DOCSLIB.ORG

Piracetam Ñ an Old Drug with Novel Properties?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Piracetam Ñ an Old Drug with Novel Properties? Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Research, Vol. 62 No. 5 pp. 405-409, 2005 ISSN 0001-6837 Polish Pharmaceutical Society GENERAL PIRACETAM ñ AN OLD DRUG WITH NOVEL PROPERTIES? KATARZYNA WINNICKA1, MARIAN TOMASIAK2 and ANNA BIELAWSKA1 1 Department of Drug Technology, 2 Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bia≥ystok, 1 KiliÒskiego Str., 15-089 Bia≥ystok, Poland Abstract: Piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine-acetamide), the most common of the nootropic drugs, is a cyclic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The treatment with piracetam improves learning, memory, brain metabolism, and capacity. Piracetam has been shown to alter the physical properties of the plasma membrane by increasing its fluidity and by protecting the cell against hypoxia. It increases red cell deformability and nor- malizes aggregation of hyperactive platelets. Piracetam is an agent with antithrombotic, neuroprotective and rheological properties. The interaction of this molecule with the membrane phospholipids restores membrane fluidity and could explain the efficacy of piracetam in various disorders ranging from dementia and vertigo to myoclonus and stroke. Keywords: piracetam, nootropic drugs, platelet inhibitors, rheology Piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide) (Fig- (12 months) alcohol-feeding to rats significantly ure 1) is a cyclic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric increased the formation of lipofuscin (an age-related acid (GABA), obtained after the loss of one molecule waste pigment) in brain cells. Giving high doses of of water followed by ring formation (1). It is the first piracetam to the alcohol-fed rats reduced their lipo- representative of the ìnootropicî drugs (2). fuscin levels significantly below the control levels The term nootropic comes from a Greek word (8). In 1997 it was demonstrated that piracetam meaning ìacting on the mindî. Piracetam was syn- might reduce the neuronal loss following chronic thesized by Giurgea in UCB Laboratories in alcohol consumption (9). Belgium. It has been in clinical use since 1972. Piracetam enhances cognition under conditions Since then other pharmaceutical companies have of hypoxia, and also enhances memory and learning been scrambling to develop their own nootropics (10). When piracetam is taken with choline, there is (e.g. vinpocetine, aniracetam, pramiracetam, oxirac- a synergistic effect that causes a greater improve- etam). ment in memory. Piracetam might be successfully used to treat The specific pharmacological properties of senile dementia, vertigo, sickle cell anemia, and piracetam were reported almost 30 years ago but its numerous other health problems like Alzheimerís mechanism of action was unknown for a long time. disease or stroke (3ñ6). Piracetam might increase Piracetam was firstly tested in a model of ìcentral reading comprehension and accuracy in dyslexic nystagmusî which was sensitive only to anticholin- children (7). It has improved alertness, socialization ergic and antihistaminic drugs (2, 11). The current and IQ in elderly psychiatric patients. Piracetam has use of piracetam in vertigo might be related to this also been used to treat alcoholism. In 1991 Paula- property. The subsequent research, however, Barbosa and colleagues discovered that long-term revealed that piracetam was without anticholinergic or antihistaminic properties (5, 10, 12). Although piracetam is a derivative of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, the mechanism of its action is not related to that of GABA. Piracetam has little affinity for glutamate receptors, yet it does have various effects on glutamate neuro- transmission. One subtype of glutamate receptor is the AMPA receptor. Micromolar amounts (levels which are achieved through oral piracetam intake) Figure 1. Structure of piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide) ñ of piracetam enhance the efficacy of AMPA- prototypical nootropic; a cyclic derivative of GABA. induced calcium influx in brain cells. Piracetam also 405 406 KATARZYNA WINNICKA et al. increases the maximal density of AMPA receptors increased blood flow in impaired brain regions. in synaptic membranes from rat cortex due to the Whereas the effect of physiotherapy for the recruitment of a subset of AMPA receptors which improvement of sensorimotor deficits is unchal- do not normally contribute to synaptic transmission lenged, the efficacy of speech therapy is still ques- (12). At micromolar levels piracetam potentiates tionable/unclear. Whether the rehabilitation can be potassium-induced release of glutamate from rat enhanced by adjuvant pharmacotherapy in patients hippocampal nerves (12). with cerebral disorders is also a matter of specula- Piracetam is generally reported to have mini- tion (20ñ22). First trials were started in the 1940s mal or no side effects. It is interesting to note, how- and concerned various agents in various neurolog- ever, that piracetamís occasionally reported side ical disorders (23ñ25). Since piracetam improves effects of anxiety, insomnia, agitation, irritability learning and memory, Kessler et al. investigated in and tremor are identical to the symptoms of exces- a double-blind, placebo-controlled study whether sive acetylcholine/glutamate neuroactivity. In spite piracetam improves language recovery in post- of these effects, piracetam is generally not consid- stroke aphasia (26). They found that piracetam ered to be a significant agonist or inhibitor of the significantly improves activated blood flow and synaptic action of most neurotransmitters. The facilitates rehabilitation of poststroke aphasic piracetam-type nootropic drugs might exert their patients (26). Piracetam as an adjuvant to speech effect on some species of molecules present in the therapy improves recovery of various language plasma membrane. It would seem that they act as functions, and this effect is accompanied by a sig- potentiators of an already present activity, rather nificant increase of task-related flow activation in than possessing any neurotransmitter-like activity of eloquent areas of the left hemisphere (26). their own (12). Thus, piracetam is not prone to the However, the mechanism by which piracetam often serious side effects of drugs which directly enhances recovery from aphasia is still a matter of amplify or inhibit neurotransmitter action, e.g. speculation. Since infracted tissue cannot regener- MAO inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake ate, recovery from postroke aphasia must involve inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, or ampheta- regions outside the morphologically damaged area mines. that probably take over language functions lost in It was found that piracetam instead facilitates acute stroke. interhemispheric transfer, enhances the cerebral resistance to noxious stimuli like hypoxia and Levetiracetam ñ derivative of piracetam with antie- improves learning and other cognitive functions pileptic properpies under normal conditions (13, 14). However, the Levetiracetam is the S-enantiomer of α-ethyl- improvement of these functions is much more pro- 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (Figure 2). nounced when brain function is impaired by a vari- Although piracetam might be useful in ety of noxious stimuli (e.g. hypoxia, aging, cerebral myoclonus and potentiates anticonvulsant action of injuries). The in vivo experiments indicate that the various antiepileptic drugs (28,29), it was not previ- cognition-enhancing properties of piracetam are ously used per se in epilepsy. Levetiracetam, how- usually more significant in older animals (15, 16). It ever, was approved for the add on treatment of par- suggests that the mechanism of action of the tial epilepsy, both in United States and in Europe nootropic drugs is associated with biochemical alter- (27). Levetiracetam has antiepileptogenic and neu- ations in the aged brain. Therefore nootropics might probably restore or counteract these biochemical changes. Reduced fluidity of brain cell membranes (probably caused by higher membrane concentra- tions of saturated fatty acids) represents mechanism associated with functional alterations in the aged brain (17) and might be responsible for deficits or dysfunctions of mechanisms of signal transduction (18,19). Piracetam in aphasia Most patients after the ischemic stroke regain some of the lost functions. The improvement of Figure 2. Levetiracetam is a pyrrolidone derivative and is chemi- sensorimotor function is accompanied by an cally designated as (S)-α-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (27). Piracetam ñ an old drug with novel properties? 407 Figure 3. Molecular mechanisms of the inhibition of platelet responses by piracetam, acetylsalicylic acid, ticlopidine, dipiridamol and GPIIb/IIIa blockers. There is some evidence that piracetam acts on platelets as an antagonist of thromboxane A2 or as an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase together with a reduction in the plasma level of von Willebrandís factor (36). Piracetam also possesses a rheological effect related to its action on cell membrane deformability (37). AA ñ Arachidonic acid; AC ñ Adenylyl cyclase; ADP ñ Adenosine diphosphate; βTG ñ β-thromboglobulin; COX ñ Cyclooxygenase; DAG ñ Diacylglycerol; GPIIb/IIIa ñ Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa; Gq, Gs ñ G-proteins; 5-HT ñ Serotonin; IP3 ñ Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate; P2Y1, 12 ñ ADP-receptor; PAF ñ Platelet activating factor; PF4 ñ Platelet factor 4; PG G2, PG H2, PG I2, PG E2 ñ Prostaglandins G2, H2, I2, E2; PIP2 ñ Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate; PKCa, PKCi ñ Protein kinase C (active and inactive, respectively); PLA2 ñ Phospholipase A2; PLCβ, γ ñ Phospholipase Cβ, γ; TxA2
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lifestyle Drugs” for Men and Women
    Development of “Lifestyle Drugs” for Men and Women Armin Schultz CRS - Clinical Research Services Mannheim GmbH AGAH Annual Meeting 2012, Leipzig, March 01 - 02 Lifestyle drugs Smart drugs, Quality-of-life drugs, Vanity drugs etc. Lifestyle? Lifestyle-Drugs? Active development? Discovery by chance? AGAH Annual Meeting 2012, Leipzig, March 01 - 02 Lifestyle A lifestyle is a characteristic bundle of behaviors that makes sense to both others and oneself in a given time and place, including social relations, consumption, entertainment, and dress. The behaviors and practices within lifestyles are a mixture of habits, conventional ways of doing things, and reasoned actions „Ein Lebensstil ist [...] der regelmäßig wiederkehrende Gesamtzusammenhang der Verhaltensweisen, Interaktionen, Meinungen, Wissensbestände und bewertenden Einstellungen eines Menschen“ (Hradil 2005: 46) Different definitions in social sciences, philosophy, psychology or medicine AGAH Annual Meeting 2012, Leipzig, March 01 - 02 Lifestyle Many “subdivisions” LOHAS: “Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability“ LOVOS: “Lifestyles of Voluntary Simplicity“ SLOHAS: “Slow Lifestyles of Happiness and Sustainability” PARKOS: “Partizipative Konsumenten“ ……. ……. ……. AGAH Annual Meeting 2012, Leipzig, March 01 - 02 Lifestyle drugs Lifestyle drug is an imprecise term commonly applied to medications which treat non-life threatening and non-painful conditions such as baldness, impotence, wrinkles, or acne, without any medical relevance at all or only minor medical relevance relative to others. Desire for increase of personal well-being and quality of life It is sometimes intended as a pejorative, bearing the implication that the scarce medical research resources allocated to develop such drugs were spent frivolously when they could have been better spent researching cures for more serious medical conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • NOOTROPIL® Piracetam
    NOOTROPIL® Piracetam QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each film-coated tablet contains 800 mg or 1200 mg of piracetam. Each ml of oral solution contains 200 mg of piracetam EXCIPIENTS NOOTROPIL 800 mg and 1200 mg film-coated tablet: Core: Macrogol 6000 - Colloidal anhydrous silica - Magnesium stearate - Sodium croscarmellose Film-coating: Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose - Titanium dioxide (E171) - Macrogol 400 - Macrogol 6000. NOOTROPIL 200 mg/ml oral solution: Glycerol (85%) - Saccharin sodium - Apricot flavour - Caramel flavour - Methyl parahydroxybenzoate - Propyl parahydroxybenzoate - Sodium acetate - Glacial acetic acid - Purified water. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM NOOTROPIL Tablet 800 and 1200 mg: white, oblong, film-coated tablet, with a bisect line, marked N/N on one side and plain on the other side NOOTROPIL Oral Solution 20%: clear colourless solution INDICATIONS 1. Studies carried out in the elderly suffering from loss of memory, vertigo, a lack of concentration or of alertness, changes of mood, a deterioration in behaviour and personal negligence, demonstrate an improvement in symptoms. These symptoms can also provide an early warning of the onset of pathological ageing such as Alzheimer’s Disease, an Alzheimer type of senile dementia, or the dementia produced by multiple cerebral infarcts. 2. NOOTROPIL is advocated in the treatment of sickle-cell vaso-occlusive crises. 3. Studies have shown some improvement in children with learning difficulties associated with the written word, particularly with textual understanding which cannot be explained by intellectual backwardness, inadequate education or by the family environment. The administration of NOOTROPIL does not replace other measures also well adapted to correct these learning difficulties, such as remedial teaching. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Oral formulations 1 NOOTROPIL should be administered orally, and may be taken with or without food.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic and Prognostic Advances in Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
    Diagnostic and Prognostic Advances in Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Lynn Babcock, MD, MS Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine CME Disclosure Statement Lynn Babcock, MD, MS • I have no relevant financial relationships with the manufacturer(s) of any commercial product(s) and/or provider of commercial services discussed in this CME activity. • I do not intend to discuss an unapproved or investigative use of a commercial product/device in my presentation. Learning Objectives 1. Implement current diagnostic and prognostic methods for children with mild TBI. 2. Understand how serum biomarkers aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of children with mild TBI. 3. Appreciate advanced neuroimaging as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for children with mild TBI. Case 9 year old boy is playing hockey. Helmeted. Is chasing after the puck, gets tripped (of course accidently) and then gets pile driven into the boards by a much larger 10 year old. He appears unresponsive for a about 1 minute, then he starts to cry. He is unable to get up, and then is helped off the ice. He is dazed and confused for about 5 minutes. His parents bring him into ED. Parents ask: Does he have a brain injury? When can he go back into the game? Primary Injury • “Focal” injuries • “Diffuse” injuries – Direct mechanical damage – Rotational forces critical – Impact – Acceleration, deceleration – Acceleration, deceleration – Results: – Results: • Axonal stretch à axotomy • Coup/counter coup • Primary axotomy • Hemorrhage/infarction • Microhemorrhages • Rapid oncotic injury
    [Show full text]
  • Aniracetam Reduces Glutamate Receptor Desensitization and Slows
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 10936-10940, December 1991 Neurobiology Aniracetam reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus (non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/synapse) JEFFRY S. ISAACSON*t AND ROGER A. NICOLLtt *Physiology Graduate Program and the Departments of SPharmacology and tPhysiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0450 Communicated by Floyd E. Bloom, September 16, 1991 ABSTRACT Aniracetam is a nootropic drug that has been and DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (50 ,uM) were shown to selectively enhance quisqualate receptor-mediated added to the medium to block y-aminobutyric acid type A responses inXenopus oocytes injected with brain mRNA and in (GABAA) receptors and NMDA receptors, respectively. In hippocampal pyramidal cells [Ito, I., Tanabe, S., Kohda, A. & the majority of experiments examining iontophoretic re- Sugiyama, H. (1990) J. Physiol. (London) 424, 533-544]. We sponses, tetrodotoxin (0.5-1 1uM) was included to block have used patch clamp recording techniques in hippocampal sodium-dependent action potentials. Currents were recorded slices to elucidate the mechanism for this selective action. We with an Axopatch 1B amplifier from neurons in the CA1 and find that aniracetam enhances glutamate-evoked currents in CA3 pyramidal cell layers and granule cell layer of the whole-cell recordings and, in outside-out patches, strongly dentate gyrus using the "blind" whole-cell recording tech- reduces glutamate receptor desensitization. In addition, nique (15, 16). Patch electrodes (tip diameter = 2 Ium) aniracetam selectively prolongs the time course and increases contained (in mM) either a CsF (110 CsF, 10 CsCl, 10 Hepes, the peak amplitude of fast synaptic currents.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs Influencing Cognitive Function
    Indian J Physiol Phannacol 1994; 38(4) : 241-251 RE\llEW ARTICLE DRUGS INFLUENCING COGNITIVE FUNCTION ALICE KURUYILLA* AND YASUNDARA DEYI Department ofPharmacology. Christian Medical College. Vellore - 632 002 DRUGS INFLUENCING COGNITIVE FUNCTION cerebrovascular disorders with dementias and reversible dementias. Drugs can inOuence cognitive function in several different ways. The cognitrve enhancers or nootropics Primary degenerative disorders include the have become a major issue in drug development during subgroups senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type the last decade. Nootropics arc defined as drugs that (SDAT), Alzheimer's disease, Picks disease and generally increase neuron metabolic activity, improve Huntington's chorea (4). Alzheimer's disease usually cognitive and ,'igilance level and are said to have occurs in individuals past 70 years old and appears to antidemcntia effect (I). These drugs are essential for be in part genetically determin'd (5). the treatment of geriatric disorders like Alzheimer's which have become one of the major problems socially Pathophysiology oj Alzheimer's disease : and medically. Considerable evidence has been gathered Extensive research in the recent years has made major in the last decade to support the observation that advances in understanding the pathogenesis of children with epilepsy have morc learning difficulties Alzheimer's disease (6). The hallmark lesions of than age matched controls (2, 3). Anti-epileptic drugs Alzheimer's disease are neuritic plaques and are useful in controlling the frequency and duration of neurofibrillary tangles. Two amyloid proteins seizures. These drugs can also be the source of side accumulate in Alzheimer's disease, these arc beta effects including cognitive impairment.
    [Show full text]
  • September 25, 2020 Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd. Joe Shia
    September 25, 2020 Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd. ℅ Joe Shia Manager LSI International 504 E Diamond Ave., Suite I Gaithersburg, MD 20877 Re: K202567 Trade/Device Name: Wondfo T-Dip® Multi-Drug Urine Test Panel Wondfo T-Dip® Multi-Drug Urine Test Panel Rx Regulation Number: 21 CFR 862.3100 Regulation Name: Amphetamine test system Regulatory Class: Class II Product Code: NFT, NGL, PTH, NFV, NFY, PTG, NGG, LCM, QBF, QAW, NFW Dated: September 2, 2020 Received: September 4, 2020 Dear Joe Shia: We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. Although this letter refers to your product as a device, please be aware that some cleared products may instead be combination products. The 510(k) Premarket Notification Database located at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm identifies combination product submissions. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties.
    [Show full text]
  • IJBCP International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Role Of
    Print ISSN: 2319-2003 | Online ISSN: 2279-0780 IJBCP International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology doi: 10.5455/2319-2003.ijbcp20131022 Research Article Role of piracetam on cognitive function in epilepsy and with antiepileptics in rats Siddharth R. Chaudhari1, Priti P. Dhande2*, Vijaya A. Pandit2 1Bristol-Myers Squibb India Pvt. ABSTRACT Ltd, Mumbai-13, Maharashtra, Background: To study extent of cognitive impairment by epilepsy & India 2Department of Pharmacology, antiepileptic treatment and evaluate the role of piracetam on it. Bharati Vidyapeeth (DU) Methods: 48 animals were divided into 6 groups: I-Control, II- Topiramate, III- Medical College, Pune- 43, Topiramate+Piracetam, IV-Valproate, V-Valproate+Piracetam, VI-Piracetam. Maharashtra, India Baseline cognitive functions were measured using Cook’s pole climbing apparatus (CPCA) and Elevated plus maze (EPM). In CPCA, on completion of Received: 10 August 2013 training, number of avoidances (NOA) out of 10 trials were noted while in Accepted: 18 August 2013 EPM, transfer latency (TL) was measured. Kindling was induced by 30mg/kg Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), i.p. to all groups (except Group I) on alternate days till *Correspondence to: seizures developed. Groups were treated with respective drugs orally for 21 days and cognitive functions measured again. Dr. Priti P. Dhande, Email: [email protected] Results: Significant decrease in NOA & increase in TL was observed after PTZ kindling. Topiramate further significantly impaired NOA and TL whereas © 2013 Chaudhari SR et al. This Valproate significantly reduced NOA in CPCA but increase in TL was not is an open-access article significant. Treatment with Piracetam significantly increased Topiramate, Valproate and PTZ kindling induced decrease in NOA as also significantly distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons reduced Topiramate and PTZ kindling induced increase in TL.
    [Show full text]
  • BULGARIA New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues
    Focal Point Logo 2013 NATIONAL REPORT (2012 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point BULGARIA New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX Part A: New Developments and Trends 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis 2. Drug use in the general population and specific targeted-groups 3. Prevention 4. Problem Drug Use 5. Drug-related treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability 6. Health correlates and consequences 7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences 8. Social correlates and social reintegration 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug related crime and prison 10. Drug Markets 2 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis Within the framework of this section the following main topics will be reviewed: Legislative framework; National action plan, strategy, evaluation and coordination; Economic analysis; Legislative framework Acts, regulations, directives or guidelines in the sphere of drug addictions and drugs (supply and demand) In 2012 a total of nine amendments of the legislative regulation of the Republic of Bulgaria were adopted, including the adoption of two regulations and of seven amendments of the acts and legal regulations in the sphere of addictions. 1. On 20.06.2012 Regulation № 2 was adopted of the terms and conditions of implementing programmes for treatment with agonists and agonist-antagonists of individuals dependent on opioids. 1 By virtue of this regulation the following items are laid down: The terms and conditions for issuing an authorization for the implementation of programmes for treatment with agonists and agonist-antagonists of individuals dependent on opioids. The requirements for the individuals who can lead programmes and the requirements for the healthcare facilities where the programmes can be implemented.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Enhancing Agents: Current Status in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
    LE JOURNAL CANADIEN DES SCIENCES NEUROLOGIQUES REVIEW ARTICLE Cognitive Enhancing Agents: Current Status in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Cheryl Waters ABSTRACT: Extensive recent literature on drugs used to enhance cognitive functioning, reflects the growing social problem of dementia. Many clinical trials have been undertaken with variable success. In most cases the disorder stud­ ied has been Alzheimer's disease. The pharmacological approach has been designed to rectify the presumed patho­ physiological processes characteristic of the condition. Agents tested include cerebral vasodilators, cerebral metabolic enhancers, nootropics, psychostimulants, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters with a special emphasis on drugs used to enhance cholinergic function. Ethical and practical issues concerning clinical drug trials in dementia will be discussed. RESUME: Stimulation cognitive medicamenteuse: etat de la question dans le traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer La multiplicity des publications recentes sur les medicaments utilises pour stimuler le fonctionnement cognitif est le reflet du probl&me social sans cesse croissant de la d6mence. Plusieurs essais cliniques ont ete tentes avec des resultats variables. Dans la plupart des cas, la maladie etudiee etait la maladie d'Alzheimer. L'approche pharmacologique a ete con^ue pour corriger les processus physiopathologiques caracteristiques de la maladie. Les agents etudies incluent des vasodilatateurs cerebraux, des stimulants metaboliques cerebraux, des agents nootropes, des agents neurotropes,
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmaceutical Appendix to the Tariff Schedule 2
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev. 2) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev. 2) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names (INN) which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. ABACAVIR 136470-78-5 ACIDUM LIDADRONICUM 63132-38-7 ABAFUNGIN 129639-79-8 ACIDUM SALCAPROZICUM 183990-46-7 ABAMECTIN 65195-55-3 ACIDUM SALCLOBUZICUM 387825-03-8 ABANOQUIL 90402-40-7 ACIFRAN 72420-38-3 ABAPERIDONUM 183849-43-6 ACIPIMOX 51037-30-0 ABARELIX 183552-38-7 ACITAZANOLAST 114607-46-4 ABATACEPTUM 332348-12-6 ACITEMATE 101197-99-3 ABCIXIMAB 143653-53-6 ACITRETIN 55079-83-9 ABECARNIL 111841-85-1 ACIVICIN 42228-92-2 ABETIMUSUM 167362-48-3 ACLANTATE 39633-62-0 ABIRATERONE 154229-19-3 ACLARUBICIN 57576-44-0 ABITESARTAN 137882-98-5 ACLATONIUM NAPADISILATE 55077-30-0 ABLUKAST 96566-25-5 ACODAZOLE 79152-85-5 ABRINEURINUM 178535-93-8 ACOLBIFENUM 182167-02-8 ABUNIDAZOLE 91017-58-2 ACONIAZIDE 13410-86-1 ACADESINE 2627-69-2 ACOTIAMIDUM 185106-16-5 ACAMPROSATE 77337-76-9
    [Show full text]
  • Piracetam from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Piracetam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Systematic (IUPAC) name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide Clinical data Breinox, Dinagen, Lucetam, Nootropil, Nootropyl, Trade names Oikamid, and many others AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names Pregnancy cat. ? Legal status POM (UK) Routes Oral and parenteral Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability ~100% Half-life 4 - 5 hr Excretion Urinary Identifiers CAS number 7491-74-9 ATC code N06 BX03 PubChem CID 4843 ChemSpider 4677 UNII ZH516LNZ10 KEGG D01914 ChEMBL CHEMBL36715 Chemical data Formula C6H10N2O2 SMILES eMolecules & PubChem InChI Piracetam (sold under many brand names) is a nootropic drug. Piracetam's chemical name is 2-oxo-1- pyrrolidine acetamide; it shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with 2-oxo-pyrrolidine carboxylic acid(pyroglutamate). Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA. It is one of the group of racetams. Piracetam is prescribed by doctors for some conditions, mainly myoclonus,[1] but is used off-label for a much wider range of applications. Popular trade names for Piracetam in Europe are "Nootropil" and "Lucetam", among many others. In South America, it is made by Laboratorios Farma S.A. and sold under the brand name of Breinox in Venezuela and Ecuador. Contents • 1 Effects • 2 Mechanisms of action • 3 History • 4 Approval and usage • 4.1 Aging • 4.2 Alcoholism • 4.3 Alzheimer's and senile dementia • 4.4 Clotting, coagulation, vasospastic disorders • 4.5 Depression and anxiety • 4.6 Stroke, ischemia and symptoms • 4.7 Dyspraxia and dysgraphia • 4.8 Schizophrenia • 4.9 Preventive for breath-holding spells • 4.10 Closed craniocerebral trauma • 5 Dosage • 6 Side effects • 7 Availability • 8 Notes • 9 See also • 10 References • 11 External links Effects There is very little data on piracetam's effect on healthy people, with most studies focusing on people with seizures, dementia, concussions, or other neurological problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions with PBC Agents
    www.hep-druginteractions.org Interactions with PBC Agents Charts created November 2020. Full information available at www.hep-druginteractions.org Page 1 of 4 Please note that if a drug is not listed it cannot automatically be assumed it is safe to coadminister. Obeticholic Ursodeoxycholic Obeticholic Ursodeoxycholic Obeticholic Ursodeoxycholic Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid Anaesthetics & Muscle Relaxants Antibacterials (continued) Antidepressants Bupivacaine Cloxacillin Agomelatine Cisatracurium Dapsone Amitriptyline Isoflurane Delamanid Bupropion Ketamine Ertapenem Citalopram Nitrous oxide Erythromycin Clomipramine Propofol Ethambutol Desipramine Thiopental Flucloxacillin Desvenlafaxine Tizanidine Gentamicin Dosulepin Analgesics Imipenem Doxepin Aceclofenac Isoniazid Duloxetine Alfentanil Escitalopram Aspirin Levofloxacin Linezolid Fluoxetine Buprenorphine Lymecycline Fluvoxamine Celecoxib Imipramine Meropenem Codeine distribution. for Lithium Methenamine Dexketoprofen Maprotiline Metronidazole Dextropropoxyphene Mianserin Moxifloxacin Diamorphine Milnacipran Diclofenac Nitrofurantoin Mirtazapine Diflunisal Norfloxacin Moclobemide Dihydrocodeine Ofloxacin Nefazodone Etoricoxib Penicillin V Nortriptyline Fentanyl Piperacillin Paroxetine Flurbiprofen Pivmecillinam Sertraline Hydrocodone distribution. for only. Not use ersonal Pyrazinamide Tianeptine Hydromorphone Rifabutin Ibuprofen Trazodone Rifampicin Indometacin
    [Show full text]