percentage in the component of RCMS, students working on research general population. Of twenty-two graduates in the at the university visit elementary and secondary 1990 to 1991 school year, one has already received a public schools to describe their research as well as to master of science degree; nine are currently enrolled discuss the program and the research opportunities in engineering or science graduate programs; one is for interested students. attending medical school; one is attending pharmacy Student participants would probably agree with school; and one is working as a research assistant at Dr. Erdman when he says the program is fun for Texas A&M and is a graduate applicant for the fall of him, as well as rewarding. He enjoys the students 1993. and the positive reputation their accomplishments Continuing to the graduate level, however, is not give to minority student programs in general. RCMS the only measure of success for students in the has provided the impetus for a range of other program. Dr. Erdman stressed that even those who activities in science and engineering within Texas do not continue their schooling immediately are very A&M and in conjunction with other institutions. marketable upon completing this program. These On an even larger scale, Erdman feels that this are minorities with a baccalaureate degree from program's focus on research will bring about Texas A&M, research experience, and a grade point systemic change: "You should ultimately see a average of 3.5 or better.'These students are the change nationally, in that students will perform more prime hiring targets of industry," Dr. Erdman research as part of their undergraduate programs. contended. Research experience raises the quality of the One of the eight 1992 graduates who has opted students' education. The requirements of thinking for a career before continuing her studies graduated and finding problems, struggling with the solutions, with a bachelor of science degree in chemical and then writing reports, demand that students engineering. She was hired by a chemical company master the skills that will be required to meet at a starting salary of $42,000, and the company tomorrow's science and engineering challenges." guaranteed that it would finance her pursuit of a master's degree. Her employer, VOP Chemical University of Maryland, Baltimore Company of Willowbrook, Illinois,isalso County contributing matching funds to the scholarship fund she started for Hispanic female chemical engineering The University of Maryland, Baltimore County undergraduates who, as she did, need financial (UMBC) RCMS program is part of the Meyerhoff assistance to complete college. Scholarship Program, a full-time, year-round The success of the RCMS program has raised program for academically talented African American awareness of the needs of women and minority students who excel in the study of science and students, and it has inspired confidence that such technology. programs really work. 'The NSF RCMS grant is a Students, who are competitively selected, receive very positive factor when we seek additional a four-year academic scholarship along with a financial support. The capabilities and accom- personal computer and software. They benefit also

4 4 from summer internship opportunities, field trips, achievements, the Meyerhoff students find that the cultural events, and relationships with adult mentors. program provides a environment where they can Students attend a six-week summer program before interact comfortably with other academically the freshman year, and in subsequent summers they talented African-American students.'I can talk to each take summer courses or hold paid internships in anybody here, knowing that they just won't judge research laboratories either on the UMBC campus or me," says Angela Hodge, of Upper Marlboro, at other institutions and agencies. During the Maryland. Other comments include:'This is the academic year, all of the program participants are best group of black kids that I have ever been with." enrolled as full-time students.In their first three 'I never knew there were so many smart kids like years of study, the students work alongside faculty this.'"It is cool to be smart in this group." 'This is in research laboratories in the sciences and neat.' Students find themselves in an enriching, engineering, preparing for specific and substantial warm, and supportive environment. research projects during their senior year.In Many local businesses and government agencies exchange for the benefits provided through the support the Meyerhoff Program by providing paid program, the Meyerhoff students pledge to pursue internships and research experiences for the doctorates in the sciences or in engineering. students. IBM, with 14 paid internships, is Dr. Freeman A. Hrabowski, the University's considered an outstanding supporter. The program's Interim President and a mathematician, launched the National Advisory Board meets each year to help Meyerhoff Scholarship Program in 1989 with a major shape the direction of the program and to identify grant from the Robert and Jane Meyerhoff possible new sources of funding. Additional support Foundation. Dr. Hrabowski continues to oversee the is essential for the program's continued success, students in this program with the assistance of Susan given that students are turned away each year N. Boyer, Earnestine B. Baker, and several other staff because of insufficient funds. members. To be eligible for the Meyerhoff Program, NSF funding has been particularly helpful in students must be African Americans who have developing the RCMS program and allowing UMBC combined Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores of to extend the benefits of the Meyerhoff Scholarship approximately 1200, including a math SAT of about Program to more students. Twenty RCMS students 650, and a high school grade point average (GPA) of are funded by NSF in the Meyerhoff Scholarship 3.5. Program, and other students receive funding through In the program's first year, 19 students were grants from Meridian Health Care, the National successfully recruited. Four years later, the program Aeronautics and Space Agency, the National Security received 380 nominations from high schools across Agency, and the Eli Lilly Foundation. Maryland and in the region, resulting in acceptance Support comes in many other forms, too. Each of 43 new outstanding students in 1992. Currently, year, for example, Apple Computer, Inc., has 113 students are participating in the Meyerhoff donated computers worth approximately $50,000; Scholarship Program, including 20 in RCMS, who UMBC's office that oversees the Freshman have a mean college GPA of approximately 3.4. Experience gives students special support; UMBC's Eleven UMBC faculty members have been Learning Resources Center and Chemistry Tutorial designated specifically as mentors or advisers for the Center both help students, as needed, with their RCMS swdents, helping to nurture their academic course work; the Counseling Center and the Office interests.Mentors for the Meyerhoff students are of Residential Life offer nonacademic counseling; AErican Americans for the most part, and include local and national media, through the coverage they faculty from UMBC and other nearby institutions have given the Meyerhoff Program, are instrumental who have expertise in the students' varied fields of in generating interest in it; and public and private interest. school teachers enthusiastically spread the word The major contribution of the RCMS program about the program. goes beyond helping students to achieve academic The RCMS scholars are encouraged to "give back" excellence.It also offers students a level of personal to the community. Some students tutor local attention they otherwise would not receive at most children in science and mathematics. Others give other universities, and it allows them to interact speeches at career day programs and explain what it with a peer group of African American students. means to be an aspiring young minority student and Often isolated in high school from other African- to be successful in science. Many of the students American students because of their academic have been invited to schools to speak about their

36 4.) visions for the future. These students have proven also plays an instrumental role in recruiting and so effective, in fact, that some of them have selecting new students for the program. accompanied Dr. Hrabowski and other staff to Maceo Thomas, a 20-year-old biochemistry major meetings with potential sponsors. conducting research on histamines, has a paper in In another form of community involvement, the 'progress to be published with his mentor from the students and their parents have organized a support St. Thomas Hospital in London, where the research group known as the Family Association. They meet was conducted. regularly and conduct such activities as a Welcome The RCMS program should produce its first Dinner in the fall, at which parents of continuing graduates in 1993.In so doing, this model project Meyerhoff students share their impressions of the will be making a substantial contribution to program with the parents of incoming students and elevating the quality of our science and engineering tell them what to expect. The Family Association workforce.

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The Research Improvement in Minority percent minorities and graduate programs in science Institutions (RIMI) program provides grants and/or engineering were eligible to apply. to strengthen the research capabilities of In FY 85, the RIMI budget increased to $5 million. predominantly minority institutions, and In addition, the eligibility criteria expanded to a 20 institutions with substantial minority enrollments, percent requirement of students from one minority that have graduate programs in science and programs group. Awards were increased to up to $500,000for in engineering. The RIMI program supports faculty up to five years. research, the acquisition of research equipment, and The RIMI program not only provides the cooperative research projects between academic opportunity for universities to develop research institutions and industry to encourage greater infrastructures, but also funds the purchase of student and faculty research involvement. scientific equipment needed to spring out into the The RIMI program was originally called Research mainstream of national and international research. Initiation in Minority Institutions and provided Figure 6 is a disciplinary analysis of the current $20,000 to $40,000 to assist new research scientists. RIMI projects. Figure 7 shows the number of project In FY 82, the name was changed to Research participants from 1988 to 1991 by academic level. Improvement in Minority Institutions to focus on Figure 8 illustrates that 123 baccalaureate, 48 research needs of minority institutions instead of masters, and 16 doctoral degrees in science, just individual scientists. More substantive awards engineering, and mathematics were earned by of up to $250,000 were made available for up to RIMI participants from 1988 to 1991. three years.Institutions with greater than 50

Figure 6:

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50

40

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14 20 0 I I 1 0 NI/1/11/ /1/1121/2/7/ Blo. Chom. Engln. Psych. Goo. Env. Scl Physics Math.Blo. Mom. Food Set Othor Academic Disciplines

41 Figure 7:

RIMI PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

1988 1991

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0 PRE-COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE GRADUATE /

Figure 8:

RIMI STUDENT GRADUATES

1988 1991

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42 St Clark Atlanta University compounds as a function of temperature. A diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform (DRIFT)- Investigation of Bridged Organometallic controlled environment cell was purchased and its Complexes on Metal Oxide Supports vacuum integrity and optical throughputchecked. Clark Atlanta University (CAU), one of the Dr. Mintz and Dr. Mitchell designed, purchased, Historically Black Colleges and Universities in assembled, and verified the temperature control Georgia, has used the RIMI program for a project on system, obtaining good control under vacuum, the fundamental aspects of catalysis. Since over half where thermal losses were confined to the sample of the nation's gross national product is directly or support. To conduct the experiment, the interface indirectly tied to catalysis, research in this area is from the controlled environment cell to the pump vitally important to the nation's economic station was fabricated and interfaced to the cell. competitiveness. By developing a strategic plan for faculty research Because Black colleges have few start-up funds improvements and infrastructure support, Clark available, CAU RIMI funds have proven critical in Atlanta University has been highly successful in fostering multidisciplinary research. 'The RIMI obtaining funds for its projects.Its success is program has been essential to getthings off the attributed to a willingness by the university ground with new faculty," says Dr. Eric A. Mintz of leadership to give faculty members the freedom to CAU's Chemistry Department. Consequently, CAU do their jobs. The CAU faculty has much more has requested a series of small RIMI grants rather independence than facultyin many other than one large project. The grants allow CAU institutions. faculty to initiate their research programs at a more According to Dr. Mintz, there is a conscious effort rapid pace, to support students and procure to use RIMI grants to strengthen the university's chemicals, and to provide faculty salaries in the instrumentation to support a wide array of research summer. disciplines.For example, the mass spectroscopy CAU's three-year RIMI project, which began in instrument is utilized in environmental studies as October 1991, is designed to investigate bridged well as in Dr. Mintz's work. CAU's strategic plan, organometallic complexes on metal oxide supports. therefore, helps eliminate the internal territorial The goal is to develop methods to prepare ligands barriers and infighting that can occur in institutions that have two, three, or four cyclopentadienyl of higher education. groups connected by bridges incorporatingeither Two presentations have been given on the RIMI- hetero atoms or carbon atoms. supported research at recent meetings of the Five minority chemistry studentstwo graduate American Chemical Society (ACS). The topics of the studentsintheirsecondyear andthree presentations were "Synthesis and Reactivity of undergraduates in their sophomore yearare being Transition Metal Complexes Incorporating New Tri- trained via this project. The students are doing Penta Substituted Cyclopentadienyl Ligands" and research in organic and organometallic synthesis of "Synthesis of Aminosubstituted Cyclopentadienyl bridged ligands and bridged organometallic Ligands: Application to Organometallic Chemistry." complexes. Manuscripts are now in preparation to describe this Success in developing the project also required work further. project investigators, Dr. Mintz and Dr. Mark B. Ultimately, the greatest benefits from the RIMI Mitchell of the Chemistry Department, to acquire grants, Dr. Mintz explained, are twofold: long-term spectroscopic equipment and supplies, to design and infrastructure support and quality training of fabricate heating and pumping systems for the students. The students will have a major role in infrared reaction cell, and to determine the initial helping to advance the sciences while strengthening thermogravimetric and infrared results for the initial the competitive posture of the nation. alumina substrate to be used in the experiments. A gas chromatograph/rnass spectrometer City College of New York (GC/MS), acquired through a donation from the Turbulent Fluctuation in Collisional Coca-Cola Company, allowed the researchers to add Plasma GC/MS capability to their infrared decomposition studies. A microreactor was installed in the gas "Turbulent phenomena are one of the last great chromatograph to carry out a variety of rapid frontiers of traditional science," said Dr. Joseph A. screenings of the decomposition of organometallic Johnson III, principal investigator of the RIMI

43 52 project in the City College of New York (CCNY) exciting work that grabs the attention of the Department of Physics.Dr. Johnson has been scientific community.' Because the experiment studying turbulent flow in collisional plasmas. High- exists and the hardware is there, we can take density collisional plasmas have properties similar to advantage of other resources and involve more those of gases. Until now, research has offered little students beyond what the RIMI grant supports. The understanding of the turbulent physics of these RIMI funding is there for the core research. One plasmas. student, whose work follows the RIMI-supported Dr. Johnson's work has resulted in two papers research, is supported by a National Aeronautics and this year.Three more will be submitted for Space Administration (NASA) grant. publication next year.His findings violate the "We can leverage the RIMI grant because we're popular consensus on turbulent flow. "They will funded to do exciting work," Dr. Johnson said. 'The have an important influence on the development of source is also important. NSF has a built-in validating the physics oE turbulent flow," he said. He has made process. You could argue that support from the two major discoveries: first, the fluctuations in a National 5cience Foundation is the most directly collisional turbulent plasma are characterized by credible source. NSF is the premier science funding unique spectral behaviors and low fractal dimension; agency because it cuts across all the sciences.' second, the increase in dimensionality, and thereby In addition to funding Dr. Johnson's research, the complexity, in a collisional turbulent plasma is both RIMI grant has supported three Ph.D. physics sensitive to the strength of a weak magnetic field students. Degree work for all three is partially based and independent of its orientation. on the research funded by this grant. Dr. Johnson has been using computerized "The key to sending more students into science analytical models to determine the significance of and engineering is exposure to first-class science, nonlinearorchaoticelementsandthe science on the frontier," said Dr. Johnson. correspondencebetweenmacroscopicand Students in Dr. Johnson's lab are selected from microscopic elements. In other words, he hopes to undergraduates who perform well in science classes. ascertain whether events on a small scale influence When colleagues recommend extraordinary students, flow on a large scale, and vice versa. His analytical he matches them with a research experience. "The models address the extent to which significant undergraduates participate as partners. We get them elements may occur and the potential number of as freshmen, and from the beginning they are part of independent variables. "We want to know whether the team. We keep their assignments appropriate to there's a tendency towards patterning, whether there their level, but we expect them to contribute. By the is an underlying simplicity that would give us a basis time they're seniors, they are doing valuable work. for predicting behavior," he said. They learn procedures, library and other research In examining the flow of a plasma versus a fluid skillsall tools they'll need." and the effect of a magnetic field on turbulence, Dr. Students complete a manufacturer-supported Johnson found a few surprises.For example, he certificationprocesstodemonstratetheir discovered that a magnetic field increases the competence with laboratory equipment."It's complexity of an already turbulent plasma. Research exciting for them to use all this fancy stuff. They also showed a one-to-one correspondence between learn to use expensive, fragile, delicate equipment. macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in the They start with equipment specifically relatedto fluctuation of optical-line emissions. their task, but the graduate students try to To implement his research program, Dr. Johnson familiarize themselves with each piece of equipment had to computerize the interface between the actual in the lab," he said. experiment and the analysis. Funding from the RIMI "One Ph.D. student, supported by the RIMI grant program enabled him to upgrade his laboratory's while an undergraduate, performed research to computing capability and purchase a high-powered determine nitrogen dioxide density by measuring the 24-watt argon ion laser. Without the added amount of fluorescent light that could be passed equipment, his research could not have been through it. He had to build an instrument to record competitive. As Dr. Johnson said, "If I want to be in the measurements. His efforts led to new science. this game, I have to have the tools of the game.' The results were not publishable, but the workwas The support allowed Dr. Johnson to initiate important, and the student knew it," Dr. Johnson research in a topic area that previously had not been said. fully investigated. "RIMI funding allows us to do 5.3 44 The RIMI grant has given us the resources to let expected to help explain the fluctuations in students participate, and they benefit from the commercial fish abundance. pleasure of success. They're doing high-quality The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of research, and the work gives them a sense of what the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric they'll be doing several years down the road, should Administration (NOAA) is assisting the university in they decide to pursue a research career. its research. The NMFS has extensive data on larval The findings of Taskforce 2000 have people fish abundance and distribution and on adult concerned about future science. NSF took action. copepods. However, very little direct information is Their aggressiveness has set a high standard. Other available on the smaller zooplankton. As a result, agencies are copying NSF--but NSF did it first. They marine biologists cannot directly test for correlations did it with conviction and persistence. NSF's efforts between the distributions of larval fish and their will have ripple effects over the next 10 years in the actual prey. The link between zooplankton and Federal support community. larval fish is critical in the early life history of fish. 'The NSF programs offer a model that private The RIMI study is contributing data to this critical companies are showing an interest in supporting. iink. They're looking for successful models, and the NSF As a result of previous work with NOAA, Dr. programs have worked to encourage excellence and Robert A. Jordan, the principal investigator for the initiative. The concept has been successful in RIMI grant, has acquired good plankton samples drawing minorities and women into science. The preserved since 1980. Hampton University students research work serves as a beacon to students who have processed the data on those samples and are want to see science as an option. Without NSF now shifting their emphasis to 1992 samples.The programs, that option might not be available to recent samples were collected in cooperation with them,' explained Dr. Johnson. the NMFS, which placed a Hampton marine science minority graduate student on one of its research Hampton University cruises in June 1992. Distribution of Larval Fish Prey 'Hampton University is the only U.S. university performing this kind of fine mesh research. Most of Organisms in Northwest Atlantic the data on larval fish and their environment are Nursery Areas available in tir NMFS files, but some unanswered questions still remain. The RIMI researchers are If you looked at it from the viewpoint of fish working on the missing piece of the puzzle. When larvae, you could say: "This is a fine mesh you've they have acquired their data, a student from the got me in." That inside joke belongs to the Hampton university will travel to the NMFS Northeast University students who use fine mesh nets to Fisheries Center Laboratory in Narragansett, Rhode Island, to use its data files for more extensive data collect fish larvae for their marine science research. They are interested in testing the correlation analysis. Dr. Jordan has always placed emphasis on between the larval distribution of commercial fish acquiring research microscopes needed for various and the copepod population, which is a preferred research-level food for fish that inhabit the Gulf of Maine and projects. He bought three stereoscopes called Zeiss SV8 dissecting microscopes Georges Bank. with the RIMI grant. The equipment is especially Hampton Universityisknownforits undergraduate and graduate work in marine and helpful in conducting this type of research because of the small size of the animals under study. The environmental science.In 1990, it received an NSF RIMI grant to encourage minority, student stereoscopes allow researchers to conduct more exacting and thorough research. involvement in marine science research. In addition, a National Institutes of Health (NIH) In the first year of the three-year study, the team compared the developmental stages of copepod grant helped Dr. Jordan obtain an inverted compound Zeiss microscope. And, with a grant samples collected with special plankton nets of two sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, he mesh sizes, fine .053 mm and coarser .333 mm nets. After sorting the copepods according to species, life obtained a research-quality stereo microscope. As part of another development grant, the university stage, and sex, the researchers concluded that there was a strong correlation between the copepod, obtained several student-grade microscopes and samples of the two nets.Research of this type is another research-grade compound microscope.

45 Consequently, the Department of Marine and Protection Agency to support further study in marine Environmental Sciences has the best microscopes at science. the university.Because of the quality of its Hampton University has a variety of programs to equipment, the department has received requests to attract students to its undergraduate and graduate help other departments at the university with their marine science program. During the summer, the research. university offers short-term programs, including the Much of the work in marine science is performed NSF Young Scholars Program, which offers groups of as a collaborative effort among government agencies precollege students projects requiring field trips and academia. Hampton University cooperates with lasting several weeks. University science professors the Virginia Marine Resources Commission, the data give classroom presentations and local students visit agency that regulates marine fisheries primarily in the university laboratory. the Chesapeake Bay. Commis Sion staff assist in The arrangement with the NMFS scientific organizing conferences and interacting with research vessels was an unexpected development. students. Dr. Jordan always wanted to develop a cooperative An integral part of Hampton's program is the effort with the NMFS research vessel team, but internship component. The students spend one unfortunately much of the funding for that type of summer obtaining hands-on experience in a work had been eliminated. Working with the NMFS government agency, industry lab, or another college. Pascagoula Laboratory research vessel is a great The internship gives them the opportunity to explore opportunity for the university's minority graduate various research careers while being involved in a students. current study they can conduct successfully. Because 'It is a challenge on this campus to attract Hampton has one of the few undergraduate marine students to science rather than business,' said Dr. science programs in the United States, government Jordan. Opportunities on the NMFS research vessel agencies are eager to visit the campus and provide help draw students into science, engineering, and internships. mathematics courses. NMFS will bring the students Hampton also collaborates with the Federal Fish who worked on the vessels to Florida next fall to and Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, and share their experiences. These experiences are the Environmental Protection Agency. Two of its critical for students, allowing them to see the students spent two months at a Fish and Wildlife relevance of their studies.Students have presented Service wildlife refuge.At the refuge, they the results from their ocean studies in on-campus conducted some research, but generally they presentations. managed the refuge and provided educational The marine science laboratory has proven services for tourists. There are potential job valuable beyond the research conducted there. It has opportunities for these students with the wildlife given Hampton University the ability to employ refuge after graduation. students. The three professors in the department Hampton University recently established a have many positions for students as research relationship with another refuge, on the Eastern assistants and interns.The employment of Shore of Virginia, that is providing a house that can undergraduate students is of great benefit to the double as a field lab. So far, several field trips to the university's ongoing projects. refuge have been undertaken in conjunction with With the assistance of NSF, Hampton University marine science courses. Consideration is now being minority students are undertaking frontline marine given to transforming the field lab into a permanent research, helping to assure the environmental research facility. integrity and quality of life from the tiniest of Of the 5,500 students at Hampton University, 30 plankton to the largest of ocean mammals. are undergraduate majors in marine science and 5 are graduate students. A total of seven students have New Mexico State University participated in the RIMI study since 1990. Three of Adsorption Behavior and Properties of the undergraduate students earned their bachelor of science degrees in marine science,All three enrolled Tailored Smectites in graduate school. One student is expected to How to decontaminate the Earth of toxic receive her masters degree in environmental science chemicals and rapidly handle accidental spills from and a fellowship award from the Environmental oil tankers are among the problems being tackled by

46 5 ;i New Mexico State University with the support of a the aquatic environment, they are very difficult to RIMI grant. remove. The greatest advantage of the technique we This project, which began in 1989, is an employ is that we can selectively target the pollutant interdisciplinary environmental engineering effort that we want to remove from water.' involving teams of Hispanic students and professors Dr. Cadena sees the major application of the from chemistry and environmental engineering. The technology as a chemical barrier for USTs. New project seeks to understand how clay materials USTs could be built in a layer of soil tailored with coated with a film of organic molecules can be the compounds that would adsorb any leaks."In 'tailored' to absorb deadly pollutants from cases where the water is already contaminated, we contaminated underground and surface water as well propose to pump the water out of the ground and as from oil spills in lakes and oceans. pass it through a series of reactors withtailored The university's work has tremendous waste soils. The water would pass through these minerals management implications.According to Dr. and would be returned to its original location," Dr. Fernando Cadena, an environmental engineer and Cadena said. co-principal investigator, the most precious resource Beyond its relevance to pollution control, the in New Mexico is water and the most abundant work performed by New Mexico State University resource in the state are soils that have absorbent contributes to basic and applied interdisciplinary properties. research. The program employs ten Hispanic About 90 percent of the Western states depend on students and two professors from the Environmental groundwater supplies. New Mexico's water is Engineering and Chemistry Departments. Dr. Gary continuously threatened by underground and surface Eiceman is the co-project investigator from the contamination from gasoline. As unleaded gasoline Chemistry Department. Of the nearly 12,000 replaces leaded gasoline, the situation improves. But students enrolled at the university, about 320 the potential for underground water contamination undergraduates and 60 graduate students are is heightened because benzene, a carcinogenic enrolled in civil engineering. The Civil Engineering chemical, is being added to unleaded gasoline to Department has specialties in environmental boost its power. About 3 to 6 percent of unleaded engineering, hydrology, and structural engineering. gasoline is benzene. Asked about the greatest accomplishment of the Since the EPA estimates that 35 percent of the RIMI project, Dr. Cadena said, "we have generated existing U.S. underground storage tanks (USTs) outstanding professionals." Six students have commonly used to store gasoline or other graduated with master's degrees and one with a petrochemical or petroleum-based products either doctoral degree. Graduates of the civil engineering leak or are not liquid-tight, as many as 75,000 to program have jobs with Eastman Kodak, Los Alamos 100,000 USTs are leaking hazardous chemicals into National Laboratory, and Phillips Petroleum. One the earth. The number is expected to increase by student who received a doctoral degree is now 350,000 in the 1990s.The RIMI project focuses on working as an assistant professor in the Chemistry the elimination of benzene from groundwater. Department. Another student from Puerto Rico who The process is best explained by using a simple is working on her doctorate in environmental example. "Imagine that you are trying to remove oil engineering plans to return home and teach. in water using a paper towel,' said Dr. Cadena. 'It's The university has also witnessed an increase difficult. However, if you coat that paper with a from 5 to 30 in the number of graduate students in thin layer of oil, it becomes compatible with the oil the civil environmental engineering program over the in the water and it sucks the oil right out. What we last 10 years. The department cannot accept are doing with clay is similar. We are taking clay additional students and is, in fact, turning down four and other natural minerals and applying a thin or out of five applicants. The department is becoming molecular layer of other organic materials which we highly selective, targeting only the best students. attach or tailor to the soil so that the soil becomes National Science Foundation funding has had more compatible with the pollutants we want to other significant impacts on New Mexico State remove. The pollutants we are removing are University. The largest portion of the funds is aromatic compounds, such as benzene, toluene and dedicated to student and faculty support (two new xylenescarcinogenic compounds generally found in environmental engineering faculty have been hired), oil and chemical spills.Every type of natural fuel to supplies and chemicals, and to overhead. contains these types of pollutants. Once they enter Additionally, since receiving the original seed money

47 from NSF in 1986, the university has developed an North Carolina Agricultural and excellent reputation for research in pollution control. Technical State University University expertise in environmental research has also led to ties with other national research Improvement of Cell Plasma Membrane organizations. For example, in 1989 the university Research Capabilities in Biology entered into a funding agreement with the U.S. At North Carolina Agricultural and Technical Department of Energy (DOE) to create a Waste (A&T) State University, Dr. David W. Aldridge, Education and Research Consortium.This professor of biology, focuses on instilling in his consortium includes the three major universities in students a sense of pride in what they do. New MexicoNew Mexico State University, the "Interacting with students takes time," said Dr. University of New Mexico, and New Mexico Aldridge. "It takes time to give them good habits. Institute of Mining and Technology. Sandia and Los They have to believe in the importance of what Alamos National Laboratories are also part of the they're doing, whether it's washing dishes or reading consortium, along with the DOE's Waste Isolation oxygen uptake." Pilot Project. DOE wants to mitigate the impact of Even Dr. Aldridge's undergraduate and high energy production, especially fossil fuels and oil school students are assigned small experiments to spills.Texaco, Inc., has become interested in the perform. Though the level of work is not necessarily university's work and provides funding toward the publishable, the students perform every stage of the project. NSF has proven to be the. catalyst for experimentsthemselves,fromlayingout funding from these other sources. experimental designs and collecting the data to NSF funds have been instrumental in obtaining crunching numbers for statistics. other funds. Every dollar New Mexico State Most minority students receiving graduate science University receives from an external resource is degrees at A&T come from predominantly black matched by the state and the Federal Government, institutions. 'Many of our students have little thus tripling its financial resources for minority science background. We're kind of an initiation for undergraduates. The funds help pay undergraduate them," said Dr. Aldridge. "A&T has a good track minority students who work on research projects. record in getting students up and out in the New Mexico state-provided funds are used to buy sciences." Of the 18 students who earned A&T equipment such as a gas chromatograph, a mass science degrees this year, 9 are enrolled in graduate spectrometer, a high-performanceliquid school in the sciences and 4 are enrolled in medical chromatograph, a total organic carbon analyzer, and school. One has been accepted at MIT. an atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. More A&T undergraduates than master's students RIMIparticipantsareproudof their enter Ph.D. programs, partly because salaries drop accomplishments. At least nine articles have off above the master's degree level. Of A&T students appeared in professional publications, and it has who have received bachelor of science (B.S.)or become routine for students to make presentations master of science (M.S.) degrees, Dr. Aldridge is at national and international chemistry and civil aware of nine who are still involved in science. engineering conferences. "The university can be a safe haven for becoming The grant has laid the foundation for a great an adult," said Dr. Aldridge. 'We teach students to future at New Mexico State University.Participants deal with stress, paperwork, and difficult are hopeful about developing important new supervisors. It boils down to giving students pride in technologies that will aid in the removal of what they do." environmental pollutants.Dr. Cadena believes the Dr. Aldridge has trained nine graduate students. use of natural minerals modified by organic A&T's RIMI grant h-.) provided stipends for six. In compounds to remove pollutants from water will be 1992, three students earned master's degrees in commonly used in five years. And, if current biology. Two of the three were from Dr. Aldridge's environmental trends continue, the university's lab. One has continued in environmental science at environmental engineering budget may double in the the University of Southern Florida. The other is next five years. More important, the grant provides employed with the Federal Government. an opportunity to educate people to solve major In the summer, Dr. Aldridge opens his lab to high local and global concerns. school students who seek research experience and science exposure. Many are good students who have

48 5 7 been 'turned off to science in high school, but have NSF funding has helped A&T to attract faculty their interest sparked again,' Dr. Aldridge said. they could not otherwise afford. Day-to-day "The hands-on laboratory experience is a turn-on university operations have become easier as well. for students. The things we teach in class come alive A&T now has an Office of Research Administration, in the lab," he said. Recently he received a card from and the NSF grant supports clerical staff and a former high school studentwho had planned to assistantships that enable students to participate in major in business, but who is now finishing her the research. second semester in chemistry. "We help our students Equipment purchased with the RIMI grant is make decisions about what they want to do." shared between departments. When the Chemistry Without NSF funding, it would have been Department needs a gas chromatograph, it uses the difficult for A&T students to gain modern research one purchased by the BiologyDepartment. When experience. 'Training students takes money,' said Dr. Aldridge needs a scanning spectrophotometer, he Dr. Aldridge. Because graduate schools prefer uses the one in the ChemistryDepartment. "It is applicantswithresearchexperience,the hard to demarcate where one program starts and opportunities provided by NSF funding make A&T another ends," said Dr. Aldridge. students more competitive. This equipment also allowed the department to NSF support for a RIMI grant in 1983 financed Dr. perform research on zebra mussels in the Great Aldridge's initial equipment purchases to set up his Lakes under a grant Erom the Army Corps of laboratory. The same funding also helped keep his Engineers. The equipment needed included the gas lab going during the 1980s, when the university had chromatograph, respirometers, specific ion meters little money. (especially for the ammonia ion, to measure nitrogen Dr. Aldridge and Dr. Thomas L. Jordan received excretion), spectrophotometer, and computers. $30,000 in matching funds from the university for Dr. Aldridge hopes that some oE his RIMI- the 1989 RIMI award. At the time, A&T had no sponsored research using gas chromatography to doctoral program. However, the University of North analyze cell composition will apply to the Army Carolina System Board of Governors has authorized Corps of Engineers grant as well. In that work, he A&T to offer a Ph.D. in engineering beginning in will study how environmental stresses affect 1993. invertebrates. Though invertebrates are difficult to The grant made possible research in cell biology. kill, they do show stress that lowers their A professor in the Biology Department, Dr. Aldridge reproductive capabilities. Dr. Aldridge's work may is studying 'ow fresh-water mollusks adapt to enable the Army Ccrps of Engineers to evaluate changes in temperature to maintain a constant level environmental stress in a given organism. of fluidity. Since materials are more liquid at higher The Army Corps of Engineers grant involves temperatures, changes in fatty acids can alter the research on a "nuisance' mollusk the Army is trying natural change in viscosity of cellular fluid by to eliminate. (Dr. Aldridge thinks they will justhave changing the composition of the phospholipids that to live with it.) However; the same researchalso make up the major part of cell membranes. could be applied to measure environmental stress on Essentially, an increase in saturated fatty acids can endangered fresh-water species the Corps is tasked 'harden' the cell membrane to make it less with protecting. Examples include a fresh-water snail permeable in higher temperatures. Dr. Aldridge's species in the Pleurocerid family and species in the research indicated changes intherelative Unionid family of large mussels. percentages of the various fatty acids with changes Knowledge is not always used in the way in temperature and a small change in cholesterol. originally intended. Whatever fields of endeavor Dr. The researchers hope to develop assay techniques to Aldridge's students finally select, they will be able to differentiate fatty acids and changes in cell apply a standard of excellence to whatever they do. membrane composition. Dr. Jordan is studying changes in plasma membrane lipids during the St. Mary's University growth cycle of bacteria. Near-Threshold Excitation of Molecules NSF is one of a few sources of funding for Dr. by Electron Impact Aldridge's research area. Though the National InstitutesofHealth (NIH)alsofunds "The most significant thing about this project for environmentally related research, their major focus is me is giving the students who areinterested in humans, not invertebrates. research the opportunity to follow their cu:iosity-

49 especially those students who really have the On the other hand, he did not anticipate the work potential, but not the environment to do the needed to orient the students to the research process. research," said Dr. Mehran Abdolsalami, assistant NSF funding supports two undergraduate students professor of electrical engineering at St. Mary's and one graduate student in his lab. Two of the University. "With this project, I can provide all the three students, one undergraduate and one graduate, equipment necessary for our research, even though are Hispanic. we are a small university. I did not have that luxury Initially, the students treated small research as an undergraduate.' projects more as homework than as independent Dr. Abdolsalami has been studying techniques for work. lf, for example, a student had an assigned near-threshold electron scattering of molecules, an project and wrote a computer code that did not important problem in quantum collision theory. He work, the student brought the code back to Dr. is applying a method for electron scattering called Abdolsalami for help. "It took me four or five the First-Order Non-Degenerate Adiabatic (FONDA) months to teach them that what they are doingnow theory. He wants to implement exact exchange in is different from a course project. They've learned to the FONDA theory and apply this technique to a use their intuition and their judgment and come up more complex molecule, the nitrogen molecule. with their own solutions.' Of the two current methods, one breaks down as The students have changed in other ways as well. threshold excitation is approached; the other is Dr. Abdolsalami has one graduate student who has applicable only to the simplest molecules, like decided to pursue a Ph.D. in his current area of hydrogen, because the process is too complex for research with Dr. Abdolsalami. 'Another one ofmy today's computers. If Dr. Abdolsalami can apply this students, before he became involved in this project, technique to enable the study of nitrogen molecule was sure he didn't want to go to graduate school. collisions with sufficiently high accuracy and a Now that he has had a taste of research, he is headed methodology that is manageable on today's for graduate school. computers, it should have wide applicability. "In research, once you give the students The nitrogen molecule is used in industry to responsibility, they like it.It excites them a lot. excite the carbon dioxide laser molecules to generate That's my experience. a carbon dioxide laser beam. Experimentalists are "One major result of the NSF grant has been to lookingforthekindofinformationDr. prepare these students to go on to other research Abdolsalami's results could provide about the institutions, should they decide to continue in transition of the nitrogen molecule from one state to research," Dr. Abdolsalami said. another. Earlier, St. Mary's lacked computing equipment Tuskegee University sufficient for high-level research. It was t'.e National Center for Computational Epidemiology Science Foundation grant that gave Dr. Abdolsalami the computing capability he needed. The award ofa At the Center for Computational Epidemiology at RIMI grant in October of 1990 enabled him to Tuskegee University School of Veterinary Medicine, purchase faster computers, including four Sun Dr. Tsegaye Habtemariam is creating a new branch workstations. 'Now students and project consultants of science. "Computational science is the third can spend time on the computer and complete the branch of science," said Dr. Habtemariam. 'Classical research without interruption,' he said. "We haveas science includes two branches: theoretical science much time as we can use on these computers and experimental or empirical science. In because they're dedicated to the project.' The last of experimental science you conduct experiments in the the three phases of his project will require fast laboratory or in the field and observe and generate computers. Dr. Abdolsalami hopes to use NSF data. In theoretical science, the understanding funding to purchase Sparc Station 10, which is three revolves around a theory that explains behavior. times faster than Sparc Station 2, the computer now Computer modeling provides a new arena of being used in the project. computer-based scientific experimentation." Within Dr. Abdolsalami reports that the research is thebranch of computational science,Dr. piogressing very well. He initially faced some Habtemariam is working on computational unanticipated networking problems and delayson epidemiology or the use oE computers for research. equipment, but those have been resolved. Taking advantage of advances in information management andcomputer modeling,Dr.

50 Habtemariam is developing a new approach to sentations have been made at both national and conducting research by integrating computer international conferences in England; Antwerp, modeling and expert systems as a means of Belgium; the International Center in Insect generating experimental data. 'Instead of gathering Physiology and Ecology in Kenya; Addis Ababa data in the field and using the computer to analyze University in Ethiopia; and the University of it, we are using the computer to recreate the whole Glasgow, Scotland. experimental medium," said Dr. Habtemariam. "The All of this would not have been possible without computer serves as the field or laboratory. National Science Foundation support. 'The initial "You can define populations on the level of Center and even the concept of the computational ecosystems of cells, molecular epidemiology; as epidemiology center came from the original NSF populations of data; or in the highest levels of grant," said Dr. Habtemariam. The first NSF grant in ecosystems, people or even global systems," explains 1986 bought a VAX 11750 and enhanced the Dr. Habtemariam. Information about growth and computing capability of the university.In 1988, death of populations under various conditions can be RIMI grant funds were used to purchase a Mac 2 FX programmed into the computer to model an workstation. Although the grant is fairly small for ecosystem. Different parameters can be used to setting up computational research, Tuskegee was define the systems, and different variables can be able to leverage the NSF support into a major introduced into the system to discover what effect is National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant and a grant created. The computer can process decades of from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for evolution in hours. networking fiber optic thin-wire ethernet. Dr. Habtemariam is working on the basic science Because of the NSF-supported facilities, the for advancing methods of computer modeling. "The Center also received a grant from the U. S. object is to develop methods of computational Department of Health and Human Services to create modeling and apply them to specific problems like a Center of Excellence for the medical education of health," he said.For developing the Center's minorities. This medical information center has a methodology, Dr. Habtemariam is using the biomedical information system with a research population dynamics of trypanosoma, a parasite that component and an education component for is a significant world problem. minority students. The education component is Extensive qualitative and quantitative data have funded by the U. S. Department of Education. been collected on trypanosoma, which is important The Center also has received support from Apple; for the methodology that Dr. Habtemariam hopes to Symbolics, Inc.; and the Dodge Foundation and develop. 'Quantitative modeling emphasizes would like to obtain more support from private numbers, but the majority of biological data is foundations.The Center further extends its qualitative description, which is the domain of capabilities through collaboration. For example, the expert systems," he said. "The two methods are Center has written a joint proposal with a nearby generally used separately, but if we can combine the university to combine its expertise in video disk two, we will be able to advance problem-solving and technology with Tuskegee's expertise in com- decision-support models.' putational modeling. Over the past four years, the Center has The Center has become a campus resource. instituted several projects, many of which contribute Facultyfromotherdepartmentstrainin to multidisciplinary databases. Current projects computational methodology in the lab during the include the development and application of the summer. In addition, "Faculty come to us to develop Problem-Oriented Epidemiologic Approach (POEA) joint proposals," said Dr. Habtemariam. Within the methodology to expand knowledge of schis- School of Medicine, faculty use the information tosomiasis and trypanosomiasis and the de- system for biomedical information. International velopment of expert system modules to help select visiting scientists are also attracted to the Center's and implement control strategies in biomedical work. 'All major visitors on campus come to visit areas. the Center," said Dr. Habtemariam. During the Center accomplishments include two de- summer of 1992, the Center hosted a Fulbright monstrations at the World Conference on the Fellow and a Fogerty International Fellow, among Environment in Rio de Janeiro this year. Project staff others. have published over 74 papers in eight different The Center also serves as a resource for students, rournals and proceedings.In addition, 70 pre- and Dr. Habtemariam has been amazed at the

51 richness of the scientific disciplines brought together connected the Alliant through NSFNET to the in this program. The NSF grant supports 17 minority network of supercomputers at NSF. 'These links are graduate students in epidemiology, engineering, and important, since they allow our researchers to biology. Three students have been awarded master's communicate with mainland computers," said Dr. degrees in epidemiology. The Center is training 30 Moreno. undergraduates and is reaching out to high school The last objective of the RIMI proposal is a students to bring them into the laboratory in the cooperative effort between the Rio Piedras and summer.'These minority students have the Mayaguez campuses to offer a doctorate in opportunity for exposure to new science that would computational mathematics. The program will be not have been available without support from NSF," carried out with the cooperation of local and said Dr. Habtemariam. national industry and assistance from national "The Center in computational epidemiology is research institutions. Dr. Moreno feeis the expanded now beginning to hold its own in the international graduate program will continue to upgrade the level scientific community and to influence research all of research, enabling UPR to train faculty and over the world," said Dr. Habtemariam. The Center professionals to serve the needs of research and is pioneering methodoiogies and training future industry. researchers to solve international health problems. The computing group's work in applied NSF was the key to initiating this international computational mathematics is aimed at developing program. the high-performance computing capability for the island of Puerto Rico. Researchers have been University of Puerto Rico at collaborating with Cornell University in symbolic Rio Piedras and Mayaguez computation and linear analysis. The main thrust of their research is the development of computational The Algebraic and Combinatorial techniques involving communications science, Computing Group symbolic computation, and modeling. "Tradition- The Algebraic and Combinatorial Computing ally, mathematics is used to influence applied Group at the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) at Rio research,' said Dr. Moreno. 'But using applied math, Piedras and Mayaguez has surged forward in you impact the real world." research with support from NSF. Since 1984, the Rio Their work in computation has also influenced Piedras Mathematics Department has moved from the world of mathematics.Techniques developed for having the lowest number of publications per applied math are being applied back to theoretical researcher at the Rio Piedras campus to having the mathematics to expand previous results.For second highest number in all science departments at example, the 30-year-old Theorem of Ax, which UPR. In addition, Mathematics Department funding posits a number of solutions to a multiple-variable increased twentyfold, from $100,000 for the ten polynomial, has been improved. New computation years 1974 to 1984 to nearly $2 million for the five techniques substituting values for variables have years 1985 to 1990. increased the number of solutions. Impetus for increasing the output and quality of Over the last five years, the computing group has the research and learning facilities was provided by established cooperative links with some of the the Mathematics Department's focus on computer mainland's top research institutions: the University modeling and simulations. 'Modeling and simulation of California at Berkeley, Cornell University, IBM are extremely important to Puerto Rico's future WatsonResearchLaboratory, AT&T Bell because science is becoming computational,' said Dr. Laboratories, and Bellcore. Oscar Moreno, principal investigator in the Algebraic UPR is also working with the City University of and Combinatorial Computing Group. New York, Rutgers, Michigan, and Ohio State "NSF was the funding cornerstone," said Dr. Universities, the Universities of Southern California Moreno. "The RIMI grant was instrumental in and Minnesota, and the Technical University of getting us going.' With a 1986 grant from NSF, the Denmark. Notable scientists from other institu- Gauss Research Laboratory at Rio Piedras acquired a tions visit as researchers. UPR has collaborative state-of-the-art FX/8 Alliant minisupercomputer. agreements with the Communications Science With the Alliant, the computing group organized a Institute of the University of Southern California, local area network (LAN) among local researchers. In the Mathematical Sciences Institute of Cornell 1988, with additional support from NSF, the group

52 6 University, and the Institute for Problems of of the silver-sulfur-selenium compounds as thin films Information Transmission Center in Moscow. isa prerequisite to potential applications in UPR's outreach program focuses on the microelectronics and optoelectronics. identification, encouragement, and training of Three professors, five Mexican-American students interested in the sciences. Precollege, students, and one staff member on the RIMI project college, and graduate students are recruited through work on the overall silver-sulfur-selenium project. the university's Resource Center. During those times when the compounds must cook Many students proceed from UPR to mainland for a month and cool slowly before investigators can universities. h the last three years, UPR has awarded try another mixture, students participate in other 33 master's degrees. Eleven students continued on to projects that use the skills, techniques, and Ph.D. programs at institutions including the equipment from their RIMI research. These spin- University of California at Berkeley, Cornell offs include measurement of surface area in corals, University, Ohio State University, and Arizona State lead in soils, and minerals in oil-well core. University. Two research articles, four abstracts, and four One high school junior came to work in the project-related presentations have evolved from the computing group laboratory during the summer of research on silver-sulphur-selenium systems. In each 1989. On his own he traveled long distances two or case, RIMI students were co-publishers. three times a week during the year. "He came from a For Dr. Nicholas E. Pingitore, Jr., professor in the poor family, but was very disciplined," said Dr. Department of Geological Sciences and co-principal Moreno. 'I was very impressed with his interest." investigator along with Dr. J.J. Robillard of the With Dr. Moreno's recommendation, the student Department of Physics, life is no longer calm and won an internship at Lawrence Livermore relaxed since receiving the RIMI grant. 'I have never Laboratory and continued his studies at a mainland worked harder,' said Dr. Pingitore. 'Most of the university. minority students in our group have a limited The expanded computation and modeling background in research and they lack experience capabilities available to the computing group offer with laboratory equipment. Nevertheless, the UPR students a resource that otherwise would not principal investigators must do top flight science, be available. Through the support received for this along with mentoring and even some social work. El project, the mathematics communities in Puerto Rico Paso is a poor community that doesn't have many and on the mainland have gained colleagues and resources; our students face hardships to get to the trained students, and UPR students are preparing university. We must help them on the next step to themselves to contribute to the advancement of careers in science. This is incredibly hard work but computational mathematics. very rewarding." Six Mexican-American students were enrolled in University of Texas at El Paso the project in 1990 and five in 1991. Undergraduate The System AG-S-SE: Phase Relations, majors include the geological sciences, physics, electrical engineering, and chemistry; graduate Electrical and Optical Properties, and students are geological science majors. Application The influence of the grant on the students has The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), which been wonderful."It is tough to be a minority serves a substantial number of underrepresented student in El Paso,' said Dr. Pingitore. "Some minority students, received National Science students feel lost when they first come to the Foundation fundsin1990 to establish an university. They have never viewed science as interdisciplinary RIMI project in material science. something exciting...as something that involves In its first year, the RIMI research group teamwork...and as something that involves pride in synthesized 30 compounds in the system Ag2S what one is doing.' Participation in the RIMI grant Ag2Se (silver-sulfer-selenium compounds) and has changed that perception. Even the simple reality examined them on an optical microscope, electron of wearing a laboratory coat has fostered a sense of microprobe, and x-ray powder diffractometer. These professionalism, and working side by side with and other tests provided information on changes in professorsandgraduatestudentsmakes lattice spacing associated with solid solutions, the undergraduate students feel special and able to see electrical conductivity of the compounds, and the science as a career, something they could do. The deposition of the materials as thin films. Fabrication five minority students on the project have gained

53 self-confidence and a real sense that they can be experience gives students an opportunity to work at scientists. a large laboratory and to observe many scientists at The 'recruitment window' is a part of that work. Students gain self-confidence from these experience. The Department of Geological Sciences summer trips and positive reinforcement for their recently moved to a renovated building where the chosen profession. main laboratory, which houses the project, has Teamwork...student self-confidence...hands-on windows that run the full length of the room. The research; these components contribute to the success windows are adjacent to a main, well-traveled of this RIMI project, clearly seen through UTEP's university corridor. This permits other students to "recruitment window" of opportunity. observe the equipment and activkies in the lab, thus making the research visible to a larger segment of Wayne State University the university community, as well as to summer Nutrient Hotnostasis: Coordination of students from local junior and senior high schools. UTEP students have gained a sense of pride in their Response Patterns by the Nucleus work and enjoy the opportunity to demonstrate their Tractus Solitarius research skills. Dr. Robin A. Barraco, professor of physiology, has The project has produced other benefits.Dr. been researching basic brainstem mechanisms for Pingitore received strong support from the university regulating bodily functions since 1985 when he in the form of a matching grant. The matching funds received his first RIMI grant from the National were close to the NSF grant amount and included Science Foundation. $75,000 for x-ray equipment. The equipment not "When you breathe and your blood pumps, you only benefits the RIMI research but also will be move around nutrients," Dr. Barraco said.While useful for other projects and will bring UTEP closer studying how the brain regulates blood pressure, he to a state-of-the-art capability in materials research. found that the most active area was a small area of The NSF funds take pressure off the technical the lower brain, right above the spinal cord, called assistants to obtain outside jobs and increase the the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). That finding overall number of students the university can opened a whole new area of research. support. The grant also encourages interaction It was NSF's emphasis on basic research that among departments, bringing geological sciences, allowed Dr. Barraco to explore this unexplored area physics, and chemistry professors together to work of the brain and discover its relation to other on the RIMI project.For example, Dr. Leigh C. functions in the body. The RIMI grant was the first Porter, a chemistry professor, works cooperatively funding Dr. Barraco received to determine the with a minority chemistry student to provide implications of his research. electrical measurements for the RIMI project. "You go to NSF when you want to explore a new Applications for project findings abound. As a horizon or a basic mechanism. NSF is the one direct result of the initial research findings, agency for unique, cutting-edge research," Dr. Professors Pingitore and Porter have submitted a Barraco said. Three major agencies fund research grant proposal to fund development of the silver- similar to that of Dr. Barraco: the National Institutes sulfur-selenium compounds as solid-state thermal of Health (NIH); the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and bulk switches and nanoswitches. Their compounds Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA); and NSF. may be appropriate for microwave sensors or as a However. NSF is the only agency that funds basic temperature sensor on bottles of food, wine, or research not related to disease. The others fund medicine to indicate if the product has been exposed clinical, disease-related research that is targeted at to temperatures above appropriate levels. The mental health, drug abuse, cancer, heart disease, or compound is a "designer material," a solid solution other health disorders.'For the really innovative with a continuous range of compositions, making it work, NSF is the place," he said. possible to change the properties of the material The basic research Dr. Barraco performed under with the composition. the NSF grant has provided the foundation for The RIMI project also is collaborating with Sandia related research funded by NIH and ADAMHA. Laboratories.Sandia Laboratories has a strong 'Once you have completed the basic research, there commitment to UTEP and is allowing RIMI are different directions you can explore that are more investigators to use its high-temperature x-ray appropriate to other agencies,' he said. diffraction equipment during the summer. The

54 63 Brain research itself is a young discipline. The the basis for a whole new strategy in the study of first professional organization in neuroscience, the mental illness and consciousness, performance, brain Society for Neurosciences, was established in 1969, function, and memory. two years before Dr. Barraco graduated. In 1985, the At the time Dr. Barraco received his degree, only lower part of the brain was mostly discounted in half a dozen neurotransmitters were charted. 'Now neurological work because it was related to the more we know the brain has a vast chemical vocabulary of primitive functions of the vertebrate brain.Taste at least 500 substances including neuromodulators. and smell are projected there, and the development Every known neurological substance we know is of this part of the brain represented the first time found in the NTS. The NTS can communicate with vertebrates connected those senses with visceral every major area of the brain, something that even sensations, like nausea. One of the strongest types the higher brain doesn't do," he said. of learning is taste aversionfor example, using "In America the great tradition in brain science Mercurochrome to stop thumb sucking. The formerly belonged to psychologists and their development of the NTS, therefore, represents an research on memory. Brain research is a discipline evolutionary advance for vertebrates. only a quarter of a century old," Dr. Barraco said. The NTS is a central integrating area for all The understanding that a complex vocabulary of visceral information. Everything inside the body, communication substances exists in the brainsuch including all of the organs, transmits signals to this as endorphins that activate during long-distance part of the brain. The regulation of such things as runsis a relatively new finding.In fact, the sweating and heart rate is part of the autonomic number of known substances that the brain uses for nervous system. The NTS regulates blood sugar communication has jumped from in the twenties to level, peristaltic movement, release of hormones the hundreds in the last five or six years, Dr. Barraco (peptides including insulin for digestion) in the gut, explained. respiration, and blood pressure. Dr. Barraco is currently editing a first-of-its kind "No one really understands how the brain senses book on the NTS, with contributions from and regulates activities like the level of hormones international scientists who are also investigating and the metabolic needs of tissues through blood this area of the brain. The book is a direct result of flow changes," said Dr. Barraco.It turns out that research spurred by Dr. Barraco's second RIMI grant. NTS plays a major role in doing all this. Dr. Barraco also has written a histological atlas of "The brain function that dignifies the real the NTS portion of the rat brain, thereby creating meaning of life is the one that senses what your the first reference work on the subject to stimulate internal feelings are," he said. 'And now we know future research. that this is located way down there just above the With his first RIMI grant, Dr. Barraco established spinal cord.' Dr. Barraco discovered in mapping the his laboratory, with subsequent funding directed NTS that this small area in the medulla has toward the creation of advanced microinjection pathways that network to all the higher brain areas techniques.This high-tech procedure was associated with an individual's emotions and developed under NSF funding at Wayne State thoughts. University by Dr. Richard Campbell. Dr. Campbell Dr. Barraco is also looking at another area of the was one of the few African Americans in the nation brain that is connected with the NTS, called the to earn a doctorate in neuroscience. nucleus accumbens, which is associated with Using RIMI program support that began in 1985, emotional expression. 'This area of the brain is a hot Wayne State University has established powerful area for research right now. Itis the major and sophisticated surgical, neurophysiological, and reinforcement area of the brain," he said. 'If you neuropharmacological methods for examining stimulate this area with an electrode, you can get brainstem regulatory functions. These methods now any behavior you want. This is the area where drug serve as an important resource in the university addiction takes place. When this area is activated, it community for faculty research collaboration and releases neurotransmitters that transmit great student training. Many university staff have been pleasure. It is in charge of your reward drive, and it trained in microinjection and surgical techniques. is all connected through the NTS.' Since 1989, with the aid of two RIMI grants, According to Dr. Barraco, his study of NTS Wayne State has graduated two Ph.D. students, one provides an entirely different way of looking at of whom is a minority; two master's students, one of consciousness and brain function, perhaps forming whom is a minority; and four baccalaureate students,

55 6 all of whom are minorities.Students inthe at the undergraduate level in brain research," he said. laboratory complete an apprenticeship and are He places students with faculty around the matched by interest with faculty mentors. Dr. university who are performing brain research and Barraco works with five faculty members. The RIMI uses ADAMHA funds to provide stipends of $6,700 program provides for the funding of one graduate per year plus full tuition for selected students. student and one postdoctoral student. Another important part of Dr. Barraco's life is Dr. Barraco has trained eight Ph.D.s who are now developing a network of people concerned with the teaching around the country, as well as three education of underrepresented minorities and graduate students."I not only teach my students women from high schools and colleges, as well as how to think and reason in science, but also share graduate and postgraduate students and faculty with them my feelings on ethics and morality in members. science," he said. "I see it as a national security issue," he said. For over two decades, Dr. Barraco has had a "The largest pool of human power in the next strong commitment to minority student education. century will come from women and minorities. We He serves as the Program Director of the ADAMHA have to train women and minority scientists for Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) careers in science and engineering to provide the program, an honors undergraduate training program scientists for the next century. It's imperative." at Wayne State University. "So Pm growing students

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The Minority Research Centers of Excellence Universities are required to have a 50 percent (MRCE) program seeks to increase the minority student population with graduate programs number of minorities in science and in science and engineering. Awards provide up to $1 engineering by making substantial resources million for up to five years.The National Science available to upgrade the capabilities of the strongest Foundation's (NSF) Centers of Excellence model has and most research-productive minority institutions. been replicated by several other government-funded This funding provides increased opportunities for science programs. minority faculty and students to engage in research, All of the Minority Research Centers of and supports the initial phase of establishing the Excellence are featured in this publication because Centers. The program also enables these institutions meeting the requirements to establish an MRCE to use their resources and research to increase the indicates that the institution has proved itself as a effectiveness of related science and engineering model program. activities for other institutions in their regions. Figure 9 illustrates the number of students The MRCE program was initiated in 1987 to participating in the MRCE program and the number encourage institutions that have previously received of research papers produced from 1987 to 1991. funding through Research Improvement in Minority MRCE student participants increased from Institutions (RIMI) and Minority Research Initiation approximately 50 in 1987 to more than 300 in (MRI) program grants.Criteria for selection include 1991.Concurrently, publications in refereed the institution's ability to attract teams of experts journalsbyfacultyincreasedfrom and proof of progress in establishing a research approximately 10 to more than 200 in the same infrastructure with other institutions. time period. Figure 10 shows the geographic distribution of the eight MRCEs.

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Minority Research Centers of Excellence AAMU Alabama A&M University ------Material Science CCNY City College of New York Chemistry and Engineering CAU Clark Atlanta University Physics and Mathematics HAU Hampton University High Energy and Nuclear Physics ci * UPR HOU Howard University Material Science MMC Meharry Medical College Cell and Molecular Biology UPR University of Puerto Rico Interdisciplinary UTEP University of Texas at El paso --- Chemistry and Eng.

6 1 Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical increased the quality of the crystal compared with University crystals grown on Earth. Data accumulated from the shuttle research mission are helping scientists to Scientists at the Alabama Agricultural and understand how fluids behave in the low-gravity Mechanical University (AAMU) Minority Research environment of outer space. Center of Excellence (MRCE) for the study of Alabama's MRCE hasestablishednovel Nonlinear Optics and Optical Materials have taken collaborations between the Center and industry. the high road in their investigation...all the way into 'The participation of industry is very critical," said outer space. Since AAMU was awarded an MRCE Dr. Lal. grant in 1988, it has increased the number of its Accomplishments by the faculty in the area of laboratories from four to twelve. crystal growth include collaborations with the Investigators at AAMU are performing research in University of Wisconsin at Madison, the University quantum optics and in the preparation of crystal of Alabama at Huntsville, and the University of materials for optical and electronic systems. Studies Alabama in Tuscaloosainthe growth of includethegrowthofbulkcrystalsof superconducting and mixed organic crystals. The semiconductors and optically active materials from result of this joint research was carried in the pages solution. These crystals have been characterized and of the Journal of Crystal Growth and Journal of Applied growth models have been developed, to advance the Physics. state of crystal research and further their application The faculty members have perfected certain to products that enhance our daily lives. photorefractive crystals grown by Czochralski Four of the dozen laboratories at the Center are technique. Using this method, Center scientists have dedicated to growing various types of crystals, with been able to grow industrial-quality barium titanate the remaining eight engaged in optics and laser and bismuth silicon oxide crystals. Barium titanate research. The crystal materials used in the optics of is difficult to buy commercially, with very limited laser systems are now finding wide application in sources for obtaining the crystal material. A small manufacturing and biomedical fields. crystal of five cubic millimeters costs about $4,000, Accomplishments by the faculty in the area of and a nine or ten cubic millimeter crystal costs about crystal growth include a collaboration with the $10,000.Striving for perfection in the quality of University of Wisconsin at Madison and the these crystals means a number of trial tests are University of Alabama at Huntsville in the growth of needed. 'Perfection in the crystals is one of the main superconducting crystals. The results of this joint characteristics that we attempt,'saidDr. research were carried in the Journal of Crystal Growth. Venkateswarlu, Associate Director for Research. In certain experiments, it is fair to say that the Both of these crystals are very useful in signal Center's research is out of this world! That is processing and for optical phase conjugation in certainly the case when you consider the exciting lasers. work carried aboard U.S. space shuttle missions. In The Center has a strong partnership with Hughes one experiment in January 1992. a solution growth Electro-Optics Data and the System Group, which is of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystal was flown aboard also working in optical crystals. The Center and the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1) Hugheshavesigned aMemorandumof into Earth orbit on board the STS-42 space shuttle Understanding research agreement that involves an mission. exchange of students, faculty, and Hughes experts. X-ray inspection of crystals manufactured in In addition, Hughes recruits students for summer space indicate better homogeneity and fewer defects research experiences. "It also has resulted in some than their Earth-made counterparts.Infrared valuable research equipment transferred from the detectors are sensitive to thermal conditions. These corporation to AAMU," said Dr. Jeanette Jones, crystals, therefore, are useful in detecting forest fires Executive Director of the Center and Vice President from spacean important commercial application of Research and Development. for AAMU's research. The AAMU crystal work may "This is a benefit that not only helps the also be applied to maintaining strict temperature department of physics, but benefits the whole controls on the International Space Station Freedom, university. As a result of the work that we're doing scheduled to be circling Earth at decade's end. in physics, which was enhanced by the NSF funding, Dr. Ravindri Lal developed a new process for we have experienced a great deal of benefit growing TGS crystals in space, which greatly

62 7 throughout the university.It has been a catalyst for students has revealed that 100 percent graduated us." from high school and 96 percent attended college: 50 'A primary example of the collaboration we are percent majored in scientific disciplines, 34 percent establishing is our arrangement with NASA's are undecided, and the remainder selected Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC) Space Science nonscientific areas." Laboratory,' said Dr. Alton Williams,the Center's Students who graduated from AAMU are well Assistant Director for Research. prepared for science careers. One student recently Sheila Nash Stevenson, a graduate student at the received a postdoctoral fellowship from the National Center, is being supported by MSFC in her Research Council and is now working for NASA's dissertation research. She is an MSFC employee and Marshall Space Flight Center. 'One of the distinctive was awarded $100,000 by MSFC for equipment things about students who graduate from AAMU support. and have worked in the department is that they The Center also collaborates with EDO/Barnes learn how to write research grants,' said Dr. Jeanette Engineering Division of Connecticut, a leading Jones. For example, the very first physics Ph.D. supplier of infrared detectors.Fabricating detectors student from AAMU submitted a proposal to NASA requires multimillion dollar establishments, which that resulted in a $1.5 million grant for five years. are not available in Alabama at the moment. AAMU "I think there are very few institutions who have also has alliances with several other groups including graduates that are capable, in their first year out of AT&T Bell Labs, Litton Airtron, Lawrence Livermore school, of writing a proposal to attract funding at National Laboratory, and Oak Ridge National that level," said Dr. Jones. Laboratory.Joint activities with these groups have strengthened the new Ph.D. program in Nonlinear City College of New York Optics and Optical Materials. The first two Ph.D. "Our biggest accomplishment is the first rate students graduated in May 1991. science we do here. We're exploring the same NSF funding has enabled the university to expand problems as majority institutions, doing some of the the number of graduate students from 14 to 42 and same level of work as places like Berkeley," said Dr. to increase its physics faculty from 9 to 22.In Daniel L. Akins, Director of the Center for Analysis addition, the number of minority students in the of Structures and Interfaces (CASI) at the City program has grown from 6 to 18. NSF funding also enabled the university to augment and focus its College of New York (CCNY). The way Dr. Akins sees it, the MRCE offers an research agenda in materials science. Much of the opportunity to show that minorities can make a nter's funding now received from collaborative eff, rts with the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, contribution to the nation, and CASI's students are trying to win as a team. Everyone contributes. Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and The aim of the MRCE program at CCNY is not so Space Administration (NASA), and others is a result much to develop a few stars as to move a broad of the initial support provided by NSF through RIMI number of students through the process. 'In a few and the MRCE Center. The Center is also working to increase the years we plan to have all of them making a contribution,' said Dr. Akins. "Their success is a number of minority students in the science pipeline group success. They meet and share experiences and through an outreach program for 4th and 5th grade try to help each other out. They network and bring students.One two-week outreach program perspectives to each other.' emphasizes science, chemistry, biology, physics, math, English, computer science, and career CCNY has a long history of helping newcomers contribute to the American scene, beginning with exploration. The Center also supports a similar five- immigrants, and the New York City area provides a week program for students in grades 9-12.In addition, a six-week research apprenticeship unique group of students to the university as well. Dr. Akins feels CCNY's student population program for grades ln-12 and college freshmen and represents the wave of the future, a melting pot of sophomores has been established.In this program, students are assigned mentors and are tasked to nationalities-40 percent African American, 30 percent Hispanic, 13 percent Asian, and 17 percent work on a research project over the summer months. 'Since starting, we have served about 585 others."We're extracting the best talents from this population," Dr. Akins proudly said. students,' said Dr. Jerry Shipman, Associate Director for Center Outreach. 'Our follow-up on these

63 72 In addition to being Director of the MRCE, Dr. individual, he likes taking on things that others call Akins is Chairman of the National Alliance of impossible. Operating the MRCE "in a competent, Research Centers of Excellence (NARCE), an efficient manner is a feat,' said Dr. Akins. He organization in which students meet annually to showed it could be done, and his success has share problems and knowledge gained from research resulted in other minorities assuming the reins in experiences. "We represent a unique capability," said other programs on campus. Dr. Akins. At first, he was surprised at the great One of the advantages of the National Science desire and enormous range of skills evidenced in the Foundation's MACE program is the flexibility students. "There is a pool of talent there to be afforded by Center-level funding. One thing the tapped, but ways to tap into that talent are limited,' Center can dois respond quickly to new he said. Major universities would have to do opportunities. Through seed money, the Center can something special to reach out to minorities and support a project that has not been formally they are not necessarily able or willing to do this. approved for funding. Subprojects can be managed "We are trying to develop pathways for individuals because of the flexibility. "We take advantage of that to develop themselves." kind of discovery activity to develop new proposals," In 1991, CCNY graduated two minority Ph.D.s in said Dr. Akins. It allows the researcher to pursue chemical and electrical engineering. In 1992, CCNY some ideas or investigate trails that might open up expects to graduate 14 students in scientific new research arenas. disciplines from laser physics to applied engineering. Dr. Akins is conducting one of the major projects "Those students would not be in the pipeline if not at CASI. His research group is studying sensitized for the Center," said Dr. Akins. "Only three or four processes at semiconductor interfaces using laser might have planned to do Ph.D. work. The rest scattering techniques or spectroscopy. Research would not have thought about getting a Ph.D. in could ultimately lead to new film techniques that science because of barriers in terms of family or may increase the speed at which information can money. The Center has made it doable" through the travel in composite integrated circuits. research stipends provided, Dr. Akins stressed. 'We're breaking new ground every day,' said Dr. CCNY's undergraduate program, supported under Akins. With original research, "every step is CASI, is even more ambitious than its graduate unknown. Sometimes you find solid results; other program. In the former, there are 20 undergraduates times you step on quicksand.' 'rubbing shoulders' with researchers who can "stand Dr. Akins said three new spectroscopy techniques shoulder to shoulder with any faculty in the have been integrated into his research program. country," said Dr. Akins. They are Fourier Transform Raman (FT-Raman), The students also receive support outside the coherent anti-Strokes Raman scattering (CARS), and classroom. CCNY has been very successful at placing picosecond Raman spectroscopies. FT-Raman is used students in industrial laboratories over the summer. for observing vibrational modes of aggregated For example, in 1991 students received industrial cyanide dyes and other important molecules. The internships at the Motorola, Bell Communications new techniques for characterizing systems allow Research, Sony, Hughes, and Timken corporations. researchers to see details they could not see before. The numbers of participants can be attributed, in It is hoped that CARS spectroscopy will enhance part, to the Center's outreach efforts. The signal intensities.Picosecond Raman spectroscopy philosophy is simple: talk to people and spread the allows measurements of electron-transfer rates at word about the Center. Center staff regularly speak semiconductor interfaces. to local high schools and often meet with the parents of students on campus. Clark Atlanta University The MRCE project has also made a difference to the university in many ways. As the largest funded Do science and soccer have something in program at CCNY, it was a management challenge common? Dr. Alfred Msezane and Dr. Carlos Handy Dr. Akins couldn't refuse. At first he found a of Clark Atlanta University's Minority Research prevailing view that minorities could not handle Center of Excellence believe that some of the same such a large undertaking. principles used to coach soccer will stimulate and "That was unacceptable to me," said Dr. Akins. excite students about science by converting athletic "I've accepted challenges all my life, and I wanted to competitiveness into intellectual competitiveness. show that it could be done."A competitive They contend that seeing their names in print and

64 o.4 knowing that scientific research can open doors will The second parallel component of the program is inspire students to pursue research careers. the High School Summer Research Apprentice's The co-directors of the MRCE have coached Program.In 1992, 15 students, primarily women, soccer teams together. They took disadvantaged were selected to participate. This program has youth, taught them the game, brought cohesion to proven extraordinarily successful. Matched with their teamwork, honed their competitiveness, and mentors, participants work on challenging research made them winners. projects. They are introduced to the whole spectrum Dr. Msezane stresses the importance of of computer physics.Utilizing computers with countering students' fear of failure: 'Students need advanced software, students study mathematics, to be allowed to make errors. When you experiment atomic and molecular properties, quantum in physics, if you fail, you try again!' mechanics, computer graphics, condensed matter, Over the years, Dr. Msezane and Dr. Handy have and atmospheric physics. been able to share their expertise in physics with In the future, Dr. Msezane and Dr. Handy plan to minority students through the assistance of NSF's introduce students to supercomputers such as the RIM1 grants as well as funding from the U.S. Cray and parallel processors. The co-directors Department of Energy and the Office of Naval explain: "They are an integral part of Physical Research. The MRCE grant has permitted them to Science research.Comprehensive workshops will expand their program to encompass more students in permit students to advance their knowledge of such their "environmenVof excellence." computers and assist them in understanding the Their MRCEthe Center for Theoretical Studies potential of a research career.' of Physical Systemsis consolidating and expanding NSF funding for the Center has also assisted Dr. research capabilities in physics. Research at the Msezane and Dr. Handy in leveraging funds from Center is conducted throughdynamic other sources.Additional support for the program interdisciplinary research clusters in (1) atomic and has come from the Office of Naval Research, the molecular theory, (2) quantum few/many body U. S. Department of Energy, IBM, and Digital problems, and (3) mathematical physics/applied Equipment Corporation. Since most of the grant mathematics. The clusters will strengthen and funds are utilized to support students, the Center expand ties with several national and international seeks additional assistance from the private sector to scientific institutions. implement innovative programs. For example, a Led by principal investigators or group leaders, Mobile Physics Demonstration Laboratory is planned each cluster involves researchers who are members that will visit local schools for several days, allowing of other clusters as well as visiting scientists, students to view a panorama of exciting experiments research associates, graduate and undergraduate that cannot be duplicated easily by public schools. students, and high school students. The Center also plans to identify experiments The MRCE program sponsored two parallel that can be placed within area schools for extended outreach programs involving 48 students in the periods of time. Clark Atlanta University professors summer of 1992. The first is an "open door' will visit the schools to offer guidance. Both program involving Atlanta area students from grades projects, however, require a truck that can house and 8-12.In 1992, the Center's inaugural year, 34 high transport the experiments. Local private sector school students participated in the open-door support is being sought. program, and most were highly motivated, reports Unlike other grants and contracts that require Dr. Msezane. The Center exposes them to college- traditional methods, the NSF grant allows Center level experiments in physics and the rudiments of staff to experiment with innovative approaches to calculus. While many students are uncertain about probiems in science education. This freedom makes their future careers, a number of the participants are winners of students and schools, permits healthy considering a career in the sciences as a result of competition, motivates students, and frees scientists their involvement in Center programs. to generate and implement ideas. The co-directors' A key ingredient of the Center's success is that enthusiasm for scientific research and the teaching of calculus is taught not only from the chalkboard, but students is evident: "Problems excite us, and we love also by involving students in hands-on experiments competition." using computers. This permits students to see that Clark Atlanta University is expanding its faculty research and calculus have immediate and practical with talented researchers from throughout the applications. country and other continents. For example, Dr.

65 Romain Murenzi, a wavelet analysis expert, and Dr. Hampton University Xiao-Qian Wang, a superb researcher in density The Minority Research Centers of Excellence functional theory/molecular dynamics, will join the Nuclear/High Energy Physics Research Center of Center in the fall.Dr. Murenzi, originally from Excellence (NuHEP) at Hampton University is the Ruanda, is currently at Sac lay, France, while Dr. first program of its quality in nuclear and high- Wang, a native of China, is at the University of energy physics at a Historically Black University. Minnesota. Beginning in September 1992, Hampton will be the Through the MRCE grant, the Center has built a first minority institution in Virginia to offer a sophisticated computing facility at Clark Atlanta University. The computers were acquired through doctoral program in physics. Hampton is taking advantage of a collaboration support from IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, and the Pittsburgh Supercomputer Facility. The with a high-energy and nuclear physics facility near MRCE co-sponsored a workshop on the Clark the campus to enhance the capabilities of its physics department. For the past nine years, Hampton has Atlanta campus in April 1992 entitled 'Electron-Ion Collisions." The U. S. Department of Energy's taken part in the development of the Continuous Lawrence Livermore Laboratory co-sponsored the Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) operated for the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the event.Support also came from IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, the Office of Naval Southeastern Universities Research Association Research, and other branches of the Department of (SUM). Energy. Approximately 40 researchers from the Dr. Warren W. Buck is Director of the MACE and United States and Europe participated in the Interim Chairman for the Department of Physics. He sees the accelerator as an opportunity to augment workshop. important work in physics by the department and its "One of the main goals of the MRCE is to create an environment of excellence where students are faculty. More than eight years ago, Dr. Buck began encouraged to pursue scientific challenges and be his Hampton career teaching courses related to physics and began building a relationship of mutual competitive with the best in their field," explained Dr. Handy To this end, a Chautauqua Course in support between administrators and researchers. Hampton's faculty hold joint research positions at Applied Mathematics was held in March for Center students and professors. Georgia Institute of CEBAF and collaborate with many other universities. Technology professors and a professor from the Close collaborations are maintained with Morehouse University of Texas at Arlington participated as College, Virginia State University, Jackson State University, The College of William and Mary, speakers. The External Advisory Board members of the Michigan State University, Yale University, University of Houston, North Carolina Agricultural MACE come from such institutions as The American Physical Society, The American Association of and Technical State University, and Old Dominion Physics Teachers, Stanford University, Georgia University. Over the next two years, Hampton will be refurbishing and managing a 60-ton spectrometer Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, that will be usedin CEBAF experiments. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Battelle Technicians and engineers will be required to Pacific Northwest Laboratories, The University of maintain the spectrometer. Waterloo, and Los Alamos National Laboratory. The CEBAF facility provides opportunities to These members will strongly enhance coupling and conduct experimental and theoretical physics interaction of the Center with major research research.Experimental work is focused on developing new detectors and specialized measuring universities and national/international laboratories and impact the training of students in the physical instruments. Hampton has been approved for experimentsinhypernuclearphysicsand and mathematical sciences. From supercomputer workshops to a laboratory spectroscopy, which will get underway in the next on wheels, the various Clark Atlanta University two years. Theoretical work includes relativistic MRCE programs herald a great future in attracting models of mesons and electromagnetic structure using quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum minority students to science and engineering. chromodynamics (QCD). "We have African American students involved in world-class science through the MRCE," said Dr.

66 7"e) Buck. Of the 27 graduate students in the giving opportunities at laboratories, the program department, 30 percent are African American and 20 provides students from schools without physics percent are women.In the undergraduate courses the opportunity to spend a semester at population, 100 percent of the students are African Hampton to supplement their studies. American. Through the physics department's Dr. Buck would like to reach students from collaboration with CEBAF, "we can introduce elementary school through graduate school. students to forefront type physics that traditionally Recently, the Center hired an outreach liaison to has not involved a large percentage of the minority develop a precollege component that initially will community," he said."It is opening up research consist of elementary school activities.Also, the physics to minorities and the rest of the world, liaison will identify other science education efforts making highways to success that people can walk in the community.'For example, there are on." numerous programs for middle school students in Dr. Buck finds that his students are in great the Hampton area. So we want to find out what demand. The forecast for January 1993 is that all they're doing, and to avoid competition. We want available students will be recruited for summer to make the community stronger,' said Dr. Buck. internships.In spring 1992, the Massachusetts "That's the idea. Because if we compete with each Institute of Technology (MIT) approached NuHEP other, we're lost.So our goal is to try to work about a possible collaboration.Additionally, one together and to work together continuously." Hampton-area university is prepared to provide full tuition for physics students, provided they teach Howard University upon completing their degree. Sophisticated aircraft avionics and jet turbine Like many of the other MRCE directors, Dr. Buck engine control electronics that operate at high enjoys taking on pioneering projects. 'There are always many problems when you are doing temperatures are some of the applications for the electronic materials on the research agenda of something new that people have not seen before." Howard University's Materials Science Research From his experience sailing the Atlantic for three years, he knows what it is like to go up against a Center of Excellence (MSRCE). According to Dr. Michael Spencer, Director of the hurricane 'Other problems are small by Center, only a few people in the nation are studying comparison,' he explains. Following his sailing many of the materials now under analysis at the epoch, he charted a new course for himself by university."In materials work, we are often trying teaching physics. 'I wanted to build something that to find out basic things about how to grow materials cannot be torn down very easily." and what properties these materials have," said Dr. Dr. Buck publishes in the Physics Review, which is Casting an eye toward how the research one of the top refereed journals in his field. He Spencer. will be applied, the Center Director senses a bright collaborates with colleagues at many other physics future.'The applications of our work will be facilities and has earned the Outstanding Service exploited maybe 5 or 10 years down the road,' he Award from the User's Group of CEBAF. Among said. numerous awards, he received an Honorary Superior Accomplishment Award from the National The Center has been able to fabricate new kinds of electronic materials for and create demonstration Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA/ Langley Research Center for his significant devices of material systems previously unavailable. Compound semiconductors made of gallium contributions to the development of practical shield arsenide, straight-layer super lattices of indium designs for countering radiation on human space arsenide, and gallium arsenic are among the flights. materials being analyzed. To predict the As a new challenge, Dr. Buck is conveying to performance of these materials, the Center uses others a sense of mission. One area in which he is computer simulation technology. applying this philosophy is the outreach program. Dr. Spencer was a Minority Research Initiative "What we want to do is expose students to physics (MRI) grant recipient in 1981 and a Presidential and get them excited about the science," he said. He Young Investigator awardee in 1985.In 1987 he established the Undergraduate Institute in Physics became the Director of the MSRCE. He is quick to (UnIPhyl summer program, with support from the point out that the MRI grant facilitated the strong U. S. Department of Energy to pay for student research programs now under way. Following that research at national laboratories.In addition to

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O'NF award, Spencer won a Research Improvement in grant for thin films, and the bulk reactor was Minority Institutions grant. 'In some ways the acquired for bulk films. These were major devices MRCE was almost the next logical step," he said. "As directed at the wideband materials research. The you continue to grow in research, and your group MBE reactor has been used a great deal for putting begins to growand if you are an experimentalist down films at the atomic level. The atomic level is you have to begin to think about large funding. The verified by these characterization techniques. Center-E:nding mode is really the only way to do it." Dr. Spencer and his colleagues have worked hard "One of the nicest things that can happen when to focus the research to ensure a synergy among you are trying to do research is to have stable projects. The Center is developing themes in its funding for a given period of time," said Dr. Spencer. research work and in the work it does in "The initial center-funding mode offers at least three collaboration with industry and other universities. years of funding and potentially five. With that kind The Center has established a number of of baseline stability, it becomes possible to do many collaborations. The most important is a three-year things that are impossible without stable funding. research agreement with Digital Equipment One of the more attractive features of some of the Corporation (DEC) on integrated optical receivers NSF programs, like the Presidential Young that involves computer chip-to-chip communication. Investigator program, is that it is a five-year funding The collaboration was engineered by a former program.It is an individual program and the levels Howard student and has been helpful because it of funding are nowhere near center levels but, "allows you to get a real sense of what industry is nevertheless, the five years means that you can focused on," said Dr. Spencer. In addition, DEC will plan." donate, over the course of three years, $300,000 here are trade-offs, Dr. Spencer continued, with worth of equipment to the Center. the move into large-scale funding. "The grant The Center also collaborated with the Naval administration becomes more complicated. As you Research Laboratory (NRL), growing films of gallium begin to do research with sophisticated equipment, arsenide for NRL to characterize.Dr. Spencer the equipment then demands technician support as reported that theresearch produced some well as other administrative support, which are large unanticipated results.In the course of the work, dollar items.People are very costly. And with researchers discovered a self-interstitial defecta people you really don't want to be in the position of new kind of defect in semiconductor materials. The wondering where their money is going to come from collaboration proved highly productive in terms of every year,' he said. the number of research papers published. "If you are going into a research arena, you are "The most important thing our research provided changing direction from something else, in this case is that it showed people what big research can look pure teaching," emphasized Dr. Spencer. The like at Howard. Once people could see our work in MSRCE's contribution to increasing minority operation it was easy enough to duplicate the participation in the sciences and engineering is a effort," said Dr. Spencer. Following the initial grant, recognized benefit. The university clearly sees the the number of research applications in other value of maintaining the vitality of the Center, but departments at the university has increased. there is always the fundamental problem of resource The MSRCE was the first large research center allocation. Any organization that is growing that was not part of the medical school at Howard requires the allocation of more resources from the University. Dr. Spencer noted that the MSRCE grant limited amount available at the university, Dr. helped provide the impetus for the university to Spencer stressed. establish the Office of Research Administration, Between the RIMI grant and the MRCE grant, which did not exist prior to the award. Howard University was able to purchase three Most recently, Howard University has developed 'reactors,' devices for furthering their materials close ties with the former Soviet Union. Through a research: a molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) reactor cooperative exchange program, Howard University for gallium arsenide, a chemical vapor deposition researchers and Russian scientists have collaborated (CVD) reactor for aluminum nitride, and a on research involving wideband semiconductors. sublimation or bulk reactor for silicon carbonide. The grant also pays stipends for 25 graduate The CVD reactor was specifically designed for student resear :hers.At Howard, the stipend pays deposition of wideband gap silicon carbide. The for tuition plus about $800 per month. Graduate MBE reactor was purchased under the previous RIMI students receive training from laboratory technicians

68 in the use of the lab equipment necessary for the NSF has supported Meharry through a number of research. Each student has a faculty advisor to assist RIMI grants as well as the MRCE grant since Dr. with thesis work. Undergraduates work on small Hill's arrival at Meharry in 1983. Within his first two projects in the laboratory for course credits. years at Meharry, he was awarded a RIMI grant to The Center and the graduate students are highly perform the technology research applied to African visible in the community, receiving coverage in such trypanosomes. His research was directed toward magazinesas EbonyandBlack Enterprise. applying the technology to the molecular biology of The most impressive accomplishment of the parasites, a subject that resulted in the publication of Center, according to Dr. Spencer, was graduating ten two technical papers authored by Dr Hill and his students in science and engineering in the 1991-1992 colleagues. As part of his NSF-funded work, Dr. Hill academic year alone. Howard University conferred and his colleagues initiated a course on recombinant seven master's degrees and three doctoral degrees to DNA technology designed for graduate students and MSRCE studentsalmost double the number in faculty. 1990-1991. 'Some of these students have already Following the award of Dr. Hill's grant, other chosen academic careers where they will be departments at Meharry that offer graduate positively influencing others," said Dr. Spencer. programs have been successful in obtaining a total of seven additional RIMI grants. Meharry Medical College NSF support has permitted the Center to purchase three critical pieces of equipment: an oligonucleotide National Science Foundation funding to establish synthesizer, a peptide synthesizer, and a protein the Minority Research Center of Excellence at sequencer. This equipment is in an institutional Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee, Molecular Biology Core Facility but is available to all has strengthened the institution's overall research faculty, and it allows Meharry researchers to structure. The funding has enabled the college to synthesize nucleotide sequences or sequence obtain significant research grants from other segments of DNA or protein. Students use the core agencies, including the National Institutes of Health facility for their research. The Center has 22 faculty (NIH), Department of Defense, the Navy, and the members from different departments, the qualifying Army, explained Dr. George C. Hill, Interim Dean, criteria being an expressed interest in membrane School of Graduate Studies and Research, as well as biology. In addition to the five graduate Program Director of the MRCE program. departmentsBiomedical Sciences, Microbiology, According to Dr. Hill, the MRCE grant has Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biochemistry accomplished two things.Ithasfostered professors at the Center also represent pediatrics and interdisciplinary research, bringing together anatomy. professorsfromvariousdepartmentsto "The Center's interests are quite broad, with a communicate and carry out joint research. Meharry focus on membrane biology, including cloning genes uses the MRCE funding to offer seed grants of for membrane proteins, biochemical work looking at $8,000 to $10,000, giving the faculty a chance to the structure of membranes and receptors, and the work together using limited funds. If the idea turns role of biological membranes in regulating cell out to be a fertile area for research, they can then function," said Dr. Hill. "One of our researchers, a apply for a larger grant. Last year, ten applications physical biochemist,isstudying synthetic for grants were submitted to government agencies membranes and looking in detail at how they from individuals who had received seed grants, and function,' he said. Dr. Hill is looking at the function seven were funded. 'Department collaborations are of lipid bilayers and examining their biophysical being fostered and the work is across disciplines," properties. said Dr. Hill.'That's the exciting direction things The equipment Meharry has been able to are going.' purchase with MRCE funds is a valuable teaching Another benefit of the grant that never ceases to tool for inquiring students, and it is particularly amaze Dr. Hill is how the funding attracts students useful for students in Meharry's strong graduate to the program.'That's the exciting part,' said Dr. training program.Currently, 60 students are in the Hill. Students from Historically Black Colleges work graduate program which include M.D./Ph.D. and in the laboratories with stipends from the MRCE D.D.S./Ph.D programs. The MRCE grant supports grant. five research stipends. Meharry's summer recombinant DNA technology course cost the Center

69 $6,000 and is one of the best training courses University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez anywhere, according to Dr. Hill. 'Over the summer months, faculty and students carry out projects The University of Puerto Rico (UPR) at Mayaguez involving the cloning and sequencing of genes. has developed six components in its Center for Students come to this institution for such training Tropical Caribbean Research. The first is an from majority institutions like Vanderbilt. That's the outreach program. The other five are the study of reverseof standard thinking,' he proudly tropical forests, natural hazards, natural products, emphasized. terrestrial ecology, and the geology of the Caribbean. "The students make it all worthwhile," said Dr. "Our students are awakening," said Dr. Juan G. Hill. "We measure our success in terms of the Gonzales, co-director of the university's Minority number of students that enter science careers," he Research Center of Excellence (MRCE) program and said.In 1992, Meharry graduated eight students Associate Dean of Academic Affairs. 'We're getting with biomedical sciences doctoral degrees, including students from the undergraduate programs involved five minority students. As Dean, Dr. Hill had the in research. Our top students in science and pleasure of handing some of his former students engineering work with professors over the summer. their diplomas. "That was so exciting," he said. That gives these students the incentive to develop "Working with students and motivating them is the themselves ina particular disciplinebe it raison d'etre." engineering, science or something elseand Dr. Hill's interest in students extends to reaching continue on to graduate school. We want to send out to them before they enter college.Earlier is more students into their professions with a Ph.D. better for motivating students, as far as he is degree. We're trying to stop leaks in the pipeline. concerned. "High school is really too late," he said. "A lot of major universities in the States are Dr. Hill and his staff enjoy interacting with students taking advantage of our good students. More and and visiting local schools, making good use of a more of our high school students are being recruited specially prepared video by the MRCE on science by mainland universities. We like that.It shows careers.Participating faculty in the outreach effort that through our programssummer camps, teacher also visit magnet high schools. Over the summer training, student training, lecturesmore students months, students from both high school and middle are well prepared to go to many universities.Yes, school work with faculty in the Center's laboratory. sometimes the mainland schools take our best "Our outreach program has been evaluated as students, but that's good.It is the contribution we excellent and Mr. Fred Hamilton, Associate Project make to the nation. We can't be egotistical. Director, is responsible for that," added Dr. Hill. "At the same time, our best professionals are Opportunities for students after graduation are being recruited by U.S. agencies. If you go to NASA, provided through collaborations with other you'll find at least 250 of our engineers working universities and industry. One of those there. Sometimes we call that a brain drain, but still, collaborations is with the Merck Foundation, a it means that we are training our students well.It pharmaceutical company with strong ties to means the support that we're getting from NSF is international health. Meharry has been receiving having a major positive impact on our population. support from Merck for the last five years.In "The MRCE grant has done very good things for addition, students work at Merck during the our students," said Dr. Gonzales. 'Their research summer. The relationship between Merck and has become very professional." Students have been Meharry has been of benefit to several students in working with professors on the mitigation of natural furthering their involvement in innovative research, disasters. They simulate natural disasters, such as as well as providing them with important contacts hurricanes, and study ways to improve construction and possible employment opportunities. In addition, methods in disaster-prone regions. Their recom- the Historically Black Research Universities mendations have been submitted to the island Foundation recently chose to support Meharry from government for possible inclusion in building codes. among seven other Historically Black Research UPR has been working to raise the level of faculty institutions. research as well. About 12 years ago, the university As one of NSF's first two MRCEs to be reached a crossroads that led to more research. Since established, Meharry Medical College stands as a then, university chancellors have more aggressively model program in attracting students into science, championed science, mathematics, and engineering engineering, and mathematics careers. research. Before the MRCE project, UPR won

70 funding for NSF's Experimental Project to Stimulate Canada, Spain, South America, and Japan.Puerto Competitive Research (EPSCoR) program. UPR Rico is a small island about 100 by 35 miles wide. previously had received a grant in 1980 for the What differentiates UPR's marine science program in National Science Foundation's Resource Center for the Center from mainland programs is Puerto Rico's Science and Engineering (RCSE) at the San Juan tropical location. Mayaguez has the only Ph.D. campus; a branch of that program was established at program in marine sciences in Puerto Rico. Mayaguez. Puerto Rico also boasts one of the major tropical "We're getting to the point where we can develop forests in the world, Yeunque Forest, in the eastern something bigger with a wider spectrum of action," part of the island. Students in the Center's terrestrial said Dr. Gonzales. For example, many students are ecology program use Yeunque as a hands-on research researching the development of natural products laboratory. from marine algae and other marine organisms found A few years ago, "we encountered a situation that in mangrove and coral reef systems. As a result of turned out to be a pleasant surprise for our terrestrial the natural products program, "a group of scientists ecology students," said Dr. Gonzales. The Center are working together to develop research to examine had a team of people studying many aspects of the problems in biotechnology," he said. 'This is a good forest from its natural development to its ability to example of how a program looking into products recover from damage. "The pleasant and unpleasant obtained from the ocean now turns into a more event was Hurricane Hugo. Everything we wanted sophisticated type of activity,in this case to do in the laboratory happened naturally. We biotechnology." didn't have to simulate a disaster because the "Our NSF-funded projects have encouraged hurricane destroyed much of the area. So now we're interdisciplinary activity in engineering, science, looking at how a forest recovers after a storm like mathematics," said Dr. Gonzales. "We're getting Hugo. We simply took advantage of something that faculty from both San Juan and Mayaguez to work was unanticipated. We hadn't had a major hurricane together. That creates a wider spectrum of thinking. in Puerto Rico for the last 60 years. This one We need chemists and engineers to help understand provided a very good laboratory experience.' computer models, traditional biologists who work Students measure how the amount of light on the with different types of ani.mals, and modern Yeunque Forest floor changes over time. Now, as biologists who work with DNA and genetic the forest grows back, there is more shade on the engineering," he said.'It's a very interesting canopy organisms. interaction of different disciplines." As a result of MRCE/NSF funding, UPR has UPR's increased focus on research has improved intensified its relationships with both community the quality of teaching as well. "The research adds a and industry. UPR's Industrial Advisory Committee certain quality to classes," said Dr. Gonzales. 'When is one example. Puerto Rican industries concentrate teachers teach from their own information, rather more on manufacturing than on research and than just lecturing from a textbook, they have more development. In the collaboration, the university effervescence." borrows some of industry's highly trained personnel As with most of the staff, Dr. Gonzales adds to teach, and in return, provides advisory assistance. teaching to his other duties as Assistant Director of According to Dr. Gonzales, the collaboration works the MRCE. He is also in charge of outreach."I try because rather than asking industry for donations, to get involved with high school teachers and kids as the university participates in a true give-and-take part of the precollege component of our program. relationship. We want to get to the high schools, and even the One example of the working relationship elementary schools, to help students prepare better between industry and UPR involved complaints for college," he said. about industry releasing gases into the air. UPR UPR runs 7th- through 10th-grade summer camps scientists found traps in the gas pipelines that with intensive mathematics, physics, chemistry, allowed gas to build up until it leaked into the biology, English, and Spanish classes. "The idea is to atmosphere. Industrial engineers then found a way give good students the tools to continue in research to address the problem. programs, be it here or in the U.S.," said Dr. 'Because NSF funding has allowed us to improve Gonzales. ourselves as a university, we've become a partner in UPR's reputation is attracting an increasing Puerto Rico's future,' Dr. Gonzales said. number of applications from locations as diverse as

71 University of Texas at El Paso It has been well documented that enrollments in science and engineering have been declining In our high-tech world, materials science research nationwide. But at UTEP, while overall enrollment plays a crucial role in keeping American industries at the university has increased 3 percent, science and competitive and on the cutting edge as the nation engineering enrollment has increased by 6 percent. moves toward the 21st century. From automotive Dr. Elizondo attributes this increase to UTEP's manufacturing to producing microelectronics, summer science and engineering outreach programs materials science research can strengthen products, with local public schools. improve their resistance to wear and tear, and During the summer months, UTEP offers students further boost a product's capabilities. in grades 7-11 a hands-on science and engineering The National Science Foundation-funded learning experience. Students attending the Summer Materials Research Center of Excellence at the Science Institute are invited to solve problems in University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) is developing a biology, chemistry, geology, math, and physics, competitive, state-of-the-art research center in while the Summer Engineering Institute introduces materials science. UTEP is having a profound effect students to careers in engineering. In addition, the on increasing the number of minorities and women Summer Institute for Teachers helps math and choosing careers in materials science. science teachers develop innovative teaching For a glimpse of what the demographics of materials. Throughout the school year, a special universities in the Southwest may look like in the Weekend Program introduces junior high students to year 2000, talk to Dr. Rey Elizondo, "TEP's Dean of engineering and science through laboratory tours and the College of Science. UTEP is fl Tgest majority demonstrations. (60 percent) Hispanic university IL .he United States. These outreach programs are a significant When Dr. Elizondo first joined the faculty, he saw component of the project. Over 800 students the potential to develop a model program for participated in these activities in the summer of bringing minorities into mainstream academics. 1991. The results of these efforts have already Through NSF's support, the Center provides begun to show. 'We now have bachelor's students research stipends to many students. That makes a that were participants in the summer science and tremendous difference in a university where 65 engineering institutes," according to Dr. Elizondo. percent of the students must work to pay for their Dr. Elizondo believes the project serves as a education. "Rather than working in East food useful model for successfully reaching minority restaurants to earn money, they can work at the students and developing their interest in science, Materials Research Center and learn at the same engineering, and mathematics careers. time," said Dr. Elizondo.Students ;.re matched with Perhaps the greatest achievement is UTEP's recent faculty mentors based on mutual research interests proposal to the state of Texas to offer a Ph.D. degree and work 20 hours a week in the laboratory. in materials science. Reaction from state officials in The accomplishments of the project are reflected June 1992 was supportive, explains Dr. Elizondo. He in the quality and quantity of research by both is optimistic that UTEP will be recognized for doing students and faculty. In 1991, project faculty received Ph.D.-level research in materials science. aThat could 36 grants, published 93 research papers, made 93 never have happened without NSF," says Dr. presentations, and applied for one patent. This year, Elizondo. the project's researchers have applied for three NSF funds also supported Research Improvement additional patents. Forty-eight students participated in Minority Institutions (RIMI) projects that helped in research, comprising thirty-six undergraduates, UTEP acquire an electron microprobe and a eleven graduates, and one postdoctoral student. transmission scanning electron microscope. 'These Students were invited to make 26 presentations of were essential if we were going to succeed as a state- th& research at national meetings. At one meeting, of-the-art research center," said Dr. Elizondo. With a 'JTEP student was the only undergraduate to NSF's funding, the university is developing a receive an award among sixty participants. Of materials science focus, thereby attracting additional benefit to faculty scientists, students coauthored 14 faculty following an investment in tenure-track research papers with their colleagues."People are positions in materials science research.In addition, constantly surprised that our undergraduates' the university has successfully matched NSF grant research is of such high quality as to be accepted in money to buy needed equipment. refereed publications,' said Dr. Elizondo.

7 2 F. Dr. Elizondo has been pleasantly surprised by 'the UTEP to receive approximately $500,000 worth of willingness of the faculty and staff at all levels and in equipment. a" departments of science and engineering While Sandia hopes to employ some of the chemistry, physics, metallurgical and materials outstanding minority scientists graduating from engineeringto work together to put forth a UTEP's program, it also committed staff and multidisciplinary Ph.D. proposal in materials resources beforehand. "Sandia has gone out of their science." The departments now meet once a month way to think of ways to help our Center," said Dr. to discuss information, exchange ideas, and share Elizondo. problems and solutions. Dr. Elizondo points out that many industrial and UTEP has been successful in leveraging its NSF academic organizations have expressed an interest in funding to generate support from other academic collaborating with the Center because of its large institutions, national laboratories, and industry. number of minority science majors. However, he UTEP has formed partnerships with five local considers an ongoing relationship and a financial industries that provide research funding for Center commitment to be necessary components of a real activities. For example, researchers are working with partnership. a small electronics company on thin television screen Using the Center's state-of-the-art equipment, surfaces for a new type of television screen. UTEP scientists are recognized at the national level. Another research team in the materials science UTEP is one ot only seven universities with an laboratory successfully completed a technology advanced electron microprobe. Its surface transfer project with Imaging Science Technologies, characterizationlaboratoryuseselectron Inc., of Charlottesville, Virginia.Partially funded spectroscopy in physics research. The materials under the Federal Small Business Innovative Research analysis laboratory uses a state-of-the-art x-ray unit (SBIR) program, research in the MRCE laboratory led to determine the crystal structure of organic to new developments in photodichroism (the compounds, metals, semiconductors, and ceramics. interaction of a substance with polarized light) that One research project that received considerable resulted in industrial production of long-wavelength publicity is a contract with the Bank of Belgium for infrared detection and imaging systems. developing a new technologytoprevent The Center's program to invite guest lecturers to counterfeiting. The research focuses on the use of campus recently led to the establishment of student special materials to print currency and legal internships. As a result of a visit from the director of documents that would go blank if counterfeiters materials science at IBM in New York, two project tried to duplicate them. students will participate in research at this world- In chemistry, a multidisciplinary team is studying renowned facility this summer. how altering the molecular structure of a compound One type of partnership that Dr. Elizondo might create new materials for aerospace engineering recommends other MRCEs might consider is and biotechnology. Another team is exploring ways collaboration with another NSF Science and of slowing down or eliminating corrosion in metals. Technology (S&T) Center. For example, at the One application of this knowledge might be the invitation of the University of Texas at Austin (UTA), reduction of wear in surgical implants. Another UTEP and its S&T Center worked out a strong group of researchers is studying silicon transition partnership in which UTEP and UTA not only metal materials. The results of this work may have exchange students but also fund student research at implications for the electronics industry. both universities. UTEP's Materials Research Center of Excellence UTEP's partnerships with national laboratories has opened up research avenues that will help assure also involve equal investments on both sides. Sandia the competitiveness of the nation in the world Laboratory, for instance, has offered equipment on market. UTEP also has proven to be an incubator for its inventory list that is not actively in use for strengthening the ability of talented minority permanent loan to UTEP faculty. The result of this students to actively participate in the national partnership over the past two years has enabled research arena.

73 Y.? illvd2ov rtg spalov palAvii-Aipoulv IHEIJO isn -,- witaddv Comprehensive Regional Centers for Minorities (CRCM)

Participating Institutions and Program Directors

Dr. Jewell P. Cobb Ms. Melva Ware/Dr. Harvest Collier Access Center University of Missouri at St. Louis 703 Administration Building 8001 Natural Bridge Road California State University St. Louis, MO 63121 5151 State University Drive Dr. Patrick Weasel Head Los Angeles, CA 90032 308 Culbertson Hall Dr. Melvin R. Webb Montana State University Dean, College of Education Post Office Box 128 Clark Atlanta University Bozeman, MT 59717-0128 Atlanta, GA 30314 Mr. Stephen R. Cox Dr. Ralph W. Turner PATHS/PRISM Department of Chemistry 7 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Florida A&M University Suite 700 Tallahassee, FL 32307 Philadelphia, PA 19103 Dr. Eric Hamilton Dr. Manuel Gomez-Rodriquez Mathematical Sciences Resource Center for Science and Engineering Loyola University of Chicago Post Office Box 23334 6525 North Sheridan University of Puerto Rico Chicago, IL 60626 University Station Dr. Alfredo de los Santos Rio Piedras, PR 00936 Maricopa County Community College Dr. Steve Riter 2411 West 14th Dean, School of Engineering Tempe, AZ 85281 University of Texas at El Paso Ms. Gardenia Butler El Paso, TX 79968 MSE Center, Room 604 Mr. Gilbert Ramon 2220 Victory Parkway College of Science and Engineering Cincinnati, OH 45206 6900 North Loop, 1604 West University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX 78285-0601

76 Alliances for Minority Participation (AMP)

Participating Institutions and Program Directors

Dr. Louis Dale Dr. Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez UAB Station Resource Center for Science and Engineering Department of Mathematics University of Puerto Rico University of Alabama at Birmingham Post Office Box 23334 Birmingham, AL 35294 University Station Rio Piedras, PR 00936-3334 Dr. Gary Keller Hispanic Research Center Dr. Carl Erdman Arizona State University Engineering Program Office Tempe, AZ 85287-2701 301 WERC Building University of Texas Engineering Dr. Eloy Rodriguez Experimental Station Developmental & Cell Biology College Station, TX 77843-3126 University of California at Irvine Irvine, CA 92717 Dr. Richard Sullivan Chemistry Department Jackson State University Jackson, MS 39217

77 Research Careers for Minority Scholars (RCMS)

Participating Institutions and Program Directors

ALABAMA GEORGIA Dr. Arthur L. Bacon Dr. Isabella N. Finkelstein Department of Biology Department of Biology Talladega College Clark Atlanta University 627 West Battle Street Atlanta, GA 30314 Talladega, AL 35160 Dr. Rosalyn M. Patterson ARIZONA Department of Biology Dr. Ronald L. Trosper Morehouse College Department of Forestry 830 Westview Drive, SW Northern Arizona University Atlanta, GA 30314 P.O. Box 4098 Dr. Wanda Patterson Flagstaff, AZ. 86011-4098 Department of Mathematics CALIFORNIA Spelman College Dr. Richard Olson 350 Spelman Lane, Department of Harnanitie, and Social Sciences P.O. Box 327 Harvey Mudd College Atlanta, GA 30314 301 East 12th S.reet ILLINOIS Claremont, CA 91711 Dr. Em:1 Jason Dr. Janet K. Br nson Depar.ment of Chemistry Lawrence Livermore National Lab SoutEern Illinois University at Edwardsville PO Box 808, I.-793 Edwardsville, IL 62026-1652 Livermore, CA 94551 IOWA Dr. Morey A. Ring Dr. Anna L. Pate Department of Chemistry Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics San Diego State University Iowa State University 5178 College Avenue Ames, IA 50011 San Diego, CA 92182-19006 LOUISIANA Dr. John Ashe Dr. A. N. Murty Graduate Division Department of Physics University of California at Riverside Grambling State University Riverside, CA 92521 Grambling, LA 71245 Dr. Richard Attiyeh, Dean Dr. Diola Bagayoko Graduate Studies and Research Department of Physics Mail Code 0003 Southern University University of California-San Diego P.O. Box 12596 9500 Gilman Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70813 La Jolla, CA 92093 MARYLAND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Dr. Freeman Hrabowski Dr. Win, .on A. Anderson Interim President Department of Zoology University of Maryland, Baltimore County Howard University 5401 Wilkens Avenue 2400 Sixth Street, NW Baltimore, MD 21228 Washington, DC 20059

78 MASSACHUSETTS Dr. Wayne Steen Dr. Ernie Moniz, Head Minority Engineering Program Department of Physics University of Oklahoma Massachusetts Institute of Technology Norman, OK 73019 77 Massachusetts Avenue PENNSYLVANIA Cambridge, MA 02139 Dr. John C. Reynders MICHIGAN Office of the Provost Dr. William B. Rolnick Allegheny College Department of Physics and Astronomy 520 North Main Street Wayne State University Meadville, PA 16335 Detroit, MI 48202 Dr. Daniel Davis MISSISSIPPI Dean's Office Dr. Keith W. Johnson Pennsylvania State University Department of Physics and Atmospheric Sciences 114 Kern Building Jackson State University University Park, PA 16802 Jackson, MS 39217 PUERTO RICO Dr. Abdul K. A. Mohamed Dr. Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez Department of Biology Resource Center for Science and Engineering Jackson State University University of Puerto Rico 1400 Lynch Street P.O. Box 23334, University Station Jackson, MS 39217 Rio Piedras, PR 00936-3334 NEW JERSEY TEXAS Dr. Bradley W. Dickinson Dr. Carl Erdman Department of Electrical Engineering Engineering Program Office Princeton University Texas A&M University Engineering Princeton, NJ 08544-5263 Experiment Station NEW MEXICO 308 WERC College Station, TX 77843 Dr. Mark C. Bauer Department of Mathematics Dr. Philip Goodell Navajo Community College Department of Geological Sciences P.O. Box 580 University of Texas at El Paso Shiprock, NM 87420 El Paso, TX 79968 NEW YORK Dr. Shair Ahrnad Dr. Daniel L. Akins Professor Department of Chemistry College of Science and Engineering City College of the City University of New York University of Texas at San Antonio Convent Avenue and 138th Street San Antonio, TX 78285 New York, NY 10031 VIRGINIA Dr. Neville Parker, Director Dr. lsai T. Urasa Institute for Transportation Systems Department of Chemistry City College of the City University of Hampton University New York - Y220 Hampton, VA 23668 New York, NY 10031 WISCONSIN OKLAHOMA Dr. Jon K. Jensen Dr. George S. Dixon College of Engineering Department of Physics Marquette University Oklahoma State University Milwaukee, WI 53233 Stillwater, OK 74078

79 Research improvement in Minority Institutions (RIMI)

Participating Institutions and Program Directors

ALABAMA Dr. Farshad Amini Dr. Gwyn Morgan Jenkins Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Physics University of the District of Columbia Alabama A&M University 4200 Connecticut Avenue, NW Normal, AL 35762 Washington, DC 20008 Dr. Tsegaye Habtemariam Dr. Jafar Vcssoughi School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Mechanical Engineering Tuskegee University University of the District of Columbia Tuskegce, AL 36088 4200 Connecticut Avenue, NW Dr. Mohamed A. Seif Washington, DC 20008 Department of Mechanical Engineering FLORIDA Tuskegee University Dr. N. Chandrasekaran Tuskegee, AL 36088 Department of Mechanical Engineering ARIZONA Florida A&M University Dr. Michael P. Eastman Tallahassee, FL 32307 Department of Chemistry Dr. Joseph A. Johnson, III Northern Arizona University CENNAS Post Office Box 4130 Department of Physics Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Florida A&M University CALIFORNIA 1800-3 East Dirac Drive Dr. Getachew Z. Kidane Tallahassee, FL 32310 Department of Biology GEORGIA California State Uni.iersity-Dominguez Hills Dr. William V. Dashek 1000 East Victoria Stret Department of Biology Carson, CA 90747 Clark Atlanta University Dr. Anthony Fratiello 223 James P. Brawley Drive, SW Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Atlanta, GA 30314 California State University at Los Angeles Dr. Ishrat M. Khan 5151 State University Drive Department of Chemistry Los Angeles, CA 90032 Clark Atlanta University Dr. David Pearson 233 James P. Brawley Drive, SW Department of Biology Atlanta, GA 30314 California State University at Los Angeles Dr. Eric A. Mintz 5151 State University Drive Department of Chemistry Los Angelns, CA 90032 Clark Atlanta University DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 223 James P. Brawley Drive, SW Dr. James A. Donaldson Atlanta, GA 30314 Department of Mathematics Dr. Alfred Z. Msezane Howard University Department of Physics 2400 Sixth Street, NW Clark Atlanta University Washington, DC 20009 223 James P. Brawley Drive, SW Atlanta, GA 30314

80 Dr. M. Sambandham Dr. Eric A. Noe Department of Mathematics Department of Chemistry Clark Atlanta University Jackson State University 223 James P. Brawley Drive, SW Jackson, MS 39217 Atlanta, GA 30314 NEW MEXICO Dr. I. I. Harruna Dr. Fernando Cadena Department of Chemistry Department of Civil Engineering Morris Brown College Box 3CE 643 Martin Luther King, Jr., Drive, NW New Mexico State University Atlanta, GA 30314-4140 Las Cruces, NM 88003 KENTUCKY Dr. Larryl K. Matthews Dr. Cassie Osborne Engineering Research Center School of Public Affairs New Mexico State University Kentucky State University Las Cruces, NM 88003 Frankfurt, KY 40601 NEW YORK LOUISIANA Dr. Yiannis Andreopoulos Dr. Chao-yun T. Shih Department of Mechanical Engineering Health Research Center City College of the City University of New York Southern University Convent Avenue at 138th Street Post Office Box 12596 New York, NY 10031 Baton Rouge, LA 70813 NORTH CAROLINA Dr. H. Cavit Topakoglu Dr. Arthur J. Hicks Department of Mechanical Engineering Dean of Arts and Sciences Southern University Crosby Hall Baton Rouge, LA 70813 North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC 27411 MARYLAND Dr. Eugene DeLoatch PUERTO RICO Dean, School of Engineering Dr. Juan G. Gonzalez Morgan State University Department of Marine Sciences Cold Spring Lane and Hillen Road University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez Baltimore, MD 21239 G.P.O. Box 4984-G San Juan, PR 00936 MICHIGAN Dr. Robin A. Barraco Dr. Rafael Martinez-Planell Department of Physiology Department nf Mathematics Wayne State University University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez Detroit, MI 48202 Box 5000 Mayaguez, PR 00709-5000 Dr. Andrzej Olbrot Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dr. Ned Fetcher Wayne State University Department of Biology 5050 Cass Avenue University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras Detroit, MI 48202 Rio Piedras, PR 00931 MISSISSIPPI Dr. Oscar Moreno Dr. Cynthia Ford Department of Mathematics Department of Psychology University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras Jackson State University Box 23355 Jackson, 45 39217 University Station Rio Piedras, PR 00931

81 TENNESSEE Dr. Lawrence E. Murr Dr. Parkson Lee-Gau Chong Department of Metallurgical and Department of Biochemistry Materials Engineering Meharry Medical College University of Texas at El Paso 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard El Paso, TX 79968 Nashville, TN 37208 Dr. Nicholas Pingitore Dr. George C. Hill r.).epartment of Biological Sciences Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Texas at El Paso Meharry Medical College El Paso, TX 79968 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard Dr. Jean J. Robillard Nashville, TN 37208 Department of Physics Dr. Mohammed A. Maleque University of Texas at El Paso Department of Pharmacology El Paso, TX 79968 Meharry Medical College Dr. Vijay P. Singh 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard Department of Metallurgical and Nashville, TN 37208 Materials Engineering Dr. Shirley B. Russell University of Texas at El Paso Department of Microbiology El Paso, TX 79968-0500 Meharry Medical College Dr. Andrew 0. Martinez 1005 D.B.Todd Boulevard Division of Life Sciences Nashville, TN 37208 University of Texas at San Antonio Dr. James G. Townsel 7000 Loop 1604, NW Department of Physiology San Antonio, TX 78285 Meharry Medicai College VIRGINIA 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard Dr. Warren W. Buck Nashville, TN 37208 Department of Physics Dr. Fernando Villatta Hampton University Division of Biomedical Sciences Hampton, VA 23368 Meharry Medical College Dr. Robert A. Jordan 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard Department of Marine and Environmental Sci-nces Nashville, TN 37208 Hampton University Dr. Joel A. Eaton Hampton, VA 23368 Center of Excellence in Information Systems Dr. Godson C. Nwokogu Tennessee State University Department of Chemistry 330 10th Street, North Hampton University Nashville, TN 37203-3401 Hampton, VA 23368 TEXAS Dr. James C. Turner Dr. John R. Williams Department of Mathematics Department of Chemistry Hampton University Prairie View A&M University Hampton, VA 23368 Post Office Box 397 Prairie View, TX 77445-0397 Dr. Mehran Abdolsalami Department of Engineering St, Mary's University of San Antonio One Camino Santa Maria San Antonio, TX 78228-8534

82 Minority Research Centers of Excellence (MRCE)

Participating Institutions and Program Directors

Dr. Jeanette Jones Dr. Michael G. Spencer Vice President for Research Department of Electrical Engineering Alabama A&M University Howard University Normal, AL 35762 Washington, DC 20059 Dr. Daniel L. Akins Dr. George C. Hill Department of Chemistry Department of Biomedical Sciences City College of the City University of New York Meharry Medical College New York, NY 10031 Nashville, TN 37208 Dr. Alfred Z. Msezane Dr. Reinaldo Caban Department of Physics Dean of Academic Affairs Clark Atlanta University University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez 223 James P. Brawley Drive, S.W. Mayaguez, PR 00681 Atlanta, GA 30314 Dr. Reynaldo S. Elizondo Dr. Warren Buck Dean of the College of Science Department of Physics University of Texas at El Paso Hampton University El Paso, TX 79968 Hampton, VA 23668

83 Isamu' o suoymqnd BIN 101110 Jo isil - g quaddv Other NSF Publications of Interest

NSF Guide to Programs, available from the NSF Research Planning Grants (RPG) provide Forms and Publications Unit, briefly describes opportunities for women scientists and Foundation activities. The following brochures, engineers who have not had prior independent available from the NSF Forms and Publications Unit, Federal research support to develop describe Foundation-wide programs: competitive research proposals. Contact the NSF Minority Graduate FellowshipsIntended relevant program office or the Coordinator for for ethnic minority groups, i.e. American Women's Programs, Room 1225, NSF, phone Indians, Blacks, Hispanic, Native Alaskan (202) 357-7456. (NSF Publication 90-121) (Eskimo or Aleut), or Native Pacific Islander Career Advancement Awards (CAA) provide (Polynesian or Micronesian). Program opportunities for women scientists and

requirements are similar but not identical to . engineers to expand research capability and those for the NSF Graduate Fellowship productivity. Contact the relevant program Program. Contact Fellowship Office at NRC office or the Coordinator for Women's on (202) 334-2872, and ask for Brochure NSF Programs, NSF, phone (202) 357-7456. (NSF 90-62. Publication 90-121) Research in Undergraduate Institutions (RUI) Undergraduate Faculty Enhancement (UFE) provides support for faculty research at offers opportunities for groups of faculty who predominantly undergraduate institutions. teach undergraduates to learn about new Contact the relevant program office or the RU1 techniques and developments in their fields. Coordinator, Room 1225, NSF, phone (202) Contact UFE, Room 639, NSF, phone (202) 357- 357-7456. (NSF Publication 89-60) 7051. (NSF Publication 90-112; Research Opportunity Awards (ROA) allows Research Experiences for Undergraduates science and engineering faculty in (REU) provides opportunities for predominantly undergraduate institutions to undergraduate students to participate in participate in NSF-supported research at research or related activities. Contact the research institutions. Contact relevant relevant NSF disciplinary program office. (NSF program office or the ROA Coordinator, Room Publication 90-79) 1225, NSF, phone (202) 357-7456. Instrumentation and Laboratory Improvement NSF Faculty Awards for Women Scientists and (ILI) Program provides matching grants for the Engineers (FAW) recognizes outstanding purchase of undergraduate instructional women faculty. Nominations are made by apparatus. Contact ILI, Room 639, NSF. phone their institutions for faculty women who are (202) 357-7051. (NSF Publication 90-101) not yet full professors. Contact the relevant NSF program office or the FAW Coordinator, Ordering by Electronic Mail phone (202) 357-7456. (NSF Publication 90-42) If you are a user of electronic mail and have Visiting Professorships for Women (VPW) access to either I3ITNET or Internet, you may prefer provides support for experienced women to order publications electronically. BITNET users scientists or engineers to undertake advanced should address requests to pubs@NSF. Internet users research and teaching at a host institution. should send requests to pubsQfnsf.gov.In your Contact VPW Program Director, Room 1225, request, include the NSF publication number and NSF, phone (202) 357-7734. (NSF Publication title, number of copies, your name. and a complete 89-37) mailing address.Publications will be mailed within two days of receipt of request.

86 The Science & Technology Information System at the STIS National Science Foundation 11=111111111111911111111111111111r

What is ST1S? Getting Started With Documents Via E-Mail

ST13 :s an elecnnic dissemination system that provides fast. SendamessagetostisservOnstgov(Internet)or easy access to National Science Foundation (NSF) publications. stissarv@NSF (BITNET). Thetextof the message should be as There is no cost to you except for possible long-distance phone follows (the Subject line is ignored): charges. The service is available 24 hours a day, except for brief Request: stis weekly maintenance periods. Topic:index What Publications are Available? You will receive a list of all the documents on STIS and instructions for retrieving them. Please note that all requests for electronic documents should be sent to stisserv, as shown above. Publications currently available include: Requests forprintedpublications should be sent to [email protected] (Internet) orpubs@NSF(BITNET). TheNSF Bulletin Program announcements and "Dear Colleague" letters Getting Started with Anonymous FTP General publications and reports Press releases FTPtostis.nsf.gov. Ifyoucannotconnect,try NSF organization charts and phone books 128.150.195.40.Enter anonymous for the username, and your E- NSF vacancy announcements mail address for the password. Retrieve the file ftpindex. This Award abstracts (1989now) contains a list of the files available on STIS and additional instructions. The goalisfor all printed publications to be available electronically. Getting Started with the On-Line System

Access Methods If you are on the Internet:telnet stis.nsfgov.If you cannot connect, try telnet 128.150.195.40. At the login prompt, enter There are many ways to access SITS. Choose the method public. that meets your needs and the communication facilities you have available. If you are dialing in with a modem: Choose 1200, 2400, or 9600 baud, 7-E-1. Dial 202-357-0359 or 202-357-0360. When Electronic Documents Via E-Mail.If you have access to connected, press Enter. At the login prompt, enterpublic. Internet or BITNET E-mail, you can send a specially formatted message, and the document you request will be automatically Getting Started with Direct E-Mail returned to you via E-mail. Send an E-mail message to [email protected] (Internet) or Anonymous FTP. Internet users who are familiar with this file stissarv@NSF (BITNET). Put the following in the text: transfer method can quickly and easily transfer STIS documents Request:stis to their local system for browsing and printing. Topic: stisdirrn You will receive instructions for this service. On-Line STIS. If you have a VT100 emulator and an Internet connection or a modem, you can log on to the on-line system. The on-line system features full-text search and retrieval software Getting Started with WAIS to help you locate the documents and award abstracts that are of The NSF WAIS server is stis.nsf.gov (128.150.195.40). You can interest to you. Once you locate a document, you can browse getthe".src"filefromthe"DirectoryofServers"at through it on-line Of download it using the Kermit protocol or quake.think.com. request that it be mailed to you. For More Information Direct E-Mail. You can request that STIS E-mail you a weekly summary of all the new documents on STIS. You can also sign For additional assistance contact: up to get the full text of all documents added to STIS. E-mail:[email protected] (Internet) WAIS. If your campus has access to the Wide Area Information stis-req@NSF (BITNET) Servers, you can use your local WAIS client to search and Phone:202-357-7555 (voice mail) download NSF publications. TDD: 202-357-7492 NSF 91-10 lviard 3/30192

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