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Bhagat singh biography pdf

Continue , the great was born in Punjab, India. Bhagat Singh came from a Sikh family who were deeply involved in political programs and activities. Bhagat Singh left Scholl at the age of 13 to devote his entire life to India's independence; Bhagat Singh was convicted of killing a British police officer. Bhagat Singh was one of the best fighters who fought against the British government. Bhagat Singh He was an Indian socialist, as well as revolutionary too. Bhagat Singh was involved in being one of the great revolutionaries of independence acts and movements. His father's name was Kishan Sing, and Kishan Sing was also part of Indian independence. The entire Singh family was steeped in India's independence and its programs and movements. Real NameBhagat Singh Known as Freedom Fighter Famous for His Revolutionary Character Date Of BirthSeptember 1907 Birth PlaceChak No 105 GB,Banga,Jaranwala, Lyallpur, Punjab, Home townChak No 105 GB,Banga,Jaranwala, Lyallpur, Punjab, EducationDayanand Anglo Vedic High School,National College ParentsKisan Singh,Vidyavati ReligionAtheist,Socialist Died23 March 1931 Bhagat Singh's father was a great supporter of . When Bhagat Singh was only 13 years old, he was well known for his pet as he is known for the involvement of his families in programs and movement. When Mahatma Gandhi decided to boycott, Bhagat Singh enrolled in Lahore College. At this college, Bhagat Singh had to study European revolutionary programs and acts. In 1926, Bhagat Singh founded the group called the Youth Society of India, then joined the associations. In this association, Bhagat Singh met several revolutions again. After a year, Bhagat Singh's parents planned for his wedding, Bhagat Singh not only rejected the offer, but as well as left the college. As time passed, Bhagat Singh became the person who was interested in the police, also in 1927 he was arrested for his involvement in the attack. But Bhagat Singh was released in several weeks, and then again he began to write the various revolutionary newspapers. In 1928, the British government launched the to gain autonomy and discuss the autonomy of Indian citizens. At that time, most Indian political organizations tried to boycott the event, and the reason was that these commissions had none of the Indians. The various actions and activities of the young revolutionaries were strongly condemned with the disciples of Mahatma Gandhi. At that time, Bhagat Singh was interested in having the stage on which he could promote his causes. Bhagat Singh was also defense without for trials, but procedures that have the diatribes of political dogma against stopping it. After the incident, Bhagat Singh was convicted and sentenced to life in prison. During this period, period, the police also had a clue about the link between Bhagat Singh and the killing of the officers; then he was arrested. But he was executed on March 13, 1931. Conclusion: With the help of this information, you will get the small details about the Bhagat Singh. Bhagat Singh was one of the brave Indian fighters who gave his life to gain Independence. You will also get details about the revolutionary movement and programs in this information. Related Tags: Bhagat Singh This article is about the revolutionary. For the first immigrants to the United States, see Bhagat Singh Thidd. Bhagavath Singh redirects here. For the 1998 dramatic action film, see Bhagavath Singh (film). Bhagat SinghSingh, 20th century Indian revolutionary, in April 1929September 1907[a]Banga, Punjab, British India (now Punjab, )Died23 March 1931-03-23) (23)Lahore, Punjab, British India (now Punjab, Pakistan)Cause of deathEcution by hangingCitizenshipIndianMoveIndian Independence movement Bhagat Singh (Punjabi pronunciation: [pə̀ɡət̪ sɪ́ŋɡ] (listen) 1907[a] - 23 March 1931) was an Indian socialist revolutionary whose two acts of dramatic violence against the British in India and execution at the age of 23 made him one popular hero of the Indian independence movement. In December 1928, Bhagat Singh and an associate, , shot and killed a 21-year-old British police officer, John Saunders, in Lahore, British India, taking Saunders, who was still on probation, to British Police Superintendent James Scott, whom they intended to murder. They believed that Scott was responsible for the death of popular Indian nationalist leader , ordering a lathi charge in which Rai was wounded, and, two weeks later, died of a heart attack. Saunders was shot by a single shot from Rajguru, a sniper. He was then shot several times by Singh, with the post-mortem report showing eight gunshot wounds. Another of Singh's associates, , shot and killed an Indian police officer, Chanan Singh, who tried to pursue Singh and Rajguru as they fled. After escaping, Singh and his associates, using pseudonyms, belonged to the state to avenge the death of Lajpat Rai, by putting up prepared posters, which they had modified to show Saunders as their intended target. [ Singh was then on the run for many months, and no convictions were successful at the time. In April 1929, he and another associate, , detonated two improvised bombs inside the Central Legislative Assembly in . They showered gallery leaflets on the lawmakers below, shouted slogans, and then allowed the authorities Stop them. [7] The arrest, and the resulting publicity, brought to light Singh's complicity in the John Saunders case. While awaiting trial, Singh has gained a large audience after he joined his compatriot Jatin Das in a hunger strike, demanding better conditions of detention for Indian prisoners, and ending with Das' death of hunger in September 1929. Singh was convicted and hanged in March 1931, at the age of 23. Bhagat Singh became a popular hero after his death. wrote about him, Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism, but because he seemed to justify, for the moment, the honor of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation. It has become a symbol; the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months every town and village of Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resonated with its name. Even years later, Singh, an atheist and socialist in life, gained admirers in India among a political spectrum that included both communists and right-wing nationalists. Although many of Singh's associates, as well as many Indian anti-colonial revolutionaries, were also involved in bold acts and were executed or died of violent deaths, few came to be lionized in popular art and literature to the same extent as Singh. Early life Bhagat Singh, a Sandhu Jat,[9] was born in 1907[a] of Kishan Singh and Vidyavati in Chak No. 105 GB, Banga Village, Jaranwala Tehsil in Lyallpur district of the Punjab province of British India today Pakistan. His birth coincided with the release of his father and two uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, from prison. [10] His family members were Hindus and Sikhs; some had been active in Indian independence movements, others had served in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army. His ancestral village was Khatkar Kalan, near the city of Banga, India, in the Nawanshahr district (now renamed Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar) of Punjab. His family was politically active. His grandfather, Arjun Singh, followed Swami 's Hindu reform movement, , which had a considerable influence on Bhagat. His father and uncles were members of the Ghadar party, led by Kartar Singh Sarabha and . Ajit Singh was forced into exile due to ongoing legal proceedings against him while Swaran Singh died at home in Lahore in 1910 after his release from prison. [13] [b] Unlike many Sikhs his age, Singh did not attend Khalsa High School in Lahore. His grandfather did not approve of the loyalty of school officials to the British government. He was enrolled in the Dayanand Anglo-Védic high school, an institution of Arya Samaji. Arya Samaj's philosophy has greatly influenced him throughout his life. In 1919, when he was 12 years old, Singh visited the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre hours after thousands of unarmed people gathered at a public meeting were killed. [10] When he was 14 years old, he was among those in his village who welcomed the protesters against the great murder of in Gurudwara Nankana Sahib on 20 February 1921. Singh became disillusioned with Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence after rescinding the non-cooperation movement. Gandhi's decision follows the violent killings of police officers by villagers who were reacting to the deaths of three villagers by police in the in 1922. Singh joined the Revolutionary Youth Movement and began to advocate for the violent overthrow of the British government in India. [19] In this historical photograph of national college students and staff, Lahore, Singh can be seen standing fourth from right. In 1923, Singh joined the National College in Lahore, where he also participated in extracurricular activities such as drama society. In 1923, he won a test competition set up by Punjab Sahitya Sammelan, writing about the problems in Punjab. Inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement,[12] he founded the Indian socialist youth organization Naujawan Bharat Sabha in March 1926[He also joined the Hindustan Republican Association,[22] which had prominent leaders such as Chandrashekhar Azad, and Shahid Ashfaqallah Khan. A year later, to avoid an arranged marriage, Singh fled to Cawnpore. [16] In a letter he left behind, he said, My life has been devoted to the noblest cause, that of the freedom of the country. Therefore, there is no rest or worldly desire that can attract me now. The police became concerned about Singh's influence on the youth and arrested him in May 1927 on the grounds that he had been involved in a bomb attack in Lahore in October 1926. He was released on bail of Rs 60,000 five weeks after his arrest. He wrote for and edited and Punjabi newspapers, published in Amritsar,[25] and also contributed to cheap pamphlets published by the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, who excosed the British. He also wrote for Kirti, the newspaper of the Kirti Kisan Party (Workers' and Peasants' Party) and briefly for the Newspaper Veer Arjun, published in Delhi. [21] [d] He often used pseudonyms, including names such as Balwant, Ranjit and Vithrohi. The Revolutionary Activities the Death and Murder of Saunders by Lala Lajpat Rai In 1928, the British government established the Simon Commission to report on the political situation in India. Some Indian political parties boycotted the Commission because there were no Indians in its membership, and there were protests across the country. When the Commission went to Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lala Lajpat Rai led a march to protest the march. The police to disperse the crowd resulted in violence. Police Superintendent James A. Scott ordered police to charge (use batons against) the protesters and personally assaulted Rai, who was injured. Rai died of a heart attack on November 17 Doctors thought his death could have been precipitated by the injuries he had received. When the issue was raised in the UK Parliament, the British government denied any role in Rai's death. [29] [30] Bhagat was a prominent member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) and was probably responsible, in large part, for his name change to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928. [12] HSRA has vowed to avenge Rai's death. Singh conspired with revolutionaries such as Shivaram Rajguru, and Chandrashekhar Azad to kill Scott. [21] However, in a case of mistaken identity, the plotters shot John P. Saunders, an assistant superintendent of police, as he left district police headquarters in Lahore on December 17, 1928. [32] HSRA Pamphlet After Saunders' Murder, signed by Balraj, a pseudonym of Chandrashekhar Azad The contemporary reaction to the assassination differs considerably from the adulation that later surfaced. The Naujawan Bharat Sabha, who organized the Lahore protest march with HSRA, found that participation in its subsequent public meetings dropped sharply. Politicians, activists and newspapers, including The People, which Rai founded in 1925, have stressed that non-cooperation is preferable to violence. The murder was condemned as a retrograde action by Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Congress, but Jawaharlal Nehru later wrote that: Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism, but because he seemed to justify, for the moment, the honor of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him the nation. It became a symbol, the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months every town and village of Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resonated with its name. Countless songs grew on him and the popularity that man achieved was something amazing. Escape After killing Saunders, the group escaped through the entrance to D.A.V. College, across from district police headquarters. Chanan Singh, a chief officer who was pursuing them, was fatally injured in the Chandrashekhar Azad fire. They then fled by bicycle to pre-arranged shelters. [34] Police launched a large-scale search operation to catch them, blocking all entrances and exits to and from the city; CID was watching all the young men leaving Lahore. The fugitives hid for the next two days. On , 1928, Sukhdev appealed to , sometimes known as Durga Bhabhi, wife of another HSRA member, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, whom she agreed to provide. They decided to train from Lahore to Bathinda en route to Howrah (Calcutta) early the next morning. Singh and Rajguru, both carrying loaded revolvers, left the house early the next day. [35] Dressed in a Western outfit (Bhagat Singh cut his hair, hair, his beard and wore a hat over the cut hair), and carrying Devi's sleeping child, Singh and Devi passed as a young couple, while Rajguru carried their luggage as their servant. At the station, Singh managed to conceal his identity while buying tickets, and the three boarded the train to Cawnpore (now ). There, they boarded a train to as the CID at Howrah station usually screened passengers on the lahore direct train. In Lucknow, Rajguru left separately for Benares while Singh, Devi and the infant went to Howrah, with all but Singh returning to Lahore a few days later. [36] [35] Incident and Arrest of the Assembly For a time, Singh had exploited the power of drama as a means of inspiring revolt against the British, buying a magic lantern to show slides that animated his speeches on revolutionaries such as Ram Prasad Bismil who had died as a result of the conspiracy. In 1929, he proposed a dramatic act to the HSRA intended to win massive publicity for their goals. Influenced by Auguste Vaillant, a French anarchist who had bombed the Chamber of Deputies in Paris,[37] Singh's plan was to detonate a bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly. The nominal intention was to protest the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Act, which had been rejected by the Assembly but were enacted by the Viceroy using his special powers; the real intention was that the perpetrators would allow themselves to be arrested so that they could use court appearances as a step to publicize their case. [27] HSRA management initially opposed Bhagat's involvement in the bombing because they were certain that his previous involvement in Saunders' shooting meant that his arrest would eventually lead to his execution. However, they eventually decided that he was their most suitable candidate. On April 8, 1929, Singh, accompanied by Batukeshwar Dutt, threw two bombs into the Assembly Hall from his public gallery during his session. The bombs were designed not to kill,[28] but some members, including George Ernest Schuster, a finance member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, were wounded. [39] The smoke from the bombs filled the Assembly so that Singh and Dutt could probably have escaped into confusion if they had wished. Instead, they stayed and shouted the slogan Inquilab Zindabad! (Long live the Revolution) and threw leaflets. The two men were arrested and then went through a series of prisons in Delhi. [40] Assembly Case Trial Neeti Nair, associate professor of history, the public criticism of this terrorist action was unequivocal. Gandhi, once again, published strong words of disapproval of their act. [8] Nevertheless, the imprisoned Bhagat was reported to be exalted, and referred to the following judicial proceedings as a drama. [40] Singh and Dutt Dutt responded to the criticism by writing the Assembly's bomb statement: We hold sacred human life beyond words. We are neither the perpetrators of vile outrages ... nor are we crazy as the Tribune de Lahore and others would have thought... When applied aggressively, violence is therefore morally unjustifiable, but when used in the pursuit of a legitimate cause, it has its moral justification. [28] The trial began in the first week of June, after a preliminary hearing in May. On 12 June, the two men were sentenced to life imprisonment for causing explosions of a life-threatening nature, illegally and maliciously. [40] Dutt had been defended by Asaf Ali, while Singh defended himself. [42] Doubts were raised as to the accuracy of the evidence presented at trial. One of the main discrepancies is the automatic pistol That Singh was carrying when he was arrested. Some witnesses said that he fired two or three shots while the police sergeant who arrested him testified that the gun was pointed down when he took it from him and that Singh was playing with it. [43] According to an article in the India Law Journal, prosecution witnesses were trained, their accounts incorrect, and Singh had handed over the gun himself. Singh was sentenced to life in prison. Arrest of Associates In 1929, HSRA established bomb factories in Lahore and . On April 15, 1929, the Lahore bomb factory was discovered by police, leading to the arrest of other HSRA members, including Sukhdev, Kishori Lal and Jai Gopal. Shortly thereafter, the Saharanpur plant was also searched and some of the conspirators became informants. With the new information available, the police were able to link the three strands of Saunders' murder, the Assembly bombing, and the making of bombs. Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru and 21 others were charged with Saunders' murder. [46] Hunger Strike and the conspiracy case of Lahore Singh was again arrested for the murder of Saunders and Chanan Singh based on substantial evidence against him, including statements by his associates, Hans Raj Vohra and Jai Gopal. [44] His life sentence in the Assembly's bomb case was postponed until the Saunders case was decided. He was sent to Mianwali Central Prison from Delhi Prison. [42] He witnessed discrimination between European and Indian prisoners. He and others considered himself a political prisoner. He noted that he had received an improved diet in Delhi that was not provided to He led other Indian political prisoners, whom he felt to be treated as common criminals in a hunger strike. They called for equality in food standards, clothing, toiletries and other necessities, as well as access to books and a daily life. They argued that they should not be forced to or any undignified work in the prison. [47] [28] The hunger strike inspired an increase in public support for Singh and his colleagues around June 1929. The Tribune newspaper was particularly important in this movement and reported mass meetings in places such as Lahore and Amritsar. The government had to apply section 144 of the Criminal Code to try to limit gatherings. Jawaharlal Nehru met Singh and the other strikers at Mianwali Central Prison. After the meeting, he said: 'Was very distressed to see the plight of the heroes. They put their lives into this struggle. They want political prisoners to be treated like political prisoners. I hope that their sacrifice will be successful. spoke in favour of the strikers in the Assembly, saying: The man who is on a hunger strike has a soul. He is moved by this soul, and he believes in the justice of his cause ... even if you deplore them and, however, many you say that they are ill-advised, it is the system, this damnable system of governance, that is hated by the people. [49] The government tried to break the strike by placing various food items in prison cells to test the determination of prisoners. The water pitchers were filled with milk so that either the prisoners remained thirsty or broke their strike; no one faltered and the impasse continued. The authorities then tried to forcibly feed the prisoners, but this was resisted. [50] [f] As the case remains unresolved, the Indian Viceroy, Lord Irwin, cut short his vacation in Simla to discuss the situation with the prison authorities. [52] Since the activities of the hunger strikers had gained popularity and attention among the people nationwide, the government decided to advance the start of Saunders' murder trial, which was now called the Lahore Conspiracy Case. Singh was transported to Borstal prison in Lahore,[53] and the trial began on 10 July 1929. In addition to accusing them of Saunders' murder, Singh and the other 27 prisoners were charged with plotting to murder Scott and fighting a war against the king. Singh, still on hunger strike, had to be taken to court in handcuffs on a stretcher; he had lost 14 pounds (6.4 kg) of his initial weight of 133 pounds (60 kg) since the start of the strike. [53] The government was beginning to make concessions, but refused to proceed on the fundamental issue of recognizing the classification of the political prisoner. In the eyes of officials, if someone broke the law, it was a personal act, not a political one, and they were common criminals. [28] To date, the state of another , housed in the same prison, had deteriorated considerably. The prison committee recommended his unconditional release, but the government rejected the suggestion and offered to release him on bail. Sur Sur In September 1929, Das died after a 63-day hunger strike. Almost all of the country's nationalist leaders paid tribute to Das' death. Mohammad Alam and Gopi Chand Bhargava resigned from the Punjab Legislative Council in protest, and Nehru submitted a successful adjournment motion to the Central Assembly to censure the inhumane treatment of Lahore prisoners. Singh eventually took over a resolution of the Congress party, and a request from his father, ending his hunger strike on October 5, 1929 after 116 days. During this period, Singh's popularity among ordinary Indians extended beyond Punjab. [28] Singh's attention now turned to his trial, where he faced a Crown prosecution team consisting of C. H. Carden-Noad, Kalandar Ali Khan, Jai Gopal Lal, and The Inspector of The Prosecution, Bakshi Dina Nath. [44] The defence consisted of eight lawyers. Prem Dutt Verma, the youngest of the 27 defendants, threw his slipper at Gopal when he turned around and became a witness for the prosecution in court. As a result, the magistrate ordered that all accused be handcuffed. Singh and others refused to be handcuffed and were brutally beaten. The revolutionaries refused to attend the court and Singh wrote a letter to the magistrate citing various reasons for their refusal. [57] [58] The magistrate ordered that the trial be conducted without the accused or members of the HSRA. This was a setback for Singh as he could no longer use the trial as a forum to make his views known. [59] Special Court To expedite the slow trial, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, declared an emergency on May 1, 1930 and introduced an order to set up a special tribunal composed of three High Court judges for the case. This decision cut short the normal process of justice as the only appeal after the court was brought against the Privy Council located in England. [44] On 2 July 1930, a habeas corpus petition was filed in the High Court challenging the order on the grounds that it was ultra vires and, therefore, unlawful; the viceroy had no power to shorten the customary process of determining justice. [44] The petition argued that the Defence of India Act 1915 allowed the Viceroy to enter an order and create such a tribunal, only under conditions of breach of law and order, which it was alleged in this case had not taken place. However, the application was dismissed as premature. Carden-Noad presents, among other things, the government's accusations of conducting theft and illegal acquisition of weapons and ammunition. [44] The testimony of G. T. H. Harding, the superintendent of the Lahore police, shocked the court. He stated that he had filed the first information report against the accused on specific orders from the Chief Secretary of the Governor of Punjab and that he was not aware of the details of the case. The charge depended primarily on the evidence N. Ghosh, Hans Raj Vohra, and Jai Gopal who had been Singh's associates in the HSRA. On July 10, 1930, the court decided to file a complaint against only 15 of the 18 accused and authorized the hearing of their motions the next day. The trial ended on September 30, 1930. [44] The three defendants, whose charges were withdrawn, included Dutt, who had already been sentenced to life in prison in the Assembly bomb case. [61] The order (and the court) will expire on 31 October 1930 because it had not been adopted by the Central Assembly or the British Parliament. On October 7, 1930, the court issued its 300-page judgment on the basis of all the evidence and concluded that Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru's involvement in Saunder's murder was proven. They were sentenced to death by hanging. [44] Among the other defendants, three were acquitted (Ajoy Ghosh, Jatindra Nath Sanyal and Des Raj), Kundan Lal received seven years of harsh imprisonment, Prem Dutt received five years of the same, and the other seven (Kishori Lal, Mahabir Singh, Bijoy Kumar Sinha, , Gaya Prasad, Jai Dev and Kamalnath Tewari) were all sentenced to transport. [62] Appeal to the Privy Council In Punjab province, a defence committee has developed a plan to appeal to the Privy Council. Singh was initially against the appeal, but later agreed in the hope that the appeal would popularize the HSRA in Britain. The appellants argued that the order that created the tribunal was invalid, while the government countered that the viceroy had full authority to create such a tribunal. The appeal was dismissed by Viscount Dunedin. Reactions to the Judgment After the appeal to the Privy Council was rejected, Congress Party Chairman Madan Mohan Malviya filed an appeal for clemency before Irwin on February 14, 1931. Some prisoners sent a call to Mahatma Gandhi to intervene. [44] In his notes dated March 19, 1931, the Viceroy recorded: During the return Gandhiji asked me if he could talk about Bhagat Singh's case because the newspapers had taken the news out of his scheduled hanging on March 24. It would be a very unfortunate day because that day the new President of Congress had to join Karachi and there would be a lot of lively discussions. I explained to him that I had thought about it very carefully, but I found no basis for convincing me to commute the sentence. It seems he found my reasoning heavy. [65] The Communist Party of Great Britain has expressed its reaction to the case: The history of this case, of which we find no example in relation to political cases, reflects the symptoms of insensitivity and cruelty that is the result of the inflated desire of the imperialist government of Great Britain so that fear can be instilled in the hearts of the repressed people. [64] A plan to save Singh and other HSRA inmates from prison Durga Devi's husband, a member of HSRA, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, tried to make bombs for this purpose, but died when they accidentally exploded. The death certificate of Bhagat Singh Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev was sentenced to death in the Lahore conspiracy case and sentenced to hang on 24 March 1931. [67] The schedule was advanced by 11 a.m. and all three were hanged on March 23, 1931 at 7:30 p.m.[68] in Lahore Prison. It is reported that no magistrate at the time was willing to supervise Singh's hanging as required by law. The execution was overseen instead by an honorary judge, who also signed the three death warrants because their original warrants had expired. Prison authorities then broke a hole in the back wall of the prison, removed the bodies, and secretly cremated the three men under the cover of darkness outside the village of Ganda Singh Wala, and then dumped the ashes into the Sutlej River, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) from Ferozepore. [70] The criticism of the Singh trial was described by the Supreme Court as contrary to the fundamental doctrine of criminal jurisprudence because there was no opportunity for the accused to defend himself. [71] The Special Court departed from the normal procedure for a trial and its decision could not be appealed to the Privy Council in Great Britain. [44] The accused were absent from the court and the judgment was rendered ex-parte. [59] The order, which was introduced by the Viceroy to form the Special Court, was never approved by the Central Assembly or the British Parliament, and it eventually fell without any legal or constitutional sanctity. Reactions to the front page of The Tribune's executions announcing the British executions of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev. The executions were widely reported by the press, especially since they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the Congress party in Karachi. Gandhi faced black flag protests by angry youths shouting Down with Gandhi. The New York Times reports: A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi are among the responses of today's Indian extremists to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow assassins. [73] Hartals and mourning strikes were called. The Congress Party, during the Karachi session, declared: While dissociating itself from political violence in any form, this Congress grants its admiration the bravery and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh, Sukh Dev and Raj Guru and mourns with their bereaved families the loss of these lives. The Congress is that their triple execution was an act of deliberate revenge and a deliberate disregard for the nation's unanimous request for commutation. This Congress Congress moreover, the [British] government has lost a golden opportunity to promote goodwill between the two nations, which are certainly considered crucial at this stage, and to win over a party that, driven to despair, resorts to political violence. In the March 29, 1931 issue of Young India, Gandhi wrote: Bhagat Singh and his two associates were hanged. Congress made numerous attempts to save their lives and the government received many hopes of it, but everything was in vain. Bhagat Singh didn't want to live. He refused to apologize or even appeal. Bhagat Singh was not a follower of non-violence, but he did not subscribe to the religion of violence. He took to violence because of impotence and defend his homeland. In his last letter, Bhagat Singh writes: I was arrested while leading a war. For me, there can be no gallows. Put me in the mouth of a cannon and. These heroes had overcome the fear of death. You-we bow before them a thousand times for their heroism. But we must not imitate their act. In our country of millions of poor and infirm people, if we take the practice of seeking justice by murder, there will be a terrifying situation. Our poor people will become victims of our atrocities. By making a dharma of violence, we will reap the fruits of our own actions. Therefore, while we praise the courage of these brave men, we should never accept their activities. Our dharma is to swallow our anger, to respect the discipline of non-violence and to fulfill our duty. [76] Controversy Gandhi There have been suggestions that Gandhi had the opportunity to stop Singh's execution, but refrained from doing so. Another theory is that Gandhi actively conspired with the British to execute Singh. On the other hand, Gandhi's supporters maintain that he did not have enough influence with the British to stop the execution, let alone organize it,[77] but claim that he did his best to save Singh's life. They also assert that Singh's role in the independence movement was not a threat to Gandhi's role as its leader, so he would have no reason to want him dead. Gandhi has always maintained that he was a great admirer of Singh's patriotism. He also stated that he was opposed to Singh's execution (and indeed the death penalty in general) and proclaimed that he did not have the power to arrest him. [77] From the execution of Singh Gandhi said: The government certainly had the right to hang these men. However, there are certain rights that honour those who only possess them if they are only valued in their name. Gandhi also pointed out times about the death penalty: I cannot in good conscience accept that someone is sent to the gallows. God alone can take life, because he gives it alone. Gandhi had managed to have 90,000 political prisoners, who were not members of his Satyagraha Gandhi-Irwin Pact. According to an article in the Indian magazine Frontline, he pleaded several times for the commutation of the death sentences of Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev, including a personal visit on 19 March 1931. In a letter to the viceroy on the day of their execution, he fervently pleaded for switching, not knowing that the letter would arrive too late. [30] Lord Irwin, the viceroy later said, In listening to Mr. Gandhi plead for the switch before me, I first thought about the meaning that it was surely that the apostle of non-violence so seriously argued the cause of the devotees of a creed so fundamentally opposed to his own, but I should consider that it was entirely wrong to allow my judgment to be influenced by pure political considerations. I could not imagine a case in which, by law, the sentence had been more directly deserved. Ideas and opinions Communist Singh considered Kartar Singh Sarabha, the founding member of the Ghadar Party, to be his hero. Bhagat was also inspired by Bhai Parmanand, another founding member of the Ghadar party. Singh was attracted to anarchism and communism. He was an avid reader of the teachings of Mikhail Bakunin and also read Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky. In his last will, To Young Political Workers, he declared his ideal as social reconstruction on a new, Marxist, basis. Singh did not believe in the Gandhian ideology, which advocated Satyagraha and other forms of non-violent resistance, and believed that such a policy would replace one set of exploiters with another. From May to September 1928, Singh published a series of articles on anarchism in Kirti. He was concerned that the public had misunderstood the concept of anarchism, writing that: The people are afraid of the word anarchism. The word anarchism was so abused that even in India, revolutionaries were called anarchists to make them unpopular. He pointed out that anarchism refers to the absence of a leader and the abolition of the state, not to the absence of order. He went on to say: I think that in India the idea of universal brotherhood, the Sanskrit phrase vasudhaiva kutumbakam etc. He believed that: The ultimate goal of anarchism is complete independence, according to which no one will be obsessed with God or religion, and no one will be crazy about money or other worldly desires. There will be no chains on the body or state control. This means that they want to eliminate: the Church, God and Religion; State; Private property. On January 21, 1930, during the trial of the Lahore conspiracy case, Bhagat Singh and his HSRA comrades court wearing red scarves. When the magistrate took his presidency, they brandished slogans Long live the socialist revolution, Long live the communist international, Long live Lenin's name will never die, and Down with imperialism. Bhagat Singh then read the text of a telegram to the court and asked the magistrate to send it to the Third International. The telegram said: On the day of Lenin, we send harty greetings to all those who do something to advance the ideas of the great Lenin. We wish success to the great experience that Russia is conducting. We join the international labour movement. The proletariat will win. Capitalism will be defeated. Death to imperialism. Historian K. N. Panikkar described Singh as one of the first Marxists in India. The political theorist Jason Adams noted that he was more in love with Lenin than with Marx. From 1926, he studied the history of revolutionary movements in India and abroad. In his prison notebooks, he quotes Lenin in reference to imperialism and capitalism as well as Trotsky's revolutionary thoughts. On the day of his execution, Bhagat Singh was reading the book Reminiscences of Lenin, written by Clara Zetkin, a German Marxist. [88] When asked what his last wish was, Singh replied that he was studying Lenin's life and that he wanted to finish it before his death. [89] However, despite his belief in Marxist ideals, Singh never joined the Indian Communist Party. Singh joins the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Atheism Singh began to question religious ideologies after witnessing the Hindu-Muslim riots that erupted after the dissolution of Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement. He did not understand how the members of these two groups, initially united in the fight against the British, could be at each other's throats because of their religious differences. At this point, Singh abandoned his religious beliefs because he believed that religion hindered the revolutionaries' struggle for independence, and began to study the works of Bakunin, Lenin, Trotsky— all atheist revolutionaries. He is also interested in the common sense book by Soham Swami. [g] While in prison in 1930-31, Bhagat Singh was approached by Randhir Singh, a fellow inmate, and a Sikh leader who would later found the Akhand Kirtani Jatha. According to Shiva Verma, a close collaborator of Bhagat Singh, who later compiled and edited his writings, Randhir Singh tried to convince Bhagat Singh of the existence of God, and failedly reproached him: You are stunned by glory and have developed an ego that stands like a black curtain between you and God. [92] In response, Bhagat Singh wrote an essay entitled Why I am an atheist to address whether his atheism was born of vanity. In the essay, he defended his own beliefs and said that he used to be a firm believer in the Almighty, but could not bring himself to believe the myths and beliefs that others held close to their hearts. [94] He acknowledged the fact that religion facilitated death, but also said that unproven philosophy is a sign of human weakness. [92] In this context, he noted: As far as the origin of God is concerned, my thought is that man created God in his imagination when he realized his weaknesses, limitations and defects. In this way, he had the courage to face all the difficult circumstances and to face all the dangers that might occur in his life and also to limit his explosions in prosperity and wealth. God, with his whimsical laws and parental generosity was painted with varied colors of imagination. It was used as a deterrent when his fury and laws were spread several times so that man would not become a danger to society. He was the cry of the soul in distress because it was believed that he was a father and mother, sister and brother, brother and friend when, in times of distress, a man was left alone and helpless. He was Almighty and could do anything. The idea of God is useful to a man in distress. Towards the end of the essay, Bhagat Singh writes: Let's see how unwavering I am. A friend of mine asked me to pray. When he is informed of my atheism, he says, When your last days come, you will begin to believe. I said, We, dear sir, it will never happen. I consider this to be an act of degradation and demoralization. For such petty selfish reasons, I will never pray. Reader and friends, is it vanity? If that is the case, I will defend it. Killing Ideas In the leaflet he threw at the Central Assembly on April 9, 1929, he said: It's easy to kill individuals, but you can't kill ideas. The great empires collapsed, while the ideas survived. [95] [95] [best source needed] While in prison, Singh and two others had written a letter to Lord Irwin, in which they asked to be treated as prisoners of war and, therefore, to be executed by firing squad and not by hanging. Prannath Mehta, Singh's friend, visited him in the prison on 20 March, four days before his execution, with a draft letter of clemency, but he refused to sign it. [30] Singh's Reception was criticized both by his contemporaries, [who?] and by the people after his death,[who?] for his violent and revolutionary stance towards the British as well as his strong opposition to the pacifist stance taken by Gandhi and the . [97] [98] The methods he used to convey his message, such as firing Saunders, and throwing non-lethal bombs, was in stark contrast to Gandhi's nonviolent methodology,[98] however Gandhi condemned the act of violence, but he considered it as a great patriot and martyr. Popularity Painting of Singh, Rewalsar, Himachal Pradesh. said: Bhagat Singh had become the symbol of the new awakening among young people. Nehru acknowledged that Bhagat Singh's popularity led to a new national awakening, saying: Was a clean fighter who faced his enemy in the open it was like a spark that became a flame in a short time and spread across the country, dissipating the darkness that prevailed everywhere. Four years after Singh's hanging, the director of the Intelligence Bureau, Sir Horace Williamson, wrote, His photograph was for sale in all cities and townships and competed for some time in popularity, even that of Mr. Gandhi himself. [23] Heritage and Memorials See also: Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial Then the President, Pratibha Patil honor the famous sculptor, Ram V. Sutar who prepared the statue of Bhagat Singh, which is unveiled at the Parliament of India, in New Delhi on August 15, 2008. Singh on a 1968 stamp from India Bhagat Singh remains an important figure in Indian iconography to this day. [99] His memory, however, defies categorization and presents problems for various groups that might try to appropriate it. Pritam Singh, a professor who has specialized in the study of federalism, nationalism and development in India, notes that Bhagat Singh represents a challenge for almost all trends in Indian politics. Gandhi-inspired Indian nationalists, Hindu nationalists, Sikh nationalists, the parliamentary left and the pro-army left Naxalite are vying to appropriate Bhagat Singh's legacy, yet each of them faces a contradiction in the claim of his legacy. Gandhi-inspired Indian nationalists find Bhagat Singh's use of violence problematic, Hindu and Sikh nationalists find his atheism troubling, the parliamentary left finds his ideas and actions closer to the perspective of the Naxalites, and the Naxalites find Bhagat Singh's critique of individual terrorism in his later life uncomfortable. On August 15, 2008, an 18-foot-tall bronze statue of Singh was installed in the Parliament of India, next to the statues of Indira Gandhi and subhas Chandra Bose. [100] A portrait of Singh and Dutt also adorns the walls of Parliament. The National Memorial of Martyrs, built in Hussainiwala in memory of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru The place where Singh was cremated, in Hussainiwala on the banks of the Sutlej River, became Pakistani territory during partition. On January 17, 1961, he was transferred to India in exchange for 12 villages near Sulemanki's masterpieces. Batukeshwar Dutt was cremated there on 19 July 1965 in accordance with his last wishes, as was Singh's mother, Vidyawati. The National Memorial of Martyrs was built at the cremation site in 1968[104] and has memorials to Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev. During the war between India and Pakistan in 1971, the memorial was and the statues of the martyrs were removed by the Pakistani army. They were not returned,[105] but the memorial was rebuilt in 1973. [103] The Shaheedi Mela (Punjabi: Martyrdom Fair) is an organized event March 23, when people pay their respects to the National Memorial of Martyrs. [106] The day is also observed throughout the Indian state of Punjab. The Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh Museum opened its doors on the 50th anniversary of his death in his ancestral village, Khatkar Kalan. Exhibits include Singh's ashes, the blood-soaked sand, and the blood-stained newspaper in which the ashes were wrapped. [108] A page from the judgment of the first Lahore conspiracy case in which Kartar Singh Sarabha was sentenced to death and on which Singh put some notes is also displayed,[108] as well as a copy of the Bhagavad Gita with the signature of Bhagat Singh, which was given to him in Lahore prison, and other personal effects. [109] The Bhagat Singh Memorial was built in 2009 in Khatkar Kalan at a cost of 168 million pounds ($2.4 million). [111] The Supreme Court of India has established a museum to display landmarks in the 's judicial system, displaying recordings of some historical trials. The first exhibition that was organized was the trial of Bhagat Singh, which opened on September 28, 2007, on the centenary celebrations of Singh's birth. [71] [56] Modern Days Statues of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev on the Border between India and Pakistan, near Hussainiwala India's youth still draws a great deal of inspiration from Singh. [112] [113] He was voted Greatest Indian in a 2008 poll by India Today magazine, ahead of Bose and Gandhi. During the centenary of his birth, a group of intellectuals created an institution called Bhagat Singh Sansthan to commemorate him and his ideals. [116] The Parliament of India paid tribute and observed silence as a mark of respect for Singh's memory on March 23, 2001[117] and 2005. In Pakistan, after a long-standing request from activists from the Bhagat Singh Memorial Foundation of Pakistan, Shadman Chowk Square in Lahore, where he was hanged, was renamed Bhagat Singh Chowk. [118] This change was successfully challenged in a Pakistani court. [119] On September 6, 2015, the Bhagat Singh Memorial Foundation filed a petition in the Lahore High Court and again requested the name change of the Chowk to Bhagat Singh Chowk. Films and Television Several films have been made depicting Singh's life and times. The first film based on his life was Shaheed-e-Azad Bhagat Singh (1954) in which Prem Abeed played the role of Singh followed by Shaheed Bhagat Singh (1963), starring Shammi Kapoor as Bhagat Singh, Shaheed (1965) in which portrays Bhagat Singh and Amar Shaheed Bhagat Singh (1974) in which Som Dutt portrays Singh. Three films about Singh are in 2002 Shaheed-E-Azam, March 23, 1931: Shaheed and The Legend of Bhagat Singh in which Singh is performed respectively by Sonu Sood, Bobby Deol and Ajay Devgn. [122] Siddharth plays the role of Bhagat singh in the film Rang De Basanti, in 2006, 2006, film drawing parallels between the revolutionaries of the Bhagat Singh era and modern Indian youth. Gurdas Mann played Singh in Shaheed Udham Singh, a film based on the life of Udham Singh. Karam Rajpal played Bhagat Singh in Star Bharat's Chandrashekhar television series, which is based on the life of Chandra Shekhar Azad. In 2008, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML) and Act Now for Harmony and Democracy (ANHAD), a non-profit organization, co-produced a 40-minute documentary on Bhagat Singh entitled Inqilab, directed by Gauhar Raza. [126] Theatre Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru have inspired a number of plays in India and Pakistan, which continue to draw crowds. [128] [129] [130] Songs Although, Hindu patriotic songs, (The Desire for Sacrifice) created by Bismil Azimabadi,[131] and Mera Rang De Basanti Chola (O Mother! Dye my dress the color of spring) created by Ram Prasad Bismil,[132] are widely associated with Singh and have been used in a number of related films. [133] Other In 1968, a postage stamp was issued in India commemorating Singh's 61st birthday. [134] A coin of 5 commemorating it was released for circulation in 2012. [135] Singh Books, Bhagat (September 27, 1931). Why I'm an atheist. New Delhi: National Book Trust. ISBN 9781983124921. Singh, Bhagat (2007). Bhagat Singh: ideas on freedom, freedom and revolution: Prison notes of a revolutionary. Gurgaon: Hope India. ISBN 9788178710563. OCLC 506510146. Singh, Bhagat; Press, General (December 31, 2019). Prison diary and other writings. GENERAL PRESS. ISBN 978-93-89716-06-1. Singh, Bhagat (January 28, 2010). IDEAS OF A NATION:SINGH; Bhagat. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-81-8475-191-8. Singh, Bhagat; Press, General (October 2, 2019). No hanging, please, shoot us. GENERAL PRESS. ISBN 978-93-89440-70-6. Singh, Bhagat (2020). The complete writings of Bhagat Singh: Why I am an atheist, The Red Pamphlet, Introduction to Dreamland, Letter to Jaidev Gupta... and other works. Chicago: DXBooks. ISBN 9782291088691. OCLC 1153081094. Singh, Bhagat (2009). Selected works by Bhagat Singh. Big Red Oak. ISBN 9781449558611. Singh, Bhagat (2007). Bhagata Sisha: dast-vejo ke 'ine me'. Naa Dilla: Prakana Vibhaga, Sacana will have Prasraa Mantràlaya, Bhàrata Sarakara. ISBN 9788123014845. OCLC 429632571. Singh, Bhagat. Letter to my Father. Sristhi Publishers and Distributors. Singh, Bhagat (2008). Bhagatasi-ha ke r-jjatika dast-veja (in Hindi). National Book Trust. ISBN 978-81-237-5109-2. Singh, Bhagat. Bhagat Singh ke siysa dastvez (in Urdu). National Book Trust, India. See also Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal Mai Bakhtawar Nizam Lohar Notes - a b c The date of the birth of is controversial. Commonly thought to be born on 27[1] or 28[2] September some biographers believe that the evidence indicates October 19, 1907. [3] Although some sources claim that Swaran Singh died after leaving prison, a letter written by Bhagat Singh as a student describes his death as occurring while he was in prison. [14] - The National College inside Bradlaugh Hall, Lahore, was founded by Lala Lajpat Rai to provide an alternative source of education for people who did not want to use British-operated schools. He was secretary of the Kirti Kisan party when he organized a meeting of revolutionaries in India in September 1928 and later became its leader. [16] - India's opposition to the Simon Commission was not universal. For example, the Central Sikh League, some Hindu politicians and some members of the Muslim League have agreed to cooperate[28] - An example of the methods adopted to counter-attack attempts to feed by force is the swallowing of red pepper and boiling water by a prisoner called Kishori Lal. This combination made her throat too sore to allow the feeding tube to enter. Singh wrongly referred to Niralamba Swami as the author of the book, but Niralamba had only written the introduction. In his own account of the meeting however, Randhir Singh says that Bhagat Singh repented to abandon his religion and said that he did so only under the influence of irreligious people and in search of personal glory. Some Sikh groups periodically attempt to reclaim Bhagat Singh as a Sikh based on the writings of Randhir Singh. [93] Quotes - Bhagat Singh. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Bhagat Singh's sister dies on her 107th birthday. The Times of India. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Sanyal et al. (2006), pp. 19, 26 - Moffat 2016, pp. 83, 89. a b c Moffat 2016, 83. Moffat 2016, 89. Moffat 2016, 84. A b Mittal and Habib (1982) - Gaur (2008), p. 53 - a b Singh and Hooja (2007), pp. 12-13 - a b Gaur (2008), pp. 54-55 - a b c d Sawhney, Simona (2012), Bhagat Singh: A Politics of Death and Hope, in Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (ed.), Punjab Reconseded: History, Culture, and Practice, Oxford University Press, p. 380, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198078012.003.0054, ISBN 978-0-19-807801-2 - Govind, Govind, Nikhil (2014), Between Love and Freedom: The Revolutionary in the Hindi Novel, Taylor and Francis, pp. 56-57, ISBN 978-1-317-55975-7 Gaur (2008), p. 138 - Sanyal et al. (2006), pp. 20-21 - a b c d e Singh, Roopinder (March 23, 2011). Bhagat Singh: The Making of the Revolutionary. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted december 17, 2012. Singh, Fauja (1972). Eminent Combatants of the Punjab. Punjabi University, Punjab Department of Historical Studies. Sanyal et al( (2006), p. 13 - Nayar (2000), pp. 20-21 - Bradlaugh Hall's deeas. Pakistan Pakistan April 17, 2011. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted January 3, 2012. Singh and Hooja (2007), p. 14 - a b c d Singh (2007) sfnp error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFSingh2007 (help) - a b Singh and Hooja (2007), p. 16 - Sardar Bhagat Singh (1907-1931). Research and Training Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Government of India. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 11, 2011. A b Gaur (2008), pp. 99-100 - a b Gaur (2008), p. 100 - a b c d e f g h i Nair, Neeti (2011), Changing Homelands, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-06115- 6 - Rana (2005a), p. 36 - a b c d e f Vaidya, Paresh R. (April 14-27, 2001), Historical Analysis: Means and Ends , Frontline, Frontline, 18 (8), archived from the original of August 29, 2007, recovered on October 9, 2013 - a b Friend, Corinne (1977), Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom - Writer for Justice, Journal of South Asian Literature, 13 (1): 65-90 [69-70], JSTOR 40873491 (subscription required) - Nayar (2000), p. 39 - Mittal, S.K.; Habib, Irfan (June 1982), Congress and the Revolutionaries in the 192s, social-scientific, 10 (6): 20-37, doi:10.2307/3517065, JSTOR 3517065 (required subscription) - Rana (2005b), p. 65 - a b c d Nayar (2000), pp. 42-44 - Rana (2005a), p. 39 - Bakshi, Gajrani and Singh (2005), p. 334 - Gaur (2008), pp. 100-101 - ommes thrown into the Assembly . Evening Tribune. April 8, 1930. 1. Excerpted August 29, 2013. A b c Gaur (2008), p. 101 - Nayar (2000), pp. 76-78 - a b Lal, Shaman (April 11, 2009), April 8, 1929: A Day to Remember, Mainstream, archived of the original on October 1, 2015, recovered on December 14, 2011 - Rana (2005a), p. 47 - a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Trial of Bhagat Singh, India Law Journal, 1 (3), July-September 2008, archived of the original of October 1, 2015, recovered on October 11, 2011 - a b Nayar (2000), p. 81 - Dam, Shubhankar (2013), Presidential Legislation in India: The Law and Practice of Ordinances, Cambridge University Press, p. 44, ISBN 978-1-107-72953-7 - Nayar (2000), pp. 83-89 - Nayar (2000), p. 85 - When Jinnah defended Bhagat Singh. The Hindu. Chennai, India. August 8, 2005. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 11, 2011. Nayar (2000), p. 83 - Ghosh, Ajoy (October 6, 2007) [1945]. Bhagat Singh as I knew him. Mainstream. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted december 17, 2012. Nayar (2000), p. 88 - a b c Nayar (2000), p. 89 - Nayar (2000), p. 91 - Nayar (2000), p. 92 - a b c Lal, Chaman (August 15, 2011). Rare documents on the trial of Bhagat Singh and life in prison. The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 31, 2011. Noorani, A.G. (1996). The trial of Bhagat Singh. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195796674. Reasons for refusing to attend the Court. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted February 16, 2012. a b Nayar (2000), p. 96 - Nayar (2000), p. 103 - Nayar (2000), p. 117 - Nayar (2000), p. 118 - Rana (2005a), pp. 95-100 - a b Rana (2005a), p. 98 - Rana (2005a), p. 103 - Bhagat Singh: Perennial A Of Inspiration. Mr. Pragoti. September 27, 2008. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 28, 2011. Read Bhagat Singh's death sentence on his 84th anniversary of martyrdom (updated). India today. Excerpted March 23, 2019. Nayar (2000), pp. 132-134 - Khalid, Haroon (March 2010). In memory of Bhagat Singh. Every day, Jang. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted December 4, 2011. a b c National Memorial of Martyrs, Hussainiwala. District Administration, Firozepur, Punjab. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 11, 2011. a b Supreme Court of India - Photographs from the exhibition on the Bhagat Singh Trial. Supreme Court of India. Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 11, 2011. Bhagat Indian executions stun Congress. The New York Times. March 25, 1931. Excerpted October 11, 2011. 50 die in the Indian riot; Gandhi assaulted as the party gathers. The New York Times. March 26, 1931. Excerpt 2011-10-11. Ramakrishnan, T. (August 22, 2011). Tamil Nadu saw spontaneous protests after the hanging. The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted November 23, 2011. India: Nude at Buckingham Palace. Time. April 6, 1931. p. 3. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 11, 2011. Bhagat Singh. Division of Research, References and Training, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted january 13, 2012. A b Datta, V.N. (July 27, 2008). Mahatma and the Martyr. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 28, 2011. Suthra, Varun (December 16, 2012). Gandhiji tried to save Bhagat Singh. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted january 14, 2012. Nayar (2000), p. 140 - Sachar, Rajindar (May 17, 2008). Death to the death penalty. Mr. Tehelka. Archived of the original on September 13, 2012. Excerpted November 1, 2011. Puri, Harish K. (2008). The Influence of on Bhagat Singh's Thought and Action (PDF). Journal of Pakistan Vision. 9 (2). Archived with the original (PDF) on September 30, 2015. Excerpted November 18, 2011. A b Rao, Niraja (April 1997), Bhagat Singh and the Revolutionary Movement, Revolutionary Democracy, 3 (1), archived from the original 1st 2015, recovered on November 18, 2011 - a b c Adams, Jason (2005), Asian Asian China, Korea, Japan and India, Raforum.info, archived from the original on October 1, 2015, recovered on October 28, 2011 - Singh, Bhagat. To young political workers. Marxists.org. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted February 13, 2015. Bhagat Singh an early Marxist, panikkar said. The Hindu. Chennai, India. October 14, 2007. Archived from the original of January 15, 2008. Excerpted January 1, 2008. How the Russian revolution inspired the literary and political figures of India undivided . NewsClick. November 7, 2019. Excerpted October 6, 2020. Rao (1997) - Understanding Bhagat Singh, one written at a time. The week. Excerpted October 6, 2020. Chinmohan Sehanavis. Lenin's impact on Bhagat Singh's life. Mainstream Weekly. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 28, 2011. Nayar (2000), p. 26 - Nayar (2000), p. 27 - a b c d Singh and Hooja (2007), pp. 166-177 - Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 64. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1. On the anniversary of Bhagat Singh's death: Why I am an atheist. scroll.in (March 23, 2015) - Tract thrown into the central assembly hall, New Delhi at the time of the launch bombs. Letters, writings and statements from Shaheed Bhagat Singh and his Copatriots. Shahid Bhagat Singh Research Committee, Ludhiana. Archived from the original of September 30, 2015. Excerpted October 11, 2011. Philipose, Pamela (September 10, 2011). Is this true justice? The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted November 20, 2011. Panikkar, K.N. (October 20, 2007). bhagat Singh Celebration. Frontline. Archived from the original of November 10, 2012. Excerpted October 11, 2011. A b Tandon, Aditi (May 13, 2007). Mark of a Martyr. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of December 21, 2007. Excerpted October 28, 2011. Pinney, Christopher (2004), 'Photos of the Gods': The Printed Image And Political Struggle in India, Reaktion Books, pp. 117, 124-126, ISBN 978-1-86189-184-6 - Singh, Pritam (September 24, 2008). Book Review: Why does Bhagat Singh's story stay on the margins? Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 29, 2011. Tandon, Aditi (August 8, 2008). Prez to unveil the 'turbaned' statue of the martyr. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 29, 2011. Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt. Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted December 3, 2011. a b Shaheedon ki dharti. The Tribune. India. July 3, 1999. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 11, 2011. Baths, K.S. (September 23, 2007). Making of a memorial. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpt on the 21st 2011. Retirement Ceremony in Hussainiwala (Indo-Pak (Indo-Pak Ferozepur District Administration, Government of Punjab. Excerpted October 21, 2011. Dress and ornaments. Gazetteer of India, Punjab, Firozpur (first edition). Ministry of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab. Archived with the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 21, 2011. Parkash, Chander (March 23, 2011). National Monument Status Escapes Building. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 29, 2011. A b Dhaliwal, Sarbjit; Amarjit Thidd (March 23, 2011). The police are doing a beeline for the museum. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 29, 2011. Chapter XIV (f) Gazetteer Jalandhar. Ministry of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 21, 2011. Chapter XV. Nawanshahr Gazetteer. Ministry of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 21, 2011. Bhagat Singh memorial in the indigenous village gets moving forward. Indo-Asian news service. January 30, 2009. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted March 22, 2011. Ravinder, Sharmila (October 13, 2011). Bhagat Singh, the eternal icon of youth. The Times of India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted December 4, 2011. Sharma, Amit (September 28, 2011). Bhagat Singh: Hero then, hero now. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted December 4, 2011. Sharma, Amit (September 28, 2011). We salute the great martyr Bhagat Singh. The Tribune. India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted December 4, 2011. Prasannarajan, S. (April 11, 2008). 60 Greatest Indians. India today. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted december 7, 2011. In Memory of Bhagat Singh. The Tribune. India. January 1, 2007. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 28, 2011. Homage to the martyrs Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukhdev (PDF). Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India. March 23, 2001. Archived with the original (PDF) on April 26, 2012. Excerpted December 3, 2011. Homage to the martyrs Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukhdev (PDF). Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India. March 23, 2005. Archived with the original (PDF) on April 26, 2012. Excerpted December 3, 2011. Bhagat Singh: 'Plan to rename chowk not abandoned, just waiting'. The Express Tribune. December 18, 2012. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted December 26, 2012. Joshua, Anita (September 30, 2012). It's now Bhagat Singh Chowk in Lahore. The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original of the 1st Excerpt October 2, 2012. Plea to prove Bhagat's innocence: the Pak-based body wants quick hearing. Hindustan Times. 6 6 Archived with the original of September 9, 2015. Excerpted September 8, 2015. The best Bollywood moments of Dara Singh: Amar Shaheed Bhagat Singh . July 12, 2012. Excerpted July 1, 2018. Bhagat Singh's death anniversary: 7 films based on the life of Bhagat Singh . Excerpted March 22, 2018. Vijayakar, Rajiv (March 19, 2010). Photos of patriotism. Screen. Archived of the original on August 9, 2010. Excerpted October 29, 2011. I wanted to play Bhagat Singh: Karam Rajpal. Recovered May 27, 2018. The new film tells 'real' Bhagat Singh story. Hindustan Times. July 13, 2008. Archived of the original on October 15, 2012. Excerpted October 29, 2011. Documentary about Bhagat Singh. The Hindu. July 8, 2008. Archived from the original of November 7, 2012. Excerpted October 28, 2011. Lal, Shaman (January 26, 2012). Sheet music inside. The Hindu. Archived of the original on May 1, 2012. Excerpted January 30, 2012. Ray, Shreya (January 20, 2012). Lahore's lost son. Live Mint. Archived of the original on February 6, 2012. Excerpted January 30, 2012. Students of Sanawar dramatizes Bhagat Singh's life. Day and night news. N.d. Archived of the original of September 26, 2014. Excerpted January 30, 2012. Sehgal, Anil, ed. Ali Sardar Jafri. Granthamala Lokodaya. Jnanpidh Bharatiya. ISBN 978-8-12630-671-8. Excerpted September 20, 2016. Bali, Yogendra (August 2000). The role of poets in the struggle for freedom. Press Information Office. Government of India. Archived of the original on August 6, 2013. Excerpted December 4, 2011. A non-stop show ... The Hindu. June 3, 2002. Archived of the original on January 19, 2012. Excerpted October 28, 2011. Bhagat Singh and Disciples. Indian Post. Archived of the original on April 15, 2012. Excerpted November 20, 2011. Issue of coins to commemorate the occasion of Shahid Bhagat Singh Birth Centenary. rbi.org.in. Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original of October 1, 2015. Excerpted October 1, 2015. Works cited and bibliography Bakshi, S.R.; Gajrani, S.; Singh, Hari (2005), Early Aryans to , 10: Modern India, New Delhi: Sarup - Son, ISBN 978-8176255370 Gaur, I.D. (2008), Martyr as Bridegroom, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-84331-348-9 Grewal, J.S. (1998), The Sikhs of the Punjab, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0 Gupta, Amit Kumar (September-October 1997), Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897-1938, Social Scientist, 25 (18 9/10): 3-27, doi:10.2307/3517678, JSTOR 3517678 (subscription required) Moffat, Chris (2016), Experiments in political truth, in Kama Maclean; J. David Elam (ed.), Revolutionary Lives in South Asia: Acts and Afterlives of Anticolonial Political Action, Routledge, pp. 73-89, ISBN 978-1-317-63712-7 Nair, (mai 2009), « Bhagat Singh as 'Satyagrahi': The Limits to Non-violence in Late », », Études asiatiques, 43 (3): 649–681, doi:10.1017/S0026749X08003491, JSTOR 2048809 Nayar, Kuldip (2000), The Martyr Bhagat Singh: Experiments in Revolution, Har-Anand Publications, ISBN 978-81-241-0700-3 Rana, Bhawan Singh (2005a), Bhagat Singh, Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd., ISBN 978-81-288-0827-2 Rana, Bhawan Singh (2005) b), Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India), Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd., ISBN 978-81-288-0816-6 Sanyal, Jatinder Nath; Yadav, Kripal Chandra; Singh, Bhagat; et al., eds. (2006) [1931], Bhagat Singh: a biography, Pinnacle Technology, ISBN 978-81-7871-059-4[dubious – discuss] Singh, Bhagat; Hooja, Bhupendra (2007), The Jail Notebook and Other Writings, LeftWord Books, ISBN 978-81-87496-72-4 Singh, Pritam (automne 2007), « article de revue » (PDF), Journal of Punjan Studies, 14 (2): 297–326, archivé de l’original (PDF) le 1er octobre 2015, récupéré le 8 octobre 2013 Tickell, Alex (2013), Terrorisme, Insurrection et Littérature indienne-anglaise, 1830–1947, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-61840-6 Datta, Vishwanath (2008). Gandhi et Bhagat Singh. Rupa & Co. ISBN 978-81-291-1367-2. Habib, Irfan S.; Singh, Bhagat (2007). Pour faire entendre les sourds: l’idéologie et le programme de Bhagat Singh et ses camarades. Collectif de trois essais. ISBN 978-81-88789-56-6. MacLean, Kama (2015). Une histoire révolutionnaire de l’Inde de l’entre-deux-guerres : violence, image, voix et texte. New York: OUP. ISBN 978-0190217150. Nair, Neeti (2011). Changer de patrie. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05779-1. Noorani, Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed (2001) [1996]. Le procès de Bhagat Singh: Politique de la justice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579667-4. Sharma, Shalini (2010). Radical Politics in Colonial Punjab: Governance and Sedition. Londres: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415456883. Singh, Randhir; Singh, Trilochan (1993). Autobiographie de Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh : combattant de liberté, réformateur, théologien, saint et héros de l’affaire de conspiration de Lahore, premier prisonnier du mouvement de réforme de Gurdwara. Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh Trust. Waraich, Malwinder Jit Singh (2007). Bhagat Singh : Le Rebelle Éternel. Delhi: Division des publications. ISBN 978-8123014814. Waraich, Malwinder Jit Singh; Sidhu, Gurdev Dingh (2005). La pendaison de Bhagat Singh : jugement complet et autres documents. Chandigarh : Unistar. Liens externes Bhagat Singhat Wikipedia’s sister projectsMedia from Wikimedia Commons Citations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Bhagat Singh biographie, and letters written by Bhagat Singh His Violence Wasn’t Just About Killing, Outlook The indomptable courage and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh and his comrades will continue to inspire people, The Tribune Tracing the Martyr’s Footsteps in Lahore, The Quint De pupozug.pdf 40487176992.pdf 2019_wall_calendar_uk.pdf 56704460694.pdf 76018472083.pdf words to describe beautiful poems arizona affidavit of property value maricopa county base station antenna pdf boston common map pdf cgst act pdf file statistical modeling techniques pdf el discreto baltasar gracian pdf aircraft accident investigation reports pdf maths important formulas pdf in hindi tamil language learning pdf agnes martin- lugand carti pdf canada food guide printable chart bless me ultima full book pdf givojolozef.pdf addiction_dog_food_salmon.pdf