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Index

Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 7 Ali, Aruna Asaf, 407 Act for Establishing certain Regulations for the better Ali, Athar, 11, 29 Management of the Affairs of the East India Ali, Haidar, 17, 24–26 Company, 51 Ali, Mohammad, 319 Adam’s Reports on Vernacular Education in Bengal and Ali, Rehmat, 409 Behar, 91 Ali, Sheik, 69 Ad-Dhar Mandal, 361 Ali, Syed Amir, 249 Advisory National Defence Council, 388 Ali, Wazir, 71 Age of Consent Aligarh Zenana Madrassa, 192 Act of 1860, 98 Ali Raja of Kannur, 25 Bill of 1891, 201–204, 240 All India Congress Committee (AICC), 286, 326 ‘Age of Discovery,’ 23 age of reform, 87–89 All-India Depressed Classes League, 358, 361, 364 Agnes, Flavia, 450 All India Kisan Sabha, 396 agrarian crisis, 9–10 All India Liberal Federation, 326 agrarian depression, 109 All India Muslim League, 198, 251, 253–255, 273,326 agrarian radicalism, 338 Foundation, 251 Agriculture, Support of Gandhi, 280 Cotton, 162–163 And Khilafat movement, 284 Cash crops, 69, 111, 152 And Hindu Mahasabha, 307 crops ‘commodified’ agriculture, 165 Communal politics, 311, 313 commercialization of agriculture, 165–166 And Morley-Minto Reforms, 253 Depeasantization in the nineteenth century, 165 See also, Muslim League Forced cultivation of cash crops, 166 All India Trade Union Committee (AITUC), 279, ahimsa, 272, 283, See also, Gandhi. 318–319, 373–374 Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam, 105–106 All India Trade Union Congress, 396 Ahmad, Nazir, 191 All India Women’s Conference, 335 Ain-i Akbari, 8 Ambedkar, B. R., 312, 336, 352, 355–359, 388, 448– Akali movement, 311 450 Akalis, 306–307 Bahiskrit Hikarni Sabha, 358 Akbar, emperor, 4, 34 burning of the Manusmriti, 358 akharas, 241 ‘Castes in India, their Mechanism, Genesis and Alam, Emperor Shah, 35 Development,’ 356–357 Alam, Muzaffar, 10 demand for a separate electorate, 359–360 Alavi, Seema, 33 Depressed Classes Education Society, 359 Ali, Amar, 251 education and family, 356–357

468 Index

Gandhi vs, 359–364 asbab-i Baghavat-I Hind, 137 on Hinduism, 360–361 Asian societies, 4 Mooknayak, 357 ‘Asiatic invasion’, 267 The Problem of the Rupee, Its Origin and Solution, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 55, 57 357 Asiatic tyranny, 61 in Round Table Conferences, 359 assimilation, principle of, 86 and Simon Commission, 358–359 Associations of Calcutta and Bombay, 193 Amery, Leopold, 395 Atlee, Clement, 424 Amherst, Lord, 93 atmashakti (self-reliance), See Swadeshi Movement Amrita Bazar Patrika, 318 Aurangzeb, emperor, 4 Anagol, Padma, 192 revolt with Jats, 5 Anandamath, 184, 232 wars in the Deccan, 5 Anderson, Benedict, 179 Religious policy, 7 Andhra Provincial Congress Committee, 396 Marathas and, 15 Andrews, C. F., 290 Richard’s view, 8 Anglicists, 91 Land policies, 8 Anglicized gatherings of the Congress, 241 Awadh, annexation in 1856, 305 Anglo–Arabic School (College), 105 Azad, Chandra Sekhar, 324 Anglo–Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902), 227 Azad, Maulana, 313 Anglo–Burmese war of 1824–26, 223 Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam, 372, 411 Anglo–French hostilities, 25 Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army), 403–404 Anjuman-i-Islami (Mohammedan Association), 249 Azimuddaula, Nawab, 117 Anjuman-i-Punjab, 101 Ansari, Asaf Ali, 365 Backward Classes Commission in 1953, 451 anthropometry, 146 Bagchi, Amiya Kumar, 160, 163 anti-Brahman movement, 151–152 Bahadur, Subahdar Girdaur, 16 anti-labour Trade Disputes Bill, 325 Bahiskrit Hitakarni Sabha, 360 Anti-Non Cooperation Society, 316 Bajaj, Jamnalalji, 316 anti-Sikh riots in Delhi, 461 Baker, Sir Herbert, 254 Anti-Untouchability League, 363 ‘Balkanisation’ of India, 457 Anushilan Samiti of Calcutta, 244 Banda Bahadur, 6 Arab merchants, 22 Bande Mataram movement, See nationalism (Indian) Arms Act of 1878, 198, 241 Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar, 327 Army, Banerjea, Krishnamohan, 99 East India Company, 58 Banerjea, Surendranath, 195, 207, 226, 229, 238, 245, Martial castes and races in,see Martial races. 249 Modernization of, 389 Banerjee, Prathama, 318 Reorganization of Indo-British, 140 Banerji, Aswinicoomar, 231 Sepoys in, see Sepoys, Bangamata (mother Bengal), 232 Arnold, David, 376 Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, 227 Arnold, Edwin, 265 Banias, 262 Aryans, 146–147, 352 Bardoli resolution, 307 Aryavarta, 101 Bardoli satyagraha, 327–328 Arya Samaj, 97, 100, 157, 191, 233, 239, 281, 313 Barelvi, Saiyid Ahmad, 104–105 Asaf-ud-Daula, 3, 31, 34–35 Barsod satyagraha, 311

Index 469

Bates, Crispin, 87, 330 Bhagavad Gita, 89, 201, 240, 265 Battle of Buxar (1764), 30, 48, 70 bhakti cults, 14 Battle of Panipat (1761), 7, 18, 24 bhakti movements, 351–352 Battle of Plassey, 30, 46 Bhandarkar, R. G., 100 Bayly, Chris, 4, 158, 165, 167 Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP), 453 Behn, Anashuya, 335 Bharatmata, 232 Bengal Bhikhaji, Dadaji, 204 Anglo-vernacular schools in, 157 Bhil movement, 305 bhadralok caste and class, 226–227, 234 Bhimabai, 356 boycott and Swadeshi movement, 226–236 Bhosle, Raghuji, 70 Company as ‘civil magistrate’ in, 53 Bijapur, 4, 5 8 domestic economy in the first half of eighteenth Biplabi, 400–401 century, 50 Bird, R. M., 108 Dutch and French settlements in, 44 Birla, G. D., 316, 363–365 English East India Company in, 30, 44–45 Black hole tragedy, 403 Famine of 1770, 50–51 Blavatsky, Madame, 255, 265 flourishing Asian trade, 44 Boer War in South Africa (1899–1902), 140 First partition of, 221–226 Bombay Legislative Council, 253 regional identity of, 227 Bombay Presidency in 1919, 357 renaissance, 98 Bonnerji, W. C., 204, 206 Bengal, eighteenth century Bore, Parvati, 335 Role In International trade, 20 Bose, Jagadishchandra, 232 intra-Asian trade, role in, 20 Bose, Jnanendranath, 244 and Mughal Empire, 20 Bose, Kshudiram, 244–245 Nawabs of, 18–21 Bose, Nirmal Kumar, 296 Revenue system, 19 Bose, Premtosh, 231 zamindari system of, 19 Bose, Subhas, 310, 326–327, 329, 365, 376, 387, Bengal Code of Regulations of 1793, 66 403–408 Bengal Extremism, 244–246 Boxer rebellion in China (1900), 140 Bengali-educated community, 201 Boycott movement in Bengal, 226–236 Bengali language, 188 of British textiles, 228 Development of prose style, 183 brahmacharya, 96 Education in, 184 Brahmo Samaj, 99–101, 202 Bengali Muslims, 248 Brailsford, H. N., 331 Bengal National Chamber of Commerce, 315 Bramho Samaj, 191 Bengal National College, 228 Braudel, Fernand, 32 Bengal Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), 407 British administrators-cum-ethnographers, 142 Bengal Technical Institute, 228 British exploitation of India, 207 Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885, 212 British imperialism, 166 Bentham, Jeremy, 62, 86 Britishness, 67 Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish, 91, 93, 108 Broca, Paul, 145 Bertillon, Alphonse, 145 Brown, Judith, 267, 282 Besant, Annie, 255, 265, 273–274 Buchanan, Francis, 225 Bhabe, Vinoba, 388 Burke, Edmund, 59, 60, 87 bhadralok caste and class, 226–227, 234 Butler, Sir Harcourt, 378

470 Index

Calcutta Municipal Amendment Act in 1899, 226 1833, 98, 136 Calcutta Municipal Bill, 226 1858, 136 Calcutta School of Art, 231 of Charles II, 1662, 53 Calkins, Philip, 19 Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 184, 201, 232, 271 Cama, K. R., 106 Chatterjee, Nilanjana, 441 Canning, Lord, 137, 139 Chatterjee, Partha, 189, 202, 271, 427 Canon, Edwin, 357 Chatterji, Joya, 428 Capitalism, Chattopadhyaya, Gadadhar, 102 Capitalists, see Economy, Indian Chatuspathi, Bhagabat, 229 rupture of traditional society, 167 Chaudhurani, Sarala Devi, 297, 335 capitalist development in agriculture, 210 Chaudhuri, B. B., 64 capitalization of world agriculture, 165 Chaudhuri, Benoy, 166 Carey, William, 81–82, 96 Chaudhuri, Jogeshchandra, 229 Carpenter, Edward, 264 Chaudhuri, K. N., 29, 165 cartazes, 23 Chaudhuri, Nirad C., 396 Chauhan, Subhadra Kumari, 122 caste Chauri Chaura incident, 291–292 Arya Samaj on, 101 Chelmsford, Lord, 273–274, 378 As race, 146–147 Chhatrapati, Shahu, 351–352 British scholars on, 142–143 Chittagong Indian Republican Army, 324 caste and caste identity, 147–154 Christianity, 100, 148 caste movements, 152–153 Christian missionaries, 350 Christian missionaries on, 148 Churchill, Winston, 340, 369, 411 Gandhi on, 312 Civil Disobedience movement (1933–34), 329–339, immutability of caste ideology, 147 352–353, 359, 365, 377 in the Indian Constitution, 450–453 business and capitalists involvement, 336 Catherine of Braganza, 26 Gandhi–Irwin Pact, 337–338, 359 Censuses, 144–146 women’s movement, 334–336 and caste, 143–145 Civilisation: Its Cause and Cure, 264 classification according to varna model, 146 Clive, Robert, 30, 46–49, 57 in Britain, 147 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Indian Penal Code, Central Mohammedan Association, 250 199 Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), 373 Code of Gentoo Laws, 57, 89 Chaki, Prafulla, 244 A Code of Gentoo Laws, 54–56 Chakrabarty, Bidyut, 401 Political definition of Hindu and Muslim in, 57 chamars, 103 Code of Muslim Laws, 57 Chamber of Princes, 377 Cohn, Bernard, 11, 34, 139, 141, 144 Chandavarkar, 167–168 Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, 55, 81 Chandra, Bipan, 207, 316, 318, 375 collective Hindu self, 360 Chapekar, Balkrishna, 241 colonial boundary making Chapekar, Damodar, 241 Bengal’s boundaries, 221–226 charkha movement, 334 construction of ‘British Assam,’ 223–224 Charles II, 26 Curzon’s scheme for Bengal, 225–226 Charter Acts mapping of northeast, 223–224 1813, 83, 86, 89–90 unification of Oriya speaking tracts, 222–223

Index 471

colonial knowledge, 141–147, 350 criminal castes, 147 ‘dialogic’ theory of production of, 141 Criminal Tribes indigenous initiatives and, 143 Classification as, 145 colonial masculinity, politics of, 199–200 Act of, 145 colonial Punjab, 145 Cripps Mission, 391–392, 410 colonial sociological theatre, 144 Crops, see Agriculture ‘colonizer’ and the ‘colonized,’ separation between, Cuddalore weavers’ protest of 1778, 29 141–142 Curzon, Lord, 221–223, 250, 348 communalism, 158–159 Customary Law, 54–55, 97 emergence, 159 in the 1880s and 1890s, 158 Dacca Anushilan Samiti, 244 Indian history as the history of, 159 Dada Abdullah and Co., 265 Communist Party of India, 319, 373–377 dadni system, 43 Congress-Khilafat-Swaraj Party, 309 Dalhousie, Lord, 116–117, 138 Congress Responsibility for the Disturbances, 395 Damin-i-Koh, 110, 115 Congress Socialist Party, 396 Dandi March, 1930, 330 Congress Working Committee, 331, 338, 367, 377 Dange, S. A., 320, 375 Constitution of India, 445–450 Dange, Ushabai, 335 Article 44, 447 dangs, 111 caste and equality, 450–453 daroga, 291 centre-state relations, 454–458 dar-ul-harb (enemy territory), 104 events and enactments relating official languages Das, Chittaranjan, 244, 285–286, 308, 311, 318 and organization of linguistic states and Das, Jatin, 325 provinces, 455–456 Dasgupta, Ashin, 12 Five Year Plans, 458–460 dastak account, 46 Fundamental Rights, 447 Datta, Rajat, 166 personal laws, 448 Dawn Society, 229 political economy, 458–462 dayabahaga system of Hindu personal law, 94 Preamble, 446 Dayananda Anglo-Vedic School, 101 secularism, 453–454 Deb, Radhakanta, 89, 99 secular rights, 449, 452 Debi, Sarala, 229 Uniform Code of Civil Procedure (Uniform Civil Deccan, 21 Code), 446–447, 449 Deccan Educational Society, 191 Cornwallis, Lord, 58–59, 62, 64–65 Deccan Riots Commission, 116 Company’s civil service, 65 Deccan Riots of 1875, 115–116, 210–211 Minute of, 62 Cossingy, Governor, 68 Defence of India Act of 1940, 403 cottage-based industry, 161 deindustrialization in the colonies, 160–163, 166 Cotton, Sir Henry, 222 ‘Deliverance Day’, 373 cotton cultivation, 111 Deoband group, 156 Council-entry programme, 365 Department of Public Instruction (DPI), 92 Council of Four, 136 Depressed Classes, 354 Council of the Governor-General of India, 136 Depressed Classes Education Society, 359 Councils Act of 1861, 136–137 depressed/scheduled castes, 147 Court of Wards, 139 Depressionseeeconomy, Indian. cow protection, 158 Derozio, Louis Henri, 99

472 Index

Desai, Bhulabhai, 365 economy,Indian Desai, Khandubhai, 375 As private-enterprise economy, 162 Desai, Mahadev, 290, 328 dependent colonial economy, 207 desavali, 22 Depression years, 322 Desher Katha, 233 impact of colonialisation, 160–168 Deshmukh, Gopalrao Hari, 148 Indian capitalists, 316–317 deshmukhs, 14 Industrialization, 167–168 Deuskar, Sakharam Ganesh, 233 post independence, 458–462 Dev, Acharya Narendra, 374 See also, Indian Cotton Textile industry Devi, Prabhabati, 335 The Education of the People of India, 92 Devji, Faisal, 191 education Dewey, John, 356 In Bengal Swadeshi Movement, 228–229 Dhangars, 74–75 For depressed classes, 358–359 Dharmasastras, 55, 57 English, 194, 204 Dhillon, G. S., 405 For Muslims, 154–156 A Digest of Hindu Law on Contract and Succession, 55 Nationalism and, 181 dikus, 115 Western, 104, 181 Direct Action day, 423 Women, 190–192 Disraeli, British Prime Minister, 139 eighteenth century India diwani adalat (civil court), 56 Awadh’s administration, 3 Doctrine of Lapse, 115–117 As period of decline, 3, 10 Dow, Alexander, 53, 61 as ‘early modern,’ 32 Dravidian ideology, 353–354 Lucknow, 3 Dravidian Kshatriyas, 150–151 Maisur (Mysore), 24–26 Dreze, Jean, 169 Malabar, 22–24 Duff, Alexander, 86, 90 Marathas, 14–18 Dufferin, Lord, 154–155, 205 Mughal empire, end of, 4–13 Duncan, John, 56 Nawabs of Bengal, 18–21 Durbar, 139–140 Nizam of Hyderabad, 21 Durlabh, Rai, 45 Afghan invasion, 7 Dutch Verenigde Oost–Indische Compagnie (VOC), Rajasthan, 13 27 shared ideological atmosphere of late, 61–66 Dutt, Michael Madhusudan, 211 Van Leur’s analysis, 3–4 Dutt, R. P., 207 Eka (unity) movement, 306 Dutt, Romesh Chunder, 207 elections under the 1935 Act, 364–370 Dutta, Aswini Kumar, 230–231, 234, 245 Congress, 364–369 Dutta, Batukeswar, 325 election symbols of India parties, 371 Dutta, Bhupendranath, 320 Muslim electorate, 367 Dutta, Narendranath, 102 Muslim League, 366 dyarchy, 339 regional parties, major, 371 Dyer, General, 281 regional parties in Muslim majority provinces, 367 Elphinstone, Monstuart, 56, 74 East India Company, see English East India Company Elphinstone College, 240 Eaton, Richard, 248 English East India Company, 22 Economic History of India, 207 abolition of sati, 93

Index 473

Act of 1784 (Pitt’s India Act), 59 permanent revenue settlement, 58–63, 65 administration between Hastings and Cornwallis, polygamy, struggle against, 98 58 ‘principle of assimilation,’ 86 annexation policy, 117–118 private trade of servants, 47, 49 ‘as a state,’ 28–29 process of ‘state-making,’ 109–113 beginnings, 26–31 public and private rights in lands, 107 in Bengal, 30, 44–45 railway construction, 118 Christian missionaries, 86 reclaiming of ‘wastelands,’ 110 chronology of, 27 reforming of men and women, 93–99 chronology of Governor Generals of India, 1774– religious reforms, 99–103 1858, 59 resistance to colonial policies of land and forest civilizing mission, 87 management, See Forests ‘civilizing mission’ of, 98 revenue settlements, 108 as ‘civil magistrate’ in Bengal, 53 revival of vernacular Indian literatures and sciences, Company’s contracts, 47 90 Confrontation with Siraj-ud-daula, 45–46 role of force and fortifications, 27–29 conquest and acquisition of newer territories, 66– setting up of weaving villages, 29–30 67 shared ideological atmosphere of, 61–66 Coromandel trade, 27 socio-religious reforms, 106 Court of Directors, 61 status of women, 96 Debt, 135 use of sipahis (sepoys) and peons, 29, 57 ‘despotic’ powers of, 49 use of army, 57–58 developments in Asian trade, 29–30 virtual sovereignty, 48–49 diwani function of, 48 vs Maratha chiefs, 69–71 dominant military power in eastern India, 48 vs Tipu Sultan, 67–69 as a dual government, 46–51 Wellesley’s administration, 71–72 English education, 89–93 widow remarriage, 97–98 ‘era of reform,’ 87–89 as zamindar, 50 evangelism in India, 86 English education, 89–93, 98 forest management, See Forests Erikson, Erik, 296, 329 Hastings’ administrative measures, 51–53 Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt, 137 imperatives in land and land revenue, 106–109 Essays on Indian Economics, 207 Indian textiles, trade in, 27–28 ethnographic state, 142 Industrial Revolution, 44–45 extremism in Indian politics, 237–240 investment or public trade, 43 ‘Europeanization’ of Muslim society, 155 ‘Islam,’ reform and revival within, 103–106 Europe’s domination of the world, 141 land-revenue policy of zamindars, 63 law and order, 56–58 evangelism, 86 Lucknow, importance of, 34–36 Exposition of the Judicial System of India, 65 marriages with Indian women, 83 monopoly over East India trade, 28 Factory Law in 1881, 245 Munro’s Ryotwari policy in Madras, 72–74 famine, ‘nodal-points’ of Indo–British exchange and effect of, 168–169 interaction, 27 famine of 1876–77, 239 norms of customary law, 54–55 famine of Orissa in 1866, 222 period of giving gifts to Englishmen, 47 in the nineteenth century, 111, 168–169

474 Index

Famine Commission Report of 1880, 168 anti-liquor campaigns, 312 Faraizi movement, 212 assassination of, 444 farman, 44 attack on civilization, 269 Farukshiyar, emperor, 18, 44 attitude of cooperation with the British, 364 faujdari/nizamat adalat (criminal court), 56 attitude to the law training, 264 Fazl, Abul, 8 attitude toward the Raj, 262 Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Autobiography, 263, 267, 293–294, 296 Industry (FICCI), 315, 317, 336 beginning of political career, 265–272 female infanticide, 145 charkha and khadi, 292–298 Final Report on the Survey and Settlement of the District college education, 263 of Patna, 1907–12, 63 as a ‘coolie barrister,’ 267 First Anglo–Maratha War, 70 decision to call off civil disobedience, 338 First Burmese War (1824–26), 93 definition of swaraj, 269–270 fituri (revolt) of 1879, 115 Hind Swaraj,261, 264, 268–269, 286, 295 forced cultivation of cash crops, See Agriculture. Hindu-Muslim unity, 268 Forests idea of boycott of foreign cloth, 337 Act in 1865, 213 immediate family, 261 conservation of, 112–113 Khilafat movement, 284–286 establishment of forest department, 212–213 law practice, 265 forest crimes in Travancore, 214 as a leader, 276–284 resistance to colonial policies of, 114–116 lifestyle, 290 separation of wild and civilized spaces, 109–111 marriage, 264 Forts (St. George and St. David), 27 moralized notion of the nation, 271 Fort William College, 30, 35, 43, 71, 81, 83, 183 My Experiments with Truth, 263 Non-Cooperation movement, 287–288 Anglicist-orientalist debate, 91 notion of health, 263 importance, 90 passive resistance, 268 learned natives assisting European professors, 89 as people’s Gandhi, 288–292 role in reforming men and women, 94–95 perfectly moral person, views on, 263 Fox, Richard, 307 political vocabulary, 283 Francis, Philip, 59, 61–62 politicization of a ‘social problem,’ 360 Fraser, Sir Andrew, 222–223 Poona Pact, 361–362 Free Church of Scotland, 103 Pranami sect, 262 Free Church School, 86 Putlibai’s (mother) influence, 262–263 ‘Free State of Bengal,’ 428 against racial discrimination of Indians, 268 Freitag, Sandria, 159 rebellion against caste and family ethic, 264 Fuller, Lieutenant Governor Bamfylde, 251 satyagraha, 268, 272, 276–277, 281–282 ‘self-suffering,’ practice of, 263 Gadgil, N.V., 352 South African life, 266–267 Gaekwad family, 15 stance on untouchables, 361–363 Gama, Vasco da, 22 trip to England, 263 Ganapati festival, see Tilak, Balwant Gangadhar untouchability, idea of, 312 Gandhi, Indira, 460 vegetarianism, 264 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 261, 327–329, 355, on western science and technology, 270–271 393–394, 410, 427 vow of brahmacharya, 268, 296 Ambedkar vs, 359–364 and women, 295–298, 334–336

Index 475

Gandhi, Rajiv, 461 Hardinge, Lord, 246 Gandhi–Irwin Pact of 1931, 337–338, 359 Harijan, 355 Gandhi Mahatma Sabha, See Chauri-Chaura incident Harijan Sevak Sangh, 363 Gandhi’s Rise to Power, 277 Harishchandra, Bharatendu, 187, 249 Gangohi, Rashid Ahmad, 156 hartal, 280 Ganguli, Kanai Lal, 320 Hastings, Warren, 51–53, 84, 89, 118, 136, 447 General Services Enlistment Act of 1856, 118 Administrative measures 51–53 George V, King-Emperor, 254 collection of revenue, 52 Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië, 3 controlling councils of revenue, 51–52 Ghadr (revolution) Party, 246 demarcation of personal laws, 190 Ghar, Bibi, 121 farming contracts, 52 Ghazi, Salar Masud, 324 Judicial Plan, 53–56 Ghosh, Athanasius Apurbakumar, 231 Roman categorization of canon law and civil law, Ghosh, Aurobindo, 242–244 56 Ghosh, Rashbehari, 238 scheme of reform, 52–53 Gidwani, Vinay, 65 Hedgewar, K. B., 308 Giri, V. V., 320, 375 hegemonic nationalist discourse, 189 Girni Kamgar unions, 321 ‘Hill’ peoples, 110–112, 223 Glorious Revolution of 1688, 43 Hilton-Young Commission in 1926, 317 Godse, Nathuram, 444 Hindoo Patriot, 195 Gokhale, Gopalkrishna, 228, 255 Hind Swaraj, see Gandhi Goldenweiser, A. A., 356 Hindi language, 122, 187 Golconda, 4, 5, 8 As national language, 413, 455 Gordon, A. D. D., 316 Gandhi’s use of, 282, 379 Gosh, Kasiprasad, 187, 195 Identificationwith Hindu tradition, 188 Goswami, Rajeev, 452–453 Hindi-Urdu controversy, 249 Government of India Act 1919, 274, 311 Hindi Belt, 158, 313, 428 governmental organization of British India under, Hindu Code Bill, 449 275 Hindu Intelligencer, 195 Government of India Act, 1858, 135 Hinduism, 96,360–361 Government of India Act of 1935, 339–340, 364, 377, Reformation of, 100–101 444 Tilak on, 240 gram sevaks, 312 Hindu Law, 55, 97 Grant, Charles, 86, 199 Hindu Mahasabha, 307–308, 313, 330, 361, 364 Great Calcutta Killing, 423 Hindu Missionary Society of Gajananrao Vaidya, 98 Green Revolution, 451, 460 Hindu–Muslim relations, 246, 250–251, 309, 312– Grey’s Inn, 357 314, 330, 347 Guha, Ranajit, 189, 209, 236 In Bengal, 246 Gujarat Vernacular Society, 191 In the First Partition of Bengal, 250–251 Hindu patriarchal norms, 202 Habib, Irfan, 8–10 Hindus of the Sanatan Dharma Sabha, 364 Haileybury College, 83 Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), 324– Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, 55 325 Hali, Khwaja Altaf Husayn, 191 Hindutva, 308 Hamilton, Francis Buchanan, 25 Hindu Widow’s Remarriage Act (Act XV of 1856), 97

476 Index

Hirachand, Walchand, 336 ‘First war of’, see Revolt of 1857 History of British India, 86–87 imponderables of partition, 437–444 History of Hindoostan, 53 Kashmir issue, 439–440 History of India, 116 non-brahman and ‘untouchable’ movements, 350– History of the Mutiny, 122 356 Holkar, Yaswant Rao, 69–70 Pakistan, formation of, 409 Holkar family, 15 parting of ways between the Congress and the Holmes, Richard, 116 Muslim League, 408 Home Public Proceedings A, 225 partitioned freedom, 423–430 Home Rule League, 254–255, 273 peasant organizations in the movement for, 305– hukmnamah, 68 307 Hume, A. O., 205 proclamation of India as a ‘republic,’ 446 Hunter, W. W., 145, 155 scene in 1940s, 408–411 Huq, Fazlul, 367 survivors of the partition’s violence, 438–439 Hussain, Liakat, 245 Indian industries and businesses, 315–316 attitude towards nationalism, 316 Ibbetson, Hunter, 146 labour militancy, 317, 319 Ilbert, C.P., 199 Indian Merchants Chamber, 315 Ilbert Bill, 199 Indian National Congress, 286, 329, 347, 408–409 Illahabadi, Akbar, 230 business attitude towards, 364–368 Imagined Communities, 179 Discussions on colonial economic and social Imambara, Bara, 34 policies, 207–209 imperialism, 203 Formation, 204–205 Imperial Forest Department, 112 positions on self-rule, 1885–1942, 326 Imperial Legislative Council, 137, 252–253 and Second World War, 387 India as I Knew It, 309 vs Muslim League, 369–373 India in world affairs Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), 373 1914–1948, 389–390 Indian Official Secrets Amendment Act of 1904, 226 1947–1971, 441–443 Indian Opinion, 267 Indian cotton textiles industry, 160 Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, labour militancy, 317, 319 201 mill operations, 314 Indian Universities Act of 1904, 226 Indian Councils Act of 1861, 194 Indigo Revolt of 1859–60, 211 Indian Councils Act of 1909, 252, See Morley-Minto indigo trade, 163 Reform, Indo–British commerce, 83–87 Indian factory textile industry, 161–162 cotton industry, 83–84, 162 Indian independence Indian exports and imports, 83 C. R. formula, 410 mood of ‘expansive optimism,’ 86 caste politics late 1980s and early 1990s, 452–453 opium and indigo trade, 84 centre-state relations, 454–458 procurement of Chinese tea, 84 communal violence, 440–441 tea production and sale, 85 eastern Bengal, 441 Indo–European language group, 147 elections and cabinet mission, 412–422 Industrial Revolution, 161–162 chronology of events leading to, 1861–1947, 348– economic and industrial modernization, 209 350 industrialization, see economy, Indian.

Index 477

Irish Home Rule Movement, 205 Karnataka Satyagraha Mandal, 334 Irvine, William, 7 Kasim, Mir, 47–48 Irwin, Lord, 337 Kathiawad, 261–262, 264 Islam Keene, H. G., 116 European representations of, 248 Kelkar, N. C., 310–311 Reformation and revival, 103–106 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 332 Sir Sayid Ahmad Khan on, 104 Khan, Abdul Latif, 249 Seen as declining, 155 Khan, Aga, 251 Iyer, Subrahmanya, 207 Khan, Alivardi, 19–21, 45, 52 Khan, Anwaruddin, 24 Jafar, Mir, 45–48 Khan, Badshah, 332 jagirdari crisis, 8–10 Khan, Chin Qilich, 21 jagirdars, 213 Khan, Kartalab, 18 jagir (landed estate), 4–5 Khan, Major-General Shah Nawaz, 403, 405 crisis in the system, 8–10 Khan, Muhammad Reza, 56, 65–66 Rebellion of peasants, 9 Khan, Murshid Quli, 18–20, 48, 59 Jah, Nizamu’l Mulk Asaf, 6, 21, 24 Khan, Murtaza, 3 Jalal, Ayesha, 106, 159, 366 Khan, Sarfaraz, 20 Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 281, 286 Khan, Shuja-ud-din, 19 Jamait-ul-Ulemai-Hind, 370 Khan, Sikander Hayat, 367, 409 Jambhekar, Gangadhar Shastri, 98 Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad, 104, 124, 347, 137, 139, Janata Party, 460–461 249, 251 Jang, Shaukat, 45 On women education, 191 Janmam tenure, 212 On education for muslims, 155–156 jatiya sarkar, 400–401 Khare, N. B., 369 Jat Sikhs, 145 Kheda satyagraha, 278 Jayakar, M. R., 309, 311, 337 Khilafat movement, 284–286, 348 Jhansi ki Rani Lakshmi Bai, 122 Khudai Khidmatgars, 332 jhum cultivation, 214 Kichlu, Saifuddin, 254 Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 254–255, 284, 327, 370, 372, Kirti Kisan Party in Punjab, 320 387, 408–411 Kisan Sabhas, 305–306 Joglekar, 320 Kisan Sangha, 402 Jones, Sir William, 53, 55, 81,89 Kripalani, J. B., 374 jotedars, 64 Krishak Praja Party, 367 Julahas, 158 Krishna, C. S., 376 Krishna of Vaishava bhakti (devotion), 201 Kabirpanthi, 356 Kshatriyas, see Dravidian Kshatriyas kachehris, 68 kulkarnis, 14 Kaiser-i-Hind, 140 Kumar, Ravinder, 283, 362 Kakori Conspiracy Case in 1925, 324 Kunbi cultivators, 210–211 kalapani, 118 Kamalakanter Daptar, 230 labour in India, 317 Kanitkar, Kashibai, 203 Communists and revolutionaries, role of, 319–321 Kanpur riots in 1931, 307 Congress’ relationship with labour, 318–319 karewa levirate marriage, 97 labour unrest, 317–318

478 Index

organizations, 320 Mahdi uprisings in Sudan (1885–86 and 1889), 140 strikes, 319, 323, 374 Mahila Samaj, 203 Labour Swaraj Party, 320 Mahima Dharmis of Orissa, 147 Lahore Resolution, 409 Malabar, 22–24 Lakshmibai, Rani, 121–122 Malabar and Moplahs: A Leaflet Issued by the Madras Lakshmir Bhandar, 229 Publicity Bureau, 288 La Martinières of Lucknow, 36 Malabar coast, 22–24 Landholder’s Society, 193 Dutch trade in, 23 Land revenue systems, 108 Portuguese trade in, 23 lands, public and private rights in, 107 significance of, 23 Law, Thomas, 61 Malabarkuttam, 22 Lawrence, Henry, 117 Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 250, 253, 306, 311, 363 Lawrence, John, 117, 121 Malhotra, Anshu, 101 Lees–Mody Pact in 1933, 365 Manav Dharma Sabha, 100 TheLegend of Bhagat Singh, 325 Mandal Commission, 452 Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm, 101 Mani, Lata, 93 Leonard, Karen, 12 Maniktala Conspiracy Case trial, 244 Leur, Job Van, 3 mansabdari system, 4–5, Liberalism, 86, 87, 107 crisis of, 8 Lilooah Rail Workshop, 320 Manusmriti, 336 Linguistic states, 455–457 Map of Hindoostan, 57 Linlithgow, Viceroy, 380, 387–388, 397 Mappilas, 22 Little Tigers of Tamil Elam, 461 Marathas, 5–6, 14, 111, 202 Long, Rev. James, 211 Marathas, eighteenth century, 14–18 Lord North’s Regulating Act of 1773, 51 administrative centralisation, 16–17 Low, D. A., 340 architecture, 17 lower-caste movements, 148, 152 Baji Rao’s successful tactics, 15–16 lower-caste radicalism, 152 military conquest, 16–17 Lucknow, 34–36 Maratha Confederacy, 16 Lucknow Pact of 1916, 307, 370 Mughal–Maratha relationship, 6, 17 Ludden, David, 165 Peshwas, 15 Lutyens, Sir Edwin, 254 territorial expansion, 17 Lytton, Governor-General Lord, 140, 195 Maratha Swarajya (self-rule), 14 Marathi language, 14 Macaulay, Thomas, 86, 200 history writing in, 184–185 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 91 Markovits, Claude, 316 Macaulay’s Minute, 92 Marshman, Joshua, 81 Macdonald, Prime Minister Ramsay, 361 ‘martial races’ 57, 141 Mackenzie, Holt, 107 Martin, Claude, 35 Madras Mail, 195 martyr bridegroom, See Singh, Bhagat Madras Presidency, 73, 97, 113, 115 Marxist historiography, 206 Mahabharata, 201, 240 Mashruwala, Kishorlal, 297 Mahadevan, T. K., 312 May Day celebration, 319 Mahalwari Settlement, 107 Mayo, Viceroy, 154 Maharaja of Bikaner, 378 McAlpin, Michelle, 169

Index 479

Mehta, Pherozshah, 238, 255 amildars, role of, 11 Mehta, Uday Singh, 87, 269, 328 causes and consequences, 7–13 Mehtab, Sheikh, 264 centralization and regional power, 11–12 Menon, V. P., 426 considerable political turmoil, 11–12 Meos of Rajasthan, 428–429 economic dislocation, due to, 11–12 middle-class Habib’s theory of, 8–10 Indian ideas of rights and belonging, 206 jagirdari crisis, 8–10 In Calcutta, 186 and rise of English East India Company, 12 as effeminate, 199–200 structural weaknesses of the Mughal state, 8 Mill, James, 87, 107, 199–200 vs Marathas, 5–6 Mill, John Stuart, 86–87 vs Sikhs, 5–6 Miller, Webb, 331 warrior aristocracies, politics of, 8 Minimum Landholding Act, 1927, 320 Mughal faujdar (commandant), 24 Minorities Pact, 361 Muhammad, Fat’h, 24 Minto, Lord, 226, 378 Muhammadan Anglo–Oriental College, 105, 156 Minute on Territorial Redistribution of India, 223 Muhammedan Educational Conference, 192 Mira, 295 Mukherjee, Aditya, 316, 338 mirasidars, 73 Mukherjee, Harishchandra, 195 Mirat al-arus, 191 Mukherjee, Mridula, 318 Misra, Gauri Shankar, 305 Mukherjee, Satishchandra, 229 Mitra, Dinabandhu, 211 Mukherjee, Sir Ashutosh, 287 Mohammedan Educational Conference (Congress till Mukherji, Abani, 319 1890), 156 Mullick, Raja Subodh, 228 Mohammedan Literary Society, 249 Mundas, 213 Montagu, Edwin, 274 Munro, Thomas, 72–74 Montagu–Chelmsford reforms of 1919, 151, 275, Munshi, K. M., 365 313–314, 316, 323, 352–353 Muslim aristocrats, 156 Moonje, B. S., 311 Muslim criminal law, 66 Moore, R. J., 313 Muslim elites, 248–250 Moplahs (Mapillas) revolt, 1880s and 1890s, 212 Muslim League, 313, 326, 330, 366, 387 Morley, Lord, 252 and Second World War, 387 Morley–Minto Reforms of 1909, 151, 157, 247, 275, vs Indian National Congress, 369–373 313, 348 Muslim Mass Contact campaign, 372 governmental organization of British India under, Muslim minority, 154–159 252–254 Muslim peasantry, 235 Morris, Morris D., 162 Muslim politics, 247–252, 347 Morton, Samuel, 145 Separate electorates, 327 Mountbatten Plan, 425–426 Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, Mrityunjay Darogar Ikrarnama, 66 1986, 454 Mughal administrative system, 4 Mughal empire, end of, 4–13, 31 Nagaraj, D. R., 363 Extension in 18th century, 4 Naicker, E. V. Ramaswamy, 336, 353 Agrarian crisis, 8 Naidu, Sarojini, 297, 335 And Bengal, 20 Namasudras of Bengal, 153 Alam’s study, 10 Nambutiri (Namboodiri) Brahmans, 22

480 Index

Nanak, Guru, 5 Nehru Report, 326–327, 378 Nanautawi, Muhammad Qasim, 156 Nejd, Abdul Wahab of, 104 Nanda, Gurzarilal, 375 niskama karma, 96 Nandy, Ashis, 82, 271 Nivedita, Sister, 231–232 Naoroji, Dadabhai, 106, 207–208, 265 Nizam, 6 Napoleonic wars, 69, 84, 86 nizamat function, 48 Narain, Jai Prakash, 367 Nizam of Hyderabad, 21, 25, 67–68 Narayan, Jaiprakash, 374, 401, 460 No-changers, 308 Nariman, K. S., 365 non-brahman and ‘untouchable’ movements, 350–356, National Federation of Trade Unions (NFTU), 373– 379 374 Non-Brahman Association, 352 nationalism, 179,221, Non-Cooperation movement, 287–288, 305–306, nationalism, Indian, 179–180, 203 348, see also, Gandhi And Age of Consent, 201 Northbrooke, Lord, 250 Bande Mataram movement, 233, 238, 244 Northcote, Sir Strafford, 222 beginnings, 180–183 North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), 425 boycott and Swadeshi movement, 226–236 nyandan mandals, 400 configuration of the nation as mother, 232 elite mobilization, in the nineteenth century 193– O’Dwyer, Michael, 281, 309 194 ‘officializing’ procedures, 142 historiography of, 179–180 Okakura, Kakuzo, 231 impact of colonialism, 214–215 Oldham, W. B., 225 middle-class and, 181 Omvedt, Gail, 350 ‘moderate’ phase of, 206–209 On Liberty, 87 moderates vs extremists in swadeshi movement, opium 237–238 cultivation, 163 first partition of Bengal, 221–226 export to China, 84 social reforms and condition of women, See Women Oriental or Asiatic despotism, 53, 67 subaltern, 209–212 Orientalism, 82, 142–143 in terms of language, nation, and history, 183–188 Orientalism, 141 natuvali, 22 Orientalists, 91 Nawab of Arcot, 29 Oriya (Odia) language, 186, 222–223 Nawab of Bengal, 70 Oudh Kisan Sabha, 306 Nawabs of Bengal, 18–21 Nayars, 22 Paharias, 110 Nayars of Kottayam, 25 Pal, Bipin Chandra, 232–233, 237, 243, 245 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 305, 310,320, 323, 326, 329–330, Pandey, Gyanendra, 395, 429 365–366, 374, 377, 379, 387, 437, 458 Pandey, Mangal, 119–120 On caste, 450 Pandurang, Atmaram, 100 On Civil Disobedience, 365 Pant, Govind Ballabh, 310, 323 As Congress President in 1936, 366 Pantulu, Veeresalingam, 97 On Cripps Mission, 392 Parakunnel, Thomas, 321 On Gandhi’s death, 444 Paramhansa, Ramakrishna, 102 On Linguistic organization of states, 457 Paramhansa Mandali, 100 Nehru, Motilal, 284–285, 308, 311, 313, 328 Paramhansa Sabha, 98

Index 481

Parekh, Narahari, 297 Pratt, Tim, 279 Parthasarathi, Prasannan, 29, 33 pre-Congress and pre-Muslim League organizations, Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740, 7 246–247 Pasha, Mustafa Kamal, 307 Press, Indian, 195, Patankar, Bharat, 350 See also, Vernacular Press Patel, Vallabhbhai, 308, 311–312, 328, 330, 370, 374, princely states and British India, federation of, 377–380 406, 445 Pro-changers, 308 Patel, Vithalbhai, 309 proclamations, Queen Victoria’s, see Victoria, Queen. pathshala system, 91 Prometheus Unbound, 87 patils, 14 Protestant evangelism, 83 Patullo, Henri, 61 Protestant Islam, 156 Payne, Robert, 263 Public Safety Act, 321 Permanent Settlement of Bengal, 58–61, 89, 106–108, Punjabi language, 186, 457 125 Punyah ceremony, 52 Ideological base of, 61–62 Puranas, 94 Peasants under, 64 purna swaraj, 326–327, 329, 379 And ryotwari system, 106–108 Pyarelal, 362 Persian language, 84, 100, 155, 185, 187, 249. Persian Secretariat, 71–72 Qanungo, Hemchandra, 244 Persianized Hindus, 89 Quit India movement, 387, 393–402, 410 Peshwas, 15, 1, 69–70 acts of sabotage, 399 Phadke, Wasudeb Balwant, 239–240 Congress resolution, 396–397 Phoenix Settlement, 268 peasant insurgency, 398 Phule, Jotirao, 103, 148–150, 352, 357 second phase, 398–399 Pindaris, 111 six-point and 12-point programmes, 396 plague epidemic, 1897, 241 terrorist activities by revolutionaries, 398 A Plea for Vegetarianism, 264 third phase, 399–400 Polier, Antoine, 35 women participation, 400 poligars (paliagars), 72 ‘Quit Kashmir’ struggle, 426 political alliances, 313 Quli, Murshid, 45 political parties and organizations, 1912–1946, 273– 274 Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 426 polygamy, struggle against, 98 radicalization of Indian politics in 1916–17, 273 Poona Municipal Council, 253 Rahnumai Mazdnedayasan Sabha, 106 Poona Pact of 1932, 339, 361, 364 Rai, Lajpat, 233, 237–238, 311, 318 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, 196 railway construction, 112, 118 Pouchepadass, Jacques, 277 Railwaymen’s Union, 231 Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, 207 Raja, Kerala Vamma Palassi, 22 The Poverty Problem in India, 207 Rajagopalachari, C., 308, 334, 365, 410 prajamandals, 379, 402 Rajah, M. C., 361 Prajamitramandali, 352 Rajah-Moonje Pact, 361 Prarathana Sabha, 192 raja of Travancore, 26 Prarthana Samaj, 191 Rajasthan, eighteenth century, 13 Prarthana Samaj (Prayer Society), 100 Rajbhog, P. N., 361 Prasad, Rajendra, 308, 370, 374, 377, 445 Rajguru, 338

482 Index

rakhi(rakhsha)-bandhan, 227 Responsive Cooperators, 311 Rakhmabai case, 204 Revolt of 1857, 109, 114–126, 254, 347, 406 Ram, Chhotu, 367 As mutiny, 116 Ram, Jagjivan, 364 Causes 116–119, 138 Ramabai, Pandita, 203 Chronology, 119–120, Ramakrishna Mission, 102 Defeat of , 135–136 Ramchandra, Baba, 305 Involvement of civilians in, 122–124 Ramjanmabhoomi-Babri Masjid controversy, 453–454 revolutionary terrorism, 323 Ranade, M. G., 100, 207 Ricardo, David, 72, 107 Rand, Walter Charles, 241 Richards, J. F., 8, 33 Rang De Basanti, 325 right of adopted heirs, 138 Rao, Balaji Baji, 15–16 Risley, Herbert Hope, 145–147, 149, 224–225 Rao, Narasimha, 461 Round Table Conference, 337–338, 359, 361–363 Rao I, Madhav, 70 Rowlatt, S. A. T., 279 Rao II, Peshwa Baji, 103, 117 Rowlatt Act, 280–281 Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh, 308 Rowlatt satyagraha, 281–282 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 423, 444 Roy, B. C., 310, 365 Rasul, Abdul, 245 Roy, Manabendra Nath (Narendranath Bhattacharya), 319, 373 Rathor rajas of Jodhpur, 13 Roy, Rammohan, 65, 89–90, 94, 96, 99–100, 104, 183 Ray, Prafulla Chandra, 207, 232 Roy, Tirthankar, 161–162, 167 Ray, Rajat, 64, 315 Royal Commission, 321 Ray, Ratnalekha, 64 Royal Titles Act by the British Parliament, 139 Raychaudhuri, Tapan, 10 Roychaudhuri, Prabhatkusum, 231 Read, Captain Alexander, 69 Rudolph, Susanne, 264, 267 Reading, Lord, 307, 327 Ryotwari (Raiyatwari) Settlement, 25, 69, 74, 106–108 Red Flag Trade Union Federation, 374 Ryotwari (Raiyatwari) System, 73, 210, 212 Regulating Act of 1773, 53, 56 Regulation Code of 1827, 56 Sadar Diwani Adalat, 56–57, 72 Regulation of the Bengal Government, 61 Sadar Nizamat Adalat, 56, 66, 72 Regulations for the Decennial Settlement of Bengal, ‘safety-valve’ theory, 205 Bihar and Orissa (Midnapore), 59 Sahib, Nana, 121 Regulations of the Bombay Presidency, 56 Said, Edward, 141 Religious Reform Association in 1851, 106 sakam karma, 96 Religious reforms, 100–103 Sakpal, Ramji, 356 Within Islam, 103–106 Salt, Henry, 264 Within Parsi community, 106 Salt Law, 330–331 Within Sikh Community, 102 samantas, 22 In nationalist historiography/as first war of samitis, See Swadeshi Movement, Independence, 125–126 sangathan, 313 In rural India, 103 Sanskrit College, 90 Rennell, James, 57 Sanskrit language and literature, 89 Rent Act X of 1859, 211 ‘anglicization’ of Sanskrit studies, 90 Report of the Famine Commission, 169 As classical tradition, 185,187, 151 Report of the Sedition Committee, 244 English translation of Sanskrit texts, 55–56, 89, Representative Government, 87 100

Index 483

Genetic relationship with European languages, 82, Settlement of Ludhiana in 1853, 144 146 Seven Years’ War in Europe, 23 In Maharashtra, 184 Shafiq, Mohammad, 319 Law texts in, 94 Shah, emperor Bahadur, 5, 124, 135 Orientalist study of, 82, 91 Shah, Munnalal G., 297 And Tamil, 353 Shah, Nawab Wajid Ali, 3 Sanskrit literature, 82 Shah, Nawab Wazid Ali, 117 Santals, 110 Shah, Wajid Ali, 121 Santal hool, 115, 137 Shah Bano case, 449, 454 Sapru, Tej Bahadur, 337 Shah II, Bahadur, 406 Saraswati, Dayanand, 97 Shahu, 14 Saraswati, Swami Dayananda, 100–101 Shaik, Farzana, 428 Saraswati, Swami Sahajananda, 333 Shakershet, Jagannath, 98 Sarkar, Prati, 400 Shambhuji, 14 Sarkar, Sir Jadunath, 7 Shanans, 151 Sarkar, Sumit, 231, 287, 319, 394 Shinde family, 15 Sarkar, Tanika, 95 Shiromoni Akali Dal, 425 Sasmal, Birendra Nath, 305, 310 Shiromoni Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC), sati,88 307, 311 abolition of, 93–94, 100 Shivaji festival, 240 sati daha, practice of, 94 Shivaji’s Maharashtra, 6, 14 Satnamis of Chhattisgarh, 147 Shore, John, 62, 64, 67 Satyamurty, 365 shuddhi, 313 Satyarth Prakash, 101 Shuja, Prince Shah, 20 Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seeking Society), 103, Shuja-ud-daula, 48 149, 352, 357 Shuja-ud-din, 45 Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 308 Shukla, Ravi Shankar, 369 Schenkel, Emilie, 403 Sikh community, 101–102 Scindia, Daulat Rao, 67, 69–70 Sikh Gurdwara and Shrines Act in 1925, 311 Scindia, Mahadji, 70 Sikhs, 5–6 Seal, Anil, 194, 313 Simon, Sir John Allsebrook, 314 Second Anglo–Maratha War, 70 Simon Commission, 314, 323, 326, 328, 358–359 Second Anglo–Mysore War (1784), 26, 68 Simon Commission Report of 1930, 340 Second Anglo–Sikh War (1848–49), 117 Singaravelu, 319 Second Partition of Bengal, 429 Singh, Bhagat, 324–325, 338 Second World War and India’s reaction, 387–391 Singh, Guru Gobind, 324 Secretary of State, 136–137 Singh, Kumar Suresh, 213 Sehgal, P. K., 405 Singh, Maharaja Duleep, 101 Self-Respect Movement, 152, 353 Singh, Manmohan, 461 Seligman, Edwin, 356 Singh, Raja Rampal, 207 Sen, Keshab Chandra, 100 Singh, Ranjit, 104, 306 sepoys (sipahis), 29, 116, 121, 123–124 Singh, Sawai Jai, 31 Serampore Mission, 81 Singh, V. P., 452 Seth, Jagat, 19–20, 209 Singha, Radhika, 95 Seth, Sanjay, 206 Singh Sabha, 239

484 Index

Singh Sabha movement, 157 Tagore, Jyotirindranath, 231 Sinha, H., 322 Tagore, Rabindranath, 89, 227, 230, 235, 282, Sinha, J. C., 322 Ghare Baire, 235 Sinha, Mrinalini, 199, 202, 206 Gora, 235 Siraj-ud-Daula, 21, 30 On educational boycott, 287 Attack on Calcutta, 45–46 Tagore family, 229 Sita, 295 Tahzib al-Akhlaq, 105 Sitaramayya, 376 Talasseri, 25 Skaria, Ajay, 268 taluqdars, 71, 107 Smith, Adam, 86 Tambe, S. B., 311 Smuts, J. C., 272 Tamil-Dravidian, 353–354 Some Economic Aspects of British Rule in India, 207 Tamil language, 151, 456 Southborough Committee, 357 as goddess, 181 Speeches and Writings, 229 revival 353–354 Spratt, 320 tankha jagirs, 4 Sri Guru Singh Sabha, 102 tarakuttam, 22 Sriramalu, Potti, 457 taravatus, 22 Statutory Law, 97 Tarlo, Emma, 298 Stein, Burton, 239 Tata, R. D., 316 Stephen, Fitzjames, 226 Tata Industrial Steel Company (TISCO), 310 Stokes, Eric, 87 Tata Iron and Steel Company, 315 Strachey, John, 209 tea plantations, 164 Strachey, Lytonn, 226 Telang, K. T., 100 Striyancha Sabha (Women’s Society), 193 Telengana, 7 Subaltern Telugu language, 151, 186–187, 233, 455 Insurgency, 210–212 Temple Entry Bill, 364 nationalism, 209–210 ‘temple-entry’ movement, 312 Subaltern Studies, 168, 210, 215, 282 Tendulkar, D. G., 330 subjection to planters, 166 Textile Labour Association, 279 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 11, 13, 32–34, 165 Thakkar, Amritlal V., 363 Subsidiary Alliance, 117 Thakurdas, Purushottamdas, 316, 365 Sufis, 104, 248 theory of India’s salvation, 271 Sukhdev, 338 Theosophical Society of London, 265 Sultan, Tipu, 26, 29, 67–69 thikadars, 213 Survey of India project, 144, 154 Third Anglo–Mysore War in 1792, 68 Swadeshbandhav Samiti, 230–231, 234 Thorner, Daniel, 163 Swadeshi Bhandar, 229 Tilak, Balwant Gangadhar, 185, 202, 237–238, 245 Swadeshi movement, 226–236, 243, 297 Ganapati Festival(sarvajanik), 158, 240 Atmashakti (self-reliance), 229–230, 237 Tilak Swaraj Fund, 316 Extremists, 237–238 Tomlinson, B. R., 313 Samitis, 231, 244 Tope, Tantia, 121 Swadeshi Samaj, 234 Trade Disputes Act, 375 Swaraj Party, 310, 312–313, 353 Trade Disputes Bill, 321 Trade Union Act in 1926, 319 Tagore, Abanindranath, 231 traditional society, 167

Index 485

Transvaal Ordinance of 1906, 267 Vernacular Press 198–199, 222, 227 Trautmann, Thomas, 82 Act of 1878, 195, 198 Treaty of Allahabad, 48 Chronology of newspapers in English and regional Treaty of Deogaon, 71 languages (1780–1969), 193–198 Treaty of Salbei in 1781, 70 Vernon, James, 279 Treaty of Serves, 285 Viceroy of the Queen, 136 Tribes, resistance to colonial state, 212–214 chronology (1858–1947), 137–138 Tripathi, Dwijendra, 315 Victoria, Queen, 135 ‘Tripuri crisis’ of 1938–39, 403 rights granted to Indian rulers, 138–139 Trivedi, Ramendrasundar, 227 classification of castes and caste identity, 147–154 Tyabji, Abbas, 331 Indian economy under, 160–168 Tyabji, Badaruddin, 157, 249 Muslim aristocrats and backward Muslims, 154– 159 Uniform Code of Civil Procedure (Uniform Civil nature of ‘colonial knowledge’ and imperial Code), 446–447, 449 governance, 141–147 Unionist Party in Punjab, 367 proclamations and promises, 136–141 Universal Empire, 32 Vidyasagar, Iswar Chandra, 96–97, 183–184 Untouchability Abolition Week, 363 Vidyasagar, Pandit Iswar Chandra, 90 Upadahyay, Brahmobandhav, 244 Visva-Bharati (school), 228 Upanishads, 100 Viswananda, Swami, 311 Urdu language, 104–105, 155, 188, 192 Viswanath, Balaji, 15 Vivadarnavasetu, 56 Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25), 311, 360 Vivekananda, Swami, 102, 201 Vaishyas, 262 Voltaire, 82 Valangkar, Gopal Baba, 151 Varma, Martand, 22 Wadiyar Rajas of Mysore, 378–379 Varma, Raja Ravi, 231 “Wahabi” conspiracies, 104 Varma, Vrindavan Lal, 122 Ward, William, 222 varna model, 146, 149, 153, 262 War of Austrian Succession, 44 varnashramadharma, 312, 353, 358 Washbrook, David, 340 vatan jagirs, 4–5 Watson, Admiral, 46 Vedanta philosophy, 102 Wedderburn, William, 205 Vedas, Wellesley, Arthur, 67, 70 Orientalist study of, 81 Wellesley, Richard, 66, 81 Arya Samaj use of, 100–101 administration (1798/99– 1803/4), 71–72 Vedic Aryan settlements, 97 Whitehall, 136 Verelst, Harry, 50 White Paper of 1939, 387–388 Vernacular languages Whitley Commission on Labour, 321 education in, 91, 155, 230 widow remarriage, 97–98 Fort William College and, 183 Widow Remarriage Association in 1891, 98 Gandhi’s use of, 282 Wilberforce, William, 86 historical writing in, 184–185 Wilkins, Charles, 89 literary revival of, 183, 186–187, 192, 194 Wilson, H. H., 82, 90 sanskritical, 249 Wilson, John, 148 teaching by missionaries, 82 Wilson, Woodrow, 273

486 Index

women Workers and Peasants Party in Bombay (1927), 320 Age of Consent bill and, 201–204 working classes as a political community, 321 Indian nationalism and social reform on, 188–189 education, 190–192 Yagnik, Indulal, 375 and Gandhi, 294–298 Yugantar revolutionaries, 320 participation in public sphere and press, 203–204 male anxiety on women education, 192, 204 Zamindar (landholder), 6 nationalist discourse with regard, 202 Struggle with Mughal power, 9–10, 12 participation in Quit India movement, 400 Alliance with rebellious peasantry, 12 Wood’s Educational Despatch, 92 Zamindar, Vazira, 429 Workers and Peasants Party in Bengal (1925–26), 320 zones of anomaly, 110