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A New Species of Smicridea Mclachlan (Trichoptera:Hydropsychidae) from Venezuela and Its Role in Travertine Biogenesis

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A New Species of Smicridea Mclachlan (Trichoptera:Hydropsychidae) from Venezuela and Its Role in Travertine Biogenesis View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2003, 22(3):401±409 q 2003 by The North American Benthological Society provided by University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy A new species of Smicridea McLachlan (Trichoptera:Hydropsychidae) from Venezuela and its role in travertine biogenesis HENRIQUE PAPROCKI1,RALPH W. H OLZENTHAL Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA CLAUDIA CRESSA Instituto de ZoologõÂa Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1041-A Caracas, Venezuela Abstract. We collected an undescribed hydropsychid caddis¯y, Smicridea (Smicridea) travertinera,n. sp., from 2 sites in Venezuela. One of the sites, Quebrada El Charo, ¯owed over extensive calcareous formations of travertine, which were covered with retreats and capture nets of the new species. Smicridea travertinera was the most abundant aquatic insect colonizing travertine. We describe the adult male, the retreat and net, and gut contents. The retreat consisted of an aperture in the travertine with a capture net. Retreat-making behavior appears to cause both the biogenesis and erosion of the travertine formations. Key words: Smicridea, Hydropsychidae, Trichoptera, travertine, Venezuela, taxonomy, systematics, biogenesis, retreat-making behavior, gut contents. Travertines are composed of calcareous sedi- where strong currents prevail. These caddis¯ies ments, chemically or biologically precipitated constructed cylindrical retreats with capture from waters of karstic, geothermal, or artesian nets on the travertine surface, which became im- origin, which are supersaturated with CO2 portant substrates for CaCO3 deposition (Drys- (Drysdale 1999, Fig. 1A). In such conditions, dale 1998). Other important studies on traver- CO2 rapidly outgasses to the atmosphere and tine biogenesis include Drysdale (2001) on the CaCO3 precipitates out of solution as calcite or hydrochemistry of a travertine-depositing aragonite. This precipitate can cover all available stream in Australia, Freytet and Verrecchia inorganic and organic substrates, such as rocks, (1995) on Ca crystals associated with fungi in leaves, twigs, and also caddis¯y cases and re- travertines, Pentecost et al. (1997) on the in¯u- treats (Fig. 1B±D). Deposition of travertines can ence of phototrophic microorganisms on trav- be highly in¯uenced by living organisms. The ertine deposition, and Humphreys et al. (1995) biogenesis of travertines has been widely stud- on aquatic insect biogenesis of freshwater tufa ied, but mostly through the activity of diatoms dams. and bacteria (Pentecost et al. 1997). Few re- Among the caddis¯ies, members of the family searchers have studied the role of other aquatic Hydropsychidae have the greatest potential to biota in travertine formation. in¯uence travertine deposition. Hydropsychid Aquatic insects can in¯uence both deposition larvae construct ®xed retreats with silken cap- and erosion of travertines (Thienemann 1933, ture nets that provide a suitable surface area for Drysdale 1999). Drysdale (1998) reported that CaCO3 precipitation. We describe a new species aquatic insect larvae play direct and indirect in the hydropsychid genus Smicridea, subgenus geomorphological roles in the deposition of Smicridea McLachlan, from Venezuela, the larvae travertines in the Barkly Karst, Australia. He of which inhabit travertine formations. We also demonstrated that species of Cheumatopsyche discuss aspects of the biology of this species and (Hydropsychidae) were the dominant members its in¯uence on biogenesis of travertine forma- of the aquatic fauna on the surface of travertines tions. The genus Smicridea is widespread in the Neo- 1 Winner of the Hydrolab Student Award for the Best Poster Presentation in Basic or Applied Research tropical realm where 162 species occur, 16 of at the 50th Annual NABS Meeting, Pittsburgh, Penn- which have been recorded from Venezuela (Flint sylvania, 27 May±1 June 2002. E-mail address: et al. 1999). Known Smicridea larvae build typi- [email protected] cal hydropsychid retreats and capture nets 401 This content downloaded from 134.084.028.154 on June 21, 2017 07:47:01 AM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). 402 H. PAPROCKI ET AL. [Volume 22 This content downloaded from 134.084.028.154 on June 21, 2017 07:47:01 AM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). 2003] NEW SPECIES OF SMICRIDEA AND ITS ROLE IN TRAVERTINE BIOGENESIS 403 (Wiggins 1996); none have been reported pre- TABLE 1. Physicochemical parameters of stream viously from travertine formations. Previous de- water at Quebrada El Toro and Quebrada El Charo, scriptions of larvae and pupae of Smicridea are Estado Lara, Venezuela, measured at 1800 h on 11 and found in Correa et al. (1981), Flint (1974, 1989), 12 June 2001, respectively. and Wiggins (1996). Adult taxonomic works in- Quebrada Quebrada clude Flint (1974) on the North and Central Parameter El Toro El Charo American species, Flint (1989) on the Chilean 8 fauna, and Blahnik (1995) on the fasciatella com- Air temperature ( C) 26.90 26.60 Water temperature plex. (8C) 22.50 24.30 pH 8.10 8.10 Methods O2 (mg/L) (% of saturation) 7.15 (83.0) 6.92 (84.3) Study area Conductivity (mS/cm) 468.80 608.00 Ca (mg/L) 61.60 31.70 We collected the new Smicridea species from 2 Mg (mg/L) 4.73 7.02 streams in the northwestern Venezuelan state of Na (mg/L) 7.60 11.62 Lara within or near Parque Nacional Cueva de K (mg/L) 0.47 0.73 la Quebrada del Toro (see GabaldoÂn 1987, 1992 Cl (mg/L) 14.10 13.00 for description of the park). The undisturbed SO4 (mg/L) 16.00 30.00 vegetation in the region consists of dense, hu- mid, pre-montane forest. The canopy shades most of the riverbed, and contains mostly Ery- fall occurs ;250 m upstream from the collecting thrina poeppigiana (Fabaceae:Papilionoideae), site, just downstream from a large spring that Roystonea regia (Arecaceae), Trichilia hirta (Meli- forms the headwaters. We visited the site in aceae), Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae), and Bau- June, just prior to the rainy season (delayed in hinia spp. (Fabaceae:Caesalpinioideae). The ge- 2001). Stream ¯ow was at bankfull, suggesting ology of the region is characterized by a number that Quebrada El Charo is a perennial stream. of Cenozoic faults, with limestone bedrock Physicochemical parameters of the stream water forming the main component. The rainy season for both sites are shown in Table 1. lasts ;7 to 8 mo (May to November) with mean annual precipitation ranging from 1100 to 2200 Specimen collection and preparation mm. Water dissolves the limestone to produce deep ®ssures and sinkholes, and percolates Adults were primarily attracted to an ultra- through ®ssures contributing to a network of violet light placed in front of a white bed sheet karst. Average annual minimum and maximum and adjacent to the river; additional adults were temperatures in the area are 18 and 248C, re- netted during the day. Adults were collected in- spectively. dividually in potassium cyanide kill jars and We collected adult caddis¯ies at 2 sites, Que- subsequently pinned. Larvae and pupae were brada El Toro, within the National Park (lat removed from the travertine, and 2 travertine 10849.5819 N, long 69807.9909 W), and nearby sections (range 140±850 cm3) were removed Quebrada El Charo (lat 10846.7719 N, long from the upper part of a barrage for examina- 69812.1749 W). The Quebrada El Charo site con- tion of larval retreats in the laboratory. sists of a series of emerald-green pools alternat- Male and female genitalia were cleared in lac- ing with travertine barrages (Fig. 1A). We clas- tic acid for 10 to 30 min at 1258C, and then si®ed these travertines as meteogene travertines rinsed in distilled water; remaining soft tissues (Pentecost and Viles 1994). A 70-m high water- were removed from the genitalia with ®ne- ← FIG.1. Smicridea travertinera habitat and retreat. A.ÐTravertine formations at Quebrada El Charo, Estado Lara, Venezuela. B.ÐRetreat of S. travertinera (scale bar 5 2.7 mm). C.ÐAnterior opening of retreat showing peripheral lip (scale bar 5 0.8 mm). D.ÐCross section of travertine matrix showing larval tunnels (scale bar 5 7 mm). This content downloaded from 134.084.028.154 on June 21, 2017 07:47:01 AM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). 404 H. PAPROCKI ET AL. [Volume 22 tipped forceps. Genitalia were examined in no wing pattern and no white spot on the head. watch glasses with glycerin under an Olympust However, an additional series of S. riita speci- SZX 12 stereomicroscope (up to 2163). Pencil mens examined from another Venezuelan local- drawings were made using a 10 310 mm ocular ity displayed a range of variation from highly grid via transfer to 2.5 3 2.5 cm grid drawing patterned, as in S. travertinera, to indistinctly pat- paper. Drawings were then scanned, and ®nal terned. illustrations of male genitalia were made using t Adobe Illustrator 9.0 . Terminology for male Description genitalic structures follows Schmid (1998). Adults and larvae were associated using the Adult. Length of forewing 4±6 mm. Head metamorphotype method (Wiggins 1996). ¯attened dorsally, with round patch of white se- We assessed larval diet by removing the di- tae on mesodorsal surface. Antennae and thorax gestive tract from 4th instars (n 5 10). Digestive fuscous. Forewing color fuscous, with an apical tracks were placed in alcohol and shredded. Gut fringe of white setae (easily rubbed off), and contents were then examined using an Olym- with 2 transverse bands of white setae, the 1st pust BH-2 compound microscope (up to 5003).
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