Marshall Thomas

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Marshall Thomas Thesis Summary This thesis explores the claims of autonomist Marxist theory that contemporary struggles against capitalism are about rejecting capitalism through producing commons. The autonomist approach to commons is significant for social movement theory because, unlike existing Marxist approaches such as neo-Gramscian social movement theory, it places political action in a relation with capital. As a result, autonomist theory establishes a framework for understanding social movements as ‘commons movements’, rooted in claims about the nature of commons; the structure of capitalism; and the significance of political action. The thesis explores this framework by applying it to two contemporary social movements: the Bene Comune movement in Rome, Italy, and the Occupy movement in Oakland, U.S.A. These movements are significant because commons, and practices of ‘commoning’ are both explicit and implicit within the movement practice. It establishes the successes of the autonomist method in offering a thick description of the social movements, their participants, and the local issues that animate them, but less successful at theorising the relationship between social movement practice and capitalism. The final chapters explore the reasons for this, and explore alternative ways of understanding these movements in the context of capital. In the first instance, it looks to other resources that can be found within the intellectual milieu of post-2008 social movements, particularly so-called ‘communisation’ theory, which proposes a structural explanation of commons, rooted in a theory of secular crisis. Finally, the thesis concludes by suggesting that the primary problem facing autonomist theory as a basis for understanding social movements is its conflation of the logic of the political with the logic of the structural conditions of capital, a conflation which is sclerotic of its attempt to explain the dynamics that underlie the turn towards commons, and limiting of its capacity to explore political strategies at the level of totality 1 Acknowledgements As with any intellectual endeavour, this thesis is the result of productive engagements with the scholars I have encountered in the years I have spent writing it. While many of these encounters have taken place outside of Aberystwyth, this thesis bears the marks of this small Welsh town more than it does any other place. In some ways, it is as much a product of the friendly, convivial, and yet intellectually challenging research culture of Aberystwyth’s Department of International Politics as it is my own endeavour. Among those in Aberystwyth, I am particularly indebted to the thorough engagement and sympathetic criticisms of my supervisors Milja Kurki and Berit Bliesmann De Guevara. Without them, this thesis would not have reached completion at all. I hope that in reading my work so many times, they did not too often lose the will to live! In addition to their diligent work, I am grateful for the efforts of my earlier supervision team: Andrew Linklater and Simona Rentea, whose joint supervision helped me through the intellectual confusion of the first year of PhD study. Despite the significance of the academic support I have received from my supervisory teams, any remaining infelicities within the thesis are, of course, my own. The strength of Aberystwyth’s graduate school lies, first and foremost, it its graduate students and the community they create. I am immensely proud to call its PhD cohort my colleagues, and immeasurably more proud to call many of them my friends. I am grateful for the camaraderie and rigorous intellectual engagement of my peers, most notably Mat Rees, Adhemar Mercado, Kat Hone, Dyfan Powel, Katja Daniels, Bleddyn Bowen, Sarah Jamal, Florian Edelmann, Alex Hoseason, and Catherine Charrett. I am thankful also to Aberystwyth’s Politics, Philosophy and International Thought research group and its convenors Reetta Vaahtoranta and Carolin Kaltofen, who gave me welcome respite from the travails of Marxist thought, and a valuable broader perspective on the state of the discipline of International Politics. I am also indebted to my friends beyond Aberystwyth for putting the project, and life in academia, in perspective. In particular, I am beholden to the friendship of (among others) Stu M. Ashton, Matt Rummery, Daniel Mahony, Mark Downes, Matt Hawes, and Huw Diprose, and their persistence with me even when I was absorbed with my academic work. In addition, I owe an immeasurable debt to Jess Raw, without whose love and encouragement this thesis would never have been conceived. Tragically, the process of its composition outlived her, but its final form remains deeply shaped by the anarchist and autonomist politics we participated in together in Aberystwyth, London and Madrid, as well as her rigorous criticism of my ideas and unceasing capacity to grasp the human dimension of anti-capitalist politics. She would undoubtedly disagree with many of the conclusions I have drawn here, but I hope that she would recognise the role she played in the development of these ideas. The world needs more, not fewer, people like her. I must also thank my family for their unwavering tolerance throughout this long and tedious process. In particular, I owe much to my parents Jim and Lesley, who instilled within me a love of learning, and bear a lot of responsibility for sparking the academic process that has culminated in this thesis. I will always be grateful for this 2 upbringing, even if I betray the scientific mindset they instilled in me with an apparently incurable obsession with 19th Century political philosophers! Finally, but in no sense least importantly, I owe an unimaginable debt to Justa Hopma, without whose love, patience and understanding over the last year this thesis would not have reached completion. I hope that now it is complete, I can repay her support with the time and attention she has given to me. 3 Dedicated to the memory of Jessica Helen Raw (1987-2015) 4 Table of Contents THESIS SUMMARY 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER ONE: THE COMMONS, POLITICAL ACTION, AND THE AUTONOMIST TRADITION 21 THE COMMONS AND THE TRADITION OF POLITICAL RESISTANCE 22 THE AUTONOMIST TRADITION IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 24 HARDT & NEGRI’S COMMONWEALTH AND THE AUTONOMIST TURN TO THE COMMONS 36 COMMONING AND THE OUTSIDE OF CAPITALISM IN MASSIMO DE ANGELIS’ THE BEGINNING OF HISTORY 46 THE PROBLEMATIQUE OF THE THESIS & THE AUTONOMIST METHOD 62 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 70 CHAPTER TWO: BENE COMUNE, THE COMMONS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN AUSTERITY ITALY 71 ROME AND THE WATER REFERENDUM 72 WHAT DOES AUTONOMIST POLITICAL PRACTICE SIGNIFY? 78 “CON LA CULTURA, NON SI MANGIA”?, TEATRO VALLE AS FACTORY OF SUBJECTIVITY 84 FASCISM, SOCIAL CENTRES AND THE CRITIQUE OF CAPITALISM IN THE CASE OF CASA POUND 89 COMMONS IN ITALIAN SOCIAL CENTRES 91 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 102 CHAPTER THREE: COMMONS BEYOND THE DISCOURSE OF COMMONING, THE CASE OF OCCUPY OAKLAND 106 THE OCCUPY MOVEMENT AS CONSTITUENT POWER 106 OAKLAND AS ANOMALY? THE OCCUPY MOVEMENT ON THE U.S. WEST COAST 114 WORK AND THE WAGE IN CONTEMPORARY OAKLAND 118 DEBT AND THE PROPERTY CRISIS IN CONTEMPORARY OAKLAND 120 OCCUPY OAKLAND AND ITS ORIGINS IN CALIFORNIA STUDENT OCCUPATIONS 125 THE OCCUPATION OF OAKLAND 127 THE OCCUPY MOVEMENT AND THE OAKLAND PORT STRIKE 136 FORECLOSURE DEFENCE 140 ‘OCCUPY THE FARM’, BERKELEY 141 KNOWLEDGE PRACTICES AND THE OCCUPATION OF OAKLAND 143 ‘FIGHT FOR FIFTEEN’ IN OAKLAND 146 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 147 CHAPTER FOUR: AUTONOMIST THEORY AND CAPITALIST SOCIAL FORM 152 POLITICAL RECOMPOSITION IN THE ITALIAN COMMONS 155 POLITICAL RECOMPOSITION AND THE OAKLAND COMMUNE 157 FROM COMMONS TO COMMUNIZATION IN OAKLAND AND ROME 162 COMMUNISATION, AUTONOMY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF MEDIATIONS 176 COMMUNISATION, RECOMPOSITION AND THE READING OF CAPITAL 182 COMMONS BEYOND THE COPERNICAN TURN 188 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 195 5 CHAPTER FIVE: CAPITAL, SOCIAL-METABOLIC REPRODUCTION AND THE HEGEMONY OF THE COMMONS 199 ISTVÁN MÉSZÁROS COMMONS, CRISES OF CAPITALISM & THE QUESTION OF TRANSITION 203 STRUCTURE IN DOMINANCE AND REPURPOSING CAPITALIST TOTALITY 217 STRUCTURE AND CONJUNCTURE: ALTHUSSER & THE POLITICAL 231 ALTHUSSER, THE CONJUNCTURE AND POLITICAL INTERVENTIONS 233 POLITICISING COMMONING, ALTHUSSER’S MODERNISM AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF POLITICAL REASON 240 SO, WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? 247 CRITIQUE, STRUCTURE AND POLITICS 249 CONTEMPORARY DISCOURSES OF COMMONS, AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE POLITICAL 256 WHITHER COMMONS? 267 PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION, THE COMMONS AND THE QUESTION OF POLITICS: 273 THE PROBLEM OF CAPITALISM IN I.R. AND BEYOND 275 RESISTANCE STUDIES 277 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 283 CONCLUSION 286 THE QUESTION OF THE POLITICAL IN THE 21ST CENTURY 294 THEORY, INTELLECTUALS, AND COMMONS STRUGGLES 299 BIBLIOGRAPHY 303 BOOKS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES 303 ONLINE RESOURCES 326 6 Introduction In his talk at the Idea of Communism conference held at London’s Birkbeck College in 2008, American academic Michael Hardt suggested that ‘the common’ is the beating heart of radical politics in the 21st Century.1 Historically, commons are the property form proper to communism, reflecting neither the private property of capitalism, nor the state property of actually existing socialism, but Hardt was keen to suggest that these ideas hold a particular contemporary valence.2 Indeed, he suggested that commons are key to reclaiming an idea of communism as a systematic alternative to liberal capitalism. 3 The notion of the commons, Hardt suggests, allows the articulation of an emancipatory
Recommended publications
  • Real Democracy in the Occupy Movement
    NO STABLE GROUND: REAL DEMOCRACY IN THE OCCUPY MOVEMENT ANNA SZOLUCHA PhD Thesis Department of Sociology, Maynooth University November 2014 Head of Department: Prof. Mary Corcoran Supervisor: Dr Laurence Cox Rodzicom To my Parents ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is an outcome of many joyous and creative (sometimes also puzzling) encounters that I shared with the participants of Occupy in Ireland and the San Francisco Bay Area. I am truly indebted to you for your unending generosity, ingenuity and determination; for taking the risks (for many of us, yet again) and continuing to fight and create. It is your voices and experiences that are central to me in these pages and I hope that you will find here something that touches a part of you, not in a nostalgic way, but as an impulse to act. First and foremost, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Laurence Cox, whose unfaltering encouragement, assistance, advice and expert knowledge were invaluable for the successful completion of this research. He was always an enormously responsive and generous mentor and his critique helped sharpen this thesis in many ways. Thank you for being supportive also in so many other areas and for ushering me in to the complex world of activist research. I am also grateful to Eddie Yuen who helped me find my way around Oakland and introduced me to many Occupy participants – your help was priceless and I really enjoyed meeting you. I wanted to thank Prof. Szymon Wróbel for debates about philosophy and conversations about life as well as for his continuing support.
    [Show full text]
  • Raya Dunayevskaya Papers
    THE RAYA DUNAYEVSKAYA COLLECTION Marxist-Humanism: Its Origins and Development in America 1941 - 1969 2 1/2 linear feet Accession Number 363 L.C. Number ________ The papers of Raya Dunayevskaya were placed in the Archives of Labor History and Urban Affairs in J u l y of 1969 by Raya Dunayevskaya and were opened for research in May 1970. Raya Dunayevskaya has devoted her l i f e to the Marxist movement, and has devel- oped a revolutionary body of ideas: the theory of state-capitalism; and the continuity and dis-continuity of the Hegelian dialectic in Marx's global con- cept of philosophy and revolution. Born in Russia, she was Secretary to Leon Trotsky in exile in Mexico in 1937- 38, during the period of the Moscow Trials and the Dewey Commission of Inquiry into the charges made against Trotsky in those Trials. She broke politically with Trotsky in 1939, at the outset of World War II, in opposition to his defense of the Russian state, and began a comprehensive study of the i n i t i a l three Five-Year Plans, which led to her analysis that Russia is a state-capitalist society. She was co-founder of the political "State-Capitalist" Tendency within the Trotskyist movement in the 1940's, which was known as Johnson-Forest. Her translation into English of "Teaching of Economics in the Soviet Union" from Pod Znamenem Marxizma, together with her commentary, "A New Revision of Marxian Economics", appeared in the American Economic Review in 1944, and touched off an international debate among theoreticians.
    [Show full text]
  • Apocalypse and Survival
    APOCALYPSE AND SURVIVAL FRANCESCO SANTINI JULY 1994 FOREWORD !e publication of the Opere complete [Complete Works] of Giorgio Cesa- rano, which commenced in the summer of 1993 with the publication of the "rst comprehensive edition of Critica dell’utopia capitale [Critique of the uto- pia of capital], is the fruit of the activity of a group of individuals who were directly inspired by the radical critique of which Cesarano was one of the pioneers. In 1983, a group of comrades who came from the “radical current” founded the Accademia dei Testardi [Academy of the Obstinate], which published, among other things, three issues of the journal, Maelström. !is core group, which still exists, drew up a balance sheet of its own revolution- ary experience (which has only been partially completed), thus elaborating a preliminary dra# of our activity, with the republication of the work of Gior- gio Cesarano in addition to the discussion stimulated by the interventions collected in this text.$ In this work we shall seek to situate Cesarano’s activity within its his- torical context, contributing to a critical delimitation of the collective envi- ronment of which he formed a part. We shall do this for the purpose of more e%ectively situating ourselves in the present by clarifying our relation with the revolutionary experience of the immediate past. !is is a necessary theoret- ical weapon for confronting the situation in which we "nd ourselves today, which requires the ability to resist and endure in totally hostile conditions, similar in some respects to those that revolutionaries had to face at the begin- ning of the seventies.
    [Show full text]
  • Raya Dunayevskaya's Intersectional Marxism Race, Class, Gender, and the Dialectics of Liberation
    palgrave.com Political Science and International Relations : Political Theory Anderson, K.B., Durkin, K., Brown, H.A. (Eds.) Raya Dunayevskaya's Intersectional Marxism Race, Class, Gender, and the Dialectics of Liberation Presents the first edited collection on Dunayevskaya, a significant yet understudied figure in 20th century thought Covers the entirety of Dunayevskaya’s writings, thematically separated into four areas Features chapters from a diverse and global array of Humanist Marxists scholars Raya Dunayevskaya is one of the twentieth century’s great but underappreciated Marxist and Palgrave Macmillan feminist thinkers. Her unique philosophy and practice of Marxist-Humanism—as well as her 1st ed. 2021, XXI, 350 p. 1 grasp of Hegelian dialectics and the deep humanism that informs Marx’s thought—has much 1st illus. to teach us today. From her account of state capitalism (part of her socio-economic critique of edition Stalinism, fascism, and the welfare state), to her writings on Rosa Luxemburg, Black and women’s liberation, and labor, we are offered indispensable resources for navigating the perils of sexism, racism, capitalism, and authoritarianism. This collection of essays, from a diverse Printed book group of writers, brings to life Dunayevskaya’s important contributions. Revisiting her rich Hardcover legacy, the contributors to this volume engage with her resolute Marxist-Humanist focus and her penetrating dialectics of liberation that is connected to Black, labor, and women’s liberation Printed book and to struggles over alienation and exploitation the world over. Dunayevskaya’s Marxist- Hardcover Humanism is recovered for the twenty-first century and turned, as it was with Dunayevskaya ISBN 978-3-030-53716-6 herself, to face the multiple alienations and de-humanizations of social life.
    [Show full text]
  • Markets Not Capitalism Explores the Gap Between Radically Freed Markets and the Capitalist-Controlled Markets That Prevail Today
    individualist anarchism against bosses, inequality, corporate power, and structural poverty Edited by Gary Chartier & Charles W. Johnson Individualist anarchists believe in mutual exchange, not economic privilege. They believe in freed markets, not capitalism. They defend a distinctive response to the challenges of ending global capitalism and achieving social justice: eliminate the political privileges that prop up capitalists. Massive concentrations of wealth, rigid economic hierarchies, and unsustainable modes of production are not the results of the market form, but of markets deformed and rigged by a network of state-secured controls and privileges to the business class. Markets Not Capitalism explores the gap between radically freed markets and the capitalist-controlled markets that prevail today. It explains how liberating market exchange from state capitalist privilege can abolish structural poverty, help working people take control over the conditions of their labor, and redistribute wealth and social power. Featuring discussions of socialism, capitalism, markets, ownership, labor struggle, grassroots privatization, intellectual property, health care, racism, sexism, and environmental issues, this unique collection brings together classic essays by Cleyre, and such contemporary innovators as Kevin Carson and Roderick Long. It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism. “We on the left need a good shake to get us thinking, and these arguments for market anarchism do the job in lively and thoughtful fashion.” – Alexander Cockburn, editor and publisher, Counterpunch “Anarchy is not chaos; nor is it violence. This rich and provocative gathering of essays by anarchists past and present imagines society unburdened by state, markets un-warped by capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies for the Latin American Left Problems of Autonomism by CLAUDIO KATZ
    Strategies for the Latin American Left Problems of Autonomism by CLAUDIO KATZ SINCE THE mid-1990s, autonomist politics has gained influence in Latin America. Its theorists are attentively listened to and their practical proposals awaken great interest. But this scenario has begun to change with the appearance of new nationalist and center-left governments. The rise of Lula, Kirchner, and Tabaré, the increased strength of Chávez, the resurgence of Fidel, and the shift of López Obrador changes the playing field that favored the expansion of libertarian theories. The autonomists eschew political affiliation and ideological definition. They share feelings, attitudes, and projects, but they do not support a common doctrine. They broadcast a moral critique of capitalism from an anti-authoritarian perspective, rejecting all forms of leadership and state power. They use a libertarian language and defend autoorganización [self-organization], emphasizing values of solidarity and community. They question participation in mainstream institutions and encourage autogestión [self- management] in the economic sphere. But the autonomists are a very heterogeneous group and lack recognized spokespeople as common proponents of their vision. In order to frame the debate, it is necessary to select certain authors who express this political current’s most relevant theories. Zibechicocaleros [coca growers], and the Argentine piqueteros [the unemployed workers’ movement]. In terms of theory, Negri The Argentine laboratory The popular uprising of 2001–2003 in Argentina was a particularly relevant experience for the autonomists because they concluded that their project was beginning to take shape in the organizations emerging during this rebellion. They presented the neighborhood assemblies and the piquetero protests as examples of a new emancipatory autoorganización and extended this assessment to the bartering clubs (where workers and farmers exchanged goods and services without cash), the reoccupied factories, and the counter-cultural collectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diminishing Power and Democracy of Hong Kong: an Analysis of Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement and the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement
    Portland State University PDXScholar University Honors Theses University Honors College Summer 2021 The Diminishing Power and Democracy of Hong Kong: An Analysis of Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement and the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement Xiao Lin Kuang Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/honorstheses Part of the Asian Studies Commons, and the Other International and Area Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Kuang, Xiao Lin, "The Diminishing Power and Democracy of Hong Kong: An Analysis of Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement and the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement" (2021). University Honors Theses. Paper 1126. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.1157 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. The diminishing power and democracy of Hong Kong: an analysis of Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement and the Anti-extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement by Xiao Lin Kuang An undergraduate honors thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts In University Honors And International Development Studies And Chinese Thesis Adviser Maureen Hickey Portland State University 2021 The diminishing power and democracy of Hong Kong Kuang 1 Abstract The future of Hong Kong – one of the most valuable economic port cities in the world – has been a key political issue since the Opium Wars (1839—1860).
    [Show full text]
  • Exodus General Idea of the Revolution in the XXI Century
    Exodus General Idea of the Revolution in the XXI Century Kevin A. Carson 2021 Contents Reviews 5 Abstract 6 Preface 7 Part One: Background 8 Chapter One: The Age of Mass and Maneuver 9 I. A Conflict of Visions .................................... 9 II. The Triumph of Mass in the Old Left .......................... 15 III. The Assault on Working Class Agency ......................... 42 IV. Workerism/Laborism .................................. 49 Chapter Two: Transition 52 I. Drastic Reductions in Necessary Outlays for the Means of Production . 52 II. The Network Revolution and the Imploding Cost of Coordination . 57 III. The Impotence of Enforcement, and Superiority of Circumvention to Resistance . 70 IV. Superior General Efficiency and Low Overhead .................... 74 V. Conclusion ......................................... 78 Part Two. The Age of Exodus 79 Chapter Three: Horizontalism and Self-Activity Over Vanguard Institutions 80 Introduction ......................................... 80 I. The New Left ........................................ 81 II. Autonomism ........................................ 90 III. The 1968 Movements and the Transition to Horizontalist Praxis . 98 IV. The Post-1994 Movements ................................ 100 Chapter Four: The Abandonment of Workerism 115 I. The Limited Relevance of Proletarianism in the Mass Production Age . 115 II. Technology and the Declining Relevance of Proletarianism . 116 III The Abandonment of Proletarianism by the New Left . 117 IV. The Abandonment of Workerism in Praxis . 127 Chapter Five: Evolutionary Transition Models 131 Introduction and Note on Terminology . 131 2 I. Comparison to Previous Systemic Transitions . 132 II. The Nature of Post-Capitalist Transition . 146 Chapter Six: Interstitial Development and Exodus over Insurrection 157 Introduction ......................................... 157 I. The Split Within Autonomism .............................. 159 II. The Shift From the Factory to Society as the Main Locus of Productivity .
    [Show full text]
  • Jacques Camatte Community and Communism in Russia
    Jacques Camatte Community and Communism in Russia Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter I Publishing Bordiga's texts on Russia and writing an introduction to them was rather repugnant to us. The Russian revolution and its involution are indeed some of the greatest events of our century. Thanks to them, a horde of thinkers, writers, and politicians are not unemployed. Among them is the first gang of speculators which asserts that the USSR is communist, the social relations there having been transformed. However, over there men live like us, alienation persists. Transforming the social relations is therefore insufficient. One must change man. Starting from this discovery, each has 'functioned' enclosed in his specialism and set to work to produce his sociological, ecological, biological, psychological etc. solution. Another gang turns the revolution to its account by proving that capitalism can be humanised and adapted to men by reducing growth and proposing an ethic of abstinence to them, contenting them with intellectual and aesthetic productions, restraining their material and affective needs. It sets computers to work to announce the apocalypse if we do not follow the advice of the enlightened capitalist. Finally there is a superseding gang which declares that there is neither capitalism nor socialism in the USSR, but a kind of mixture of the two, a Russian cocktail ! Here again the different sciences are set in motion to place some new goods on the over-saturated market. That is why throwing Bordiga into this activist whirlpool
    [Show full text]
  • Reclaiming Their Shadow: Ethnopolitical Mobilization in Consolidated Democracies
    Reclaiming their Shadow: Ethnopolitical Mobilization in Consolidated Democracies Ph. D. Dissertation by Britt Cartrite Department of Political Science University of Colorado at Boulder May 1, 2003 Dissertation Committee: Professor William Safran, Chair; Professor James Scarritt; Professor Sven Steinmo; Associate Professor David Leblang; Professor Luis Moreno. Abstract: In recent decades Western Europe has seen a dramatic increase in the political activity of ethnic groups demanding special institutional provisions to preserve their distinct identity. This mobilization represents the relative failure of centuries of assimilationist policies among some of the oldest nation-states and an unexpected outcome for scholars of modernization and nation-building. In its wake, the phenomenon generated a significant scholarship attempting to account for this activity, much of which focused on differences in economic growth as the root cause of ethnic activism. However, some scholars find these models to be based on too short a timeframe for a rich understanding of the phenomenon or too narrowly focused on material interests at the expense of considering institutions, culture, and psychology. In response to this broader debate, this study explores fifteen ethnic groups in three countries (France, Spain, and the United Kingdom) over the last two centuries as well as factoring in changes in Western European thought and institutions more broadly, all in an attempt to build a richer understanding of ethnic mobilization. Furthermore, by including all “national
    [Show full text]
  • Gray, Neil (2015) Neoliberal Urbanism and Spatial Composition in Recessionary Glasgow
    Gray, Neil (2015) Neoliberal urbanism and spatial composition in recessionary Glasgow. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6833/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Neoliberal Urbanism and Spatial Composition in Recessionary Glasgow Neil Gray MRes Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Geographical and Earth Sciences College of Science and Engineering University of Glasgow November 2015 i Abstract This thesis argues that urbanisation has become increasingly central to capital accumulation strategies, and that a politics of space - commensurate with a material conjuncture increasingly subsumed by rentier capitalism - is thus necessarily required. The central research question concerns whether urbanisation represents a general tendency that might provide an immanent dialectical basis for a new spatial politics. I deploy the concept of class composition to address this question. In Italian Autonomist Marxism (AM), class composition is understood as the conceptual and material relation between ‘technical’ and ‘political’ composition: ‘technical composition’ refers to organised capitalist production, capital’s plans as it were; ‘political composition’ refers to the degree to which collective political organisation forms a basis for counter-power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bolshevil{S and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Chinese Worlds
    The Bolshevil{s and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Chinese Worlds Chinese Worlds publishes high-quality scholarship, research monographs, and source collections on Chinese history and society from 1900 into the next century. "Worlds" signals the ethnic, cultural, and political multiformity and regional diversity of China, the cycles of unity and division through which China's modern history has passed, and recent research trends toward regional studies and local issues. It also signals that Chineseness is not contained within territorial borders ­ overseas Chinese communities in all countries and regions are also "Chinese worlds". The editors see them as part of a political, economic, social, and cultural continuum that spans the Chinese mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, South­ East Asia, and the world. The focus of Chinese Worlds is on modern politics and society and history. It includes both history in its broader sweep and specialist monographs on Chinese politics, anthropology, political economy, sociology, education, and the social­ science aspects of culture and religions. The Literary Field of New Fourth Artny Twentieth-Century China Communist Resistance along the Edited by Michel Hockx Yangtze and the Huai, 1938-1941 Gregor Benton Chinese Business in Malaysia Accumulation, Ascendance, A Road is Made Accommodation Communism in Shanghai 1920-1927 Edmund Terence Gomez Steve Smith Internal and International Migration The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Chinese Perspectives Revolution 1919-1927 Edited by Frank N Pieke and Hein Mallee
    [Show full text]