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Australian Grapevine Yellows AUSTRALIAN GRAPEVINE YELLOWS – Source, Spread and Control FINAL REPORT to GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Project Number: SAR 02/03 Principal Investigator: PA Magarey Research Organisation: South Australian Research and Development Institute Date: May 2006 AUSTRALIAN GRAPEVINE YELLOWS Source, Spread and Control Peter A Magarey1, Scott R Gillett1, Justin R Dixon2, Carla C Magarey2, Sally A Thiele2, Jeremy Cass3, Murray J Fletcher4, Nuredin Habili5, Michael W Maixner6, Geoff M Gurr7 and Leigh Pilkington7 1 South Australian Research and Development Institute, PO Box 411, Loxton, SA, 5333 2 Rural Solutions SA, Loxton Research Centre, PO Box 411, Loxton, SA, 5333 3 (previously MIA Vine Improvement Society, Griffith, NSW), DeBortoli's Wines Pty Ltd, Bilbul, NSW 4 NSW Agric. Scientific Collections Unit, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 5 Waite Diagnostics, School of Agriculture & Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064 6 Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Plant Protection in Viticulture, Bernkastel-Kues, Germany 7 Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW E-mail: [email protected] May 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many colleagues, growers and industry personnel assisted this study sponsored by SARDI, Riverland Vine Improvement Committee, the GWRDC, the Riverland Winegrape Industry Development Council, Riverland Committee of the Phylloxera and Grape Industry Board and the Riverina’s Wine Grape Marketing Board. We thank them and the many growers who freely allowed us access to their vineyards, and the following for making this work possible: Dr Amanda Able, University of Adelaide, Waite Institute, Adelaide, SA - plant physiologist, Dr Ross Beever, Land Care Research, Auckland, NZ - flax yellows specialist, Andrew Biele, SARDI, Loxton, SA, - for assistance with PCR sampling, H. Bogacz Waite Diagnostics, School of Agriculture & Wine, The University of Adelaide, SA, Jim Caddy, Berri, SA – for help with the project and for access to an important trial site, Noel Cameron, Gol Gol North, NSW, for supply of the steel for the exclusion house, Dr. Fiona Constable - provided Waite Diagnostics with the tomato big bud phytoplasma DNA, Adrian Dahlenburg, SARDI, Adelaide, SA – for leadership in the project, Rich Dolan, Murtho, SA – for vineyard access for surveys and trial work, Dr Bob Emmett, Vic DPI, Irymple, Vic. – for encouragement and technical contributions, Tony Fenwick, Berri, SA. - special thanks for generosity in access to the exclusion house site, Greg Finn and team, MIA Vine Improvement Society, Yenda, NSW – for helpful collaboration, Dr Karen Gibb, Charles Darwin Univ, Darwin, NT- molecular biologist, phytoplasma specialist, Dr DeAnn Glenn, formerly GWRDC – for support in the project, Dr Martin Goffinet, NYSAES, Geneva, New York, USA - plant anatomist, Otto Halupka, Berri, SA – for vineyard surveys and antibiotic experiments, Ian Lange, SARDI, Loxton, SA – exclusion house and PCR sampling, Brendan Lay, PIRSA, Adelaide, SA – botanist/plant ecologist, for technical review, David Ludas - for support over many years and in vineyard surveys, Brenton Mann and team, SARDI, Loxton, SA – exclusion house and PCR sampling, Paul McClure, Vic DPI, Irymple, Vic – for assistance with vineyard access, Amy Magarey – for assistance with transmission trials and vineyard surveys in the heat, Katie Magarey - for assistance with transmission trials in stinging nettles and vineyard surveys, Michelle Magarey – for assistance with transmission trials in stinging nettles and vineyard surveys, Paul Magarey – for assistance with GIS, vineyard surveys and data from Griffith, NSW, Sarah Magarey - for assistance with transmission trials in sting nettles, Vanessa Narbeth, SARDI, Loxton – for assistance with PCR sampling, David Nitschke and Team, Riverland Vine Improvement Committee, Monash, SA - sponsors of the exclusion house and support when the chips were down, Ian Nitschke, Pyap, SA – for assistance with vineyard surveys and trial work, Orlando Wyndham, Rowland Flat, SA, - for propagating cuttings for transmission trials, Dr John Randles, University of Adelaide, Waite Precinct, Urrbrae, SA - virologist, Riverland Committee of the Phylloxera and Grape Industry Board - friends in battle, Riverland Wine Industry Development Council, Berri, SA – more friends in battle, Dr Bob Seem, NYSAES, Geneva, NY, USA - plant pathologist & encourager of enquiring minds, Brian Simpson and Ms Emma Grabham, WGMB, Griffith, NSW – for valuable help, Bob Smith, Gol Gol North, NSW – for support and access for vineyard surveys and insect traps, Craig Solly – for assistance with insect traps in the Riverland, Mark Staniford - potting vines and maintaining the vines in the exclusion house at Berri, SA, Dr Claire Streten –Charles Darwin Univ., Darwin, NT – for valuable work in molecular biology, Bruce Tonkin, Pyap Settlement, SA – for help with transmission trials, Malcolm Wachtel, formerly PIRSA, Loxton, SA – partner and sharp sword in initial investigations, Richard Wales, MIA Vine Improv’t Society, Yenda, NSW - PCR sampling and insect trapping, Dr Trevor Wicks, SARDI, Adelaide – for patient review of the text, And thanks to Rod Wearne and the HelpDesk team with PIRSA, Adelaide, for wisdom and patience with the many requests concerning word processing! Page 5 of 209 TERMS OF THE REPORT The following is a report about a series of investigations within Project Number SAR 02/03. For clarity and context, previous work that was continued and at times, expanded within SAR 02/03, is reported in separate chapters preceding those relating to the present work. Examples include work undertaken in 2002/03 as part of GWRDC RITA Project 01/15-2, or in prior investigations initiated with assistance from the Riverland Vine Improvement Committee. The source of funding for each aspect of the work is detailed in the table below and is gratefully acknowledged. The title of this publication refers to investigations into the source, spread and control of AGY. The body of work presented comprises descriptions of the investigations into determining the source of disease and the means by which it spreads – both are prerequisite to the development of a suitable control strategy. The present work makes no claim to have developed a control for AGY but rather to the laying a foundation toward the building of a suitable management strategy. SUMMARY OF PROJECT FUNDING Chapter GWRDC Riverland RWIDC Phylloxera WGMB SARDI Vine Board Improvement Committee 1 2 3 RT 01/15-2 4 SAR 02/03 5 6 7 8 SAR 00/2 9 RT 01/15-2 10 SAR 02/03 11 SAR 02/03 12 SAR 02/03 13 SAR 02/03 14 SAR 02/03 15 SAR 02/03 16 RT 01/15-2 SAR 02/03 17 SAR 02/03 18 SAR 02/03 19 SAR 02/03 20 SAR 02/03 21 SAR 02/03 Page 7 of 209 Contents Pages CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................5 TERMS OF THE REPORT .................................................................................................................7 SUMMARY OF PROJECT FUNDING ..............................................................................................7 ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................13 Investigations recommended re the source of AGY: ......................................................17 Investigations recommended re the spread of AGY: ......................................................17 Future Strategy for Investigations into AGY ..................................................................17 Summary of Recommendations – Listed by chapter .........................................................................18 Section 1: Project Details................................................................................................................23 Chapter 1: Project Aims and Performance Targets:..........................................................................23 Section 2: Introduction to Investigations......................................................................................24 Chapter 2: Background .....................................................................................................................24 A Brief History of AGY..................................................................................................24 Symptoms........................................................................................................................24 ‘Scaly Bark Stunt’ (SBS) – a Possible New Disorder Confused With AGY..................33 Cause of AGY (Aetiology) .............................................................................................34 Proposal for Investigations in SAR 02/03.......................................................................39 Section 3: Preliminary Investigations into the Source of AGY. .................................................40 Disease Distribution through Cuttings: Truth or a ‘Myth-stake’? .........................40 Chapter 3: Does AGY Spread via Cuttings? 1..................................................................................40 Tests of propagation material for transmission of AGY - 2000/01 to 2001/02 ..............40 Chapter 4: Does AGY Spread via Cuttings? 2..................................................................................47
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