ﺣﺒﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﺪوي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن اﻟﺴﻴﺎﳼ ﺑني اﻟﺤﺮﺑني اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺘني the Political History Of

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ﺣﺒﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﺪوي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن اﻟﺴﻴﺎﳼ ﺑني اﻟﺤﺮﺑني اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺘني the Political History Of ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن اﻟﺴﻴﺎﳼ ﺑني اﻟﺤﺮﺑني اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺘني ﺣﺒﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﺪوي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن اﻟﺴﻴﺎﳼ ﺑني اﻟﺤﺮﺑني اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺘني The Political History of Japan between the two World Wars futatsu no tainsen kan noikeru Nippon seiji shi 二つの大戦間における日本政治史 رﻗﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب :19167 اﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب:ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن اﻟﺴﻴﺎﳼ ﺑني اﻟﺤﺮﺑني اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺘني اﳌﺆﻟﻒ :ﺣﺒﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﺪوي اﳌﻮﺿﻮع :ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ :اﻻوﱃ ﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻊ :2013م. 1434ﻫــ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس :17 × 24 ﻋﺪد اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت:278 ﻣﻨﺸﻮرات : دار اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑريوت ـ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن اﻟﺰﻳﺪاﻧﻴﺔ ـ ﺑﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ـ اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﺜﺎين ﺗﻠﻔﻮن: 736093 / 743167 / 743166 ـ 1 ـ 961 + ﻓﺎﻛﺲ : 736071 / 735295 ـ 1 ـ 961 + ص ب : 0749 ـ 11 رﻳﺎض اﻟﺼﻠﺢ ﺑريوت 072060 11 ـ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن ﺑﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﱰوين: e-mail: [email protected] ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ ISBN 978-614-402- 555-0 ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻐﻼف: داين ﺗﺎﺑﺖ اﻹﺧﺮاج اﻟﻔﻨﻲ: إﻧﻌﺎم ﻳﺎﺳني اﻹﻫﺪاء إﱃ زوﺟﺘﻲ داﻧﻴﺎ ﺗــﻮأم روﺣــﻲ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة إﱃ أﻣــﻲ ﺗﻐﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻼيك اﻟﺤـﺎرس ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة إﱃ أﺧﺘﻲ ﻏﻨـﻰ ﻣﻠﻬﻤﺘﻲ اﳌﺒﺪﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة إﱃ إﺑﻨﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﺮﻳﺪ بـﻬـﺠـﺔ ﻗـﻠﺒـﻲ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة 5 6 ﺷﻜﺮ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ Acknowledgments أﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ واﻟﺸﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﻞ إﱃ اﳌﴩف ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﺿﺎﻫﺮ اﻟﺬي راﻓﻖ ﻣﺴرييت اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻋﺎﻳﺘﻪ وﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻪ، ّوأﻣﻦ ﱄ اﻹﺗﺼﺎل اﳌﺒﺎﴍ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻔﺎرة اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑريوت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﱪﳌﺎن اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين ﺗﺰوﻳﺪي ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺘﻤﻬﺎ. وأﺷﻜﺮ اﻟﻘﺎرﺋﺎن اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺣﺴﺎن ﺣﻼق و اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻋﲇ ﺷﻌﻴﺐ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻬام اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ، ﺧﺎﺻﺔ وأﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﱄ ﴍف اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﻬام ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮم ﺣﻴﺚ اﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ اﻟﻜﺜري ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ و اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻳﺪﻳﻬام. وﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ وأن أﺷﻜﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺘﺜﻘﻴﻔﻲ وأﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﻨﺬر ﺟﺎﺑﺮ واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻷﻳﻮيب اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﻬام ﴐورة ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﺟﻬﺘﻲّ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﳌﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺘني ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﴩوع ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ، ﺛﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ. ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ أﺷﻜﺮ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻧﺠﺎد اﻟﺬي زﻛّﺎين ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﺿﺎﻫﺮ ووﺟﻬﻨﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين، وﻛﺎن دامئﺎ اﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻴﻖ واﻟﺒﺼرية وﻗﺖ اﻟﻈﻠﻤﺔ. وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أﺷﻜﺮ اﺳﺘﺎذي داود ﺑريم أول ﻣﻦ آﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﺪرايت. ﻋﲆ اﳌﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺪوﱄ أﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ إﱃ: 1- Andrei Kolomoets, Legal Information Management Officer, United Nations. 2- Frances Rosenbluth, Professor of Political Science, Yale University. 3- Keiko Yokota-Carter, Japanese Studies Coordinator, University of Washington. 4- Sadao Sakai, Director, Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS). 7 5- Stephen Vlastos, Professor of Modern Japanese History, the University of Iowa. 6- Tatsuki Nishioji, Deputy Chairmen, Society For Dissemination of Historical Fact. As the American novelist Edith Wharton said: There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it, those extraordinary educators promote enlightenment to humankind, their goodness comes from inside & reflects outside, they gave me full support in my quest. 8 اﳌﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﺗُﻌﺘﱪاﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻬﺎ وﺷﻌﺒﻬﺎ وﺣﻀﺎرﺗﻬﺎ منﻮذﺟﺎً ﻓﺮﻳﺪاً وراﺋﺪا ًﰲ ﺳﻴﺎق اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻹﻧﺴﺎين وﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮره. ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ دوره أﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﲆ اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﳼ ﻓﺎﻷُﴎة اﻹﻣﱪاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ زاﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻼد اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﳌﴩﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻌﺎم 660 ﻗﺒﻞ اﳌﻴﻼد ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﴐ. وﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ مل ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت ﻋﲆ ّﻣﺮ اﻟﻘﺮون وﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﻋﲆ رأس اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ رﻏﻢ اﻟﺘﻐريات اﻹﺳﱰاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﺮاﺣﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ متﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ وﰲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ أﺧﺮى ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺠﺮد رﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين اﻟﻌﺮﻳﻖ وﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄي ﺗﺄﺛري ﻋﲆ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﳌﺼريﻳﺔ. ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﺑﻘﺎرة آﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ واﻹﺟﺘامﻋﻴﺔ واﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ. إﻻ أن ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ متﺎﻳﺰت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺎرﻋﺖ اﱃ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻬﻀﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺜﻴﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﰲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﴩ دون اﻟﻮﻗﻮع ﺗﺤﺖ اﻹﺳﺘﻌامر اﻟﻐﺮيب اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﻠﺐ ﺧريات اﻟﺸﻌﻮب ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪاً اﱃ اﻟﺸﻌﺎرات ّاﻟﱪاﻗﺔ، ّﻟﻴﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﱃ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺪم ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮ. أﺳﺒﺎب اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﳌﻮﺿﻮع وﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ إن دراﺳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳـﺦ ﻫـﻲ ﻟﻺﺳـﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺎرب اﳌﺎﴈ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء اﳌﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻟﺬﻟـﻚ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑـﺎن اﻟﺤﺪﻳـﺚ ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﺔ واﻗﻌﻴـﺔ ﻟﺪوﻟـﺔ آﺳـﻴﻮﻳﺔ إﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ اﻟﻨﻬـﻮض ﻣﺮﺗـني واﻟﻮﻗـﻮف ﻧـﺪاً ﻟﻠﻘـﻮى اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴـﺔ. ﻓﻔـﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﻀـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺜﻴـﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴـﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﺧـﻼل ﻋـﴫ اﻹﻣﱪاﻃـﻮر ّاﳌﺘﻨـﻮر ﻣﺎﻳﺠـﻲ Meiji (1912-1868) إﻧﺘﻘﻠـﺖ اﻟﻴﺎﺑـﺎن ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﻈـﺎم اﻹﻗﻄﺎﻋـﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋـﻲ اﱃ اﻟﻨﻬـﺞ اﳌﺮﻛـﺰي اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ، ﺣﻴﺚ ُوﻟـﺪت اﻟﺪوﻟـﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜـﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻣﻬـﺎ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎﳼ اﳌﺮﻛـﺰي وإﺣﺘﻜﺎراﺗﻬـﺎ اﳌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ، ﻳﺤﻤﻴﻬـﺎ ﺟﻴـﺶ إﻣﱪاﻃﻮري 9 ّر،ﻣﺘﻄﻮ ﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﻔﻮذ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ وﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻨﺰوع اﻹﺳﺘﻌامري اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺜﻴﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ أﻋﻘﺎب اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ (1941-1945) ﺣﻴﺚ اﻧﺒﻌﺜﺖ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺑني رﻣﺎد اﻟﻘﻨﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ وﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎف دول اﻟﻌﺎمل اﻷول، وﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻋﲆ اﳌﺮاﻛﺰ اﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ رﻳﺎدة دول اﻟﻌﺎمل اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ. ﻣﻨﺬ أرﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮات ﺑﺪأت ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﳌﺼﺎدر واﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻛﻜﻞ، وﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﱰة اﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ. ﻋﲆ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﳌﻌﺮﰲ واﳌﻌﻨﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﺿﺎﻫﺮ، ﺣﻴﺚ إن ﻛﺘﺒﻪ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎمل اﻟﻌﺮيب ﻓﻴام ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين. ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم إﻫامل ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﺆﻟﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﴩق اﻷﻗﴡ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻊ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﺑﺈﺳﻠﻮب ﻛﲇ ّﻣﺒﺴﻂ. ﰲ اﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ، اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻏﺰﻳﺮة ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين، وﻟﻘﺪ ّﺗﻢ اﻹﻗﺘﺒﺎس ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺋﺘني وﺧﻤﺴﺔ وﺧﻤﺴني ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺎً ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺎً ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺎ ًﻣﻊ اﻹﺗﺼﺎل مبﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻴﻬﺎ، وﻣﺮاﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت واﳌﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين، وﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺮﺣﻠﺘني اﱃ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﺳﺎدوا ﺳﺎﻛﺎي Sadoa Sakai ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ. ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ أُﺷري إﱃ أن ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﱪﳌﺎن اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق ﻋﱪ إرﺳﺎل اﻟﱰﺟﻤﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺘﻤﻬﺎ، إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﱃ ﺻﻮر ﻟﻠﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ. ﻛام ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﺎﻛﺎزايك ﰲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﺜري ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠامت اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ، ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ، ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ وﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻳﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﱰﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﱪ إذن ﺧﺎص ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر إﻳﺎن ﻧﻴﺶ Ian Nish. ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴـــﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫـــﺪات اﻟﺪوﻟﻴـــﺔ، ﻓﻘـــﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـــﻲ اﻟﺴـــﻴﺪ أﻧﺪرﻳـــﺎ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻮﺗـــﺲ Andrei Kolomoets ﻣﺴـــﺆول ﻗﺴـــﻢ اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋـــﻖ اﻟﺘﺎﺑـــﻊ ﻟﻸُﻣـــﻢ اﳌﺘﺤـــﺪة UNTC إذﻧـــﺎً ﻟﻺﻃـــﻼع 10 واﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺷﻴﻒ اﻷُﻣﻤﻲ. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﻷﻣريﻛﻴﺔ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ وﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ اﻷﻣرييك ﻫﺎري ﺗﺮوﻣﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺗﺮوﻣﺎن ﰲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﳌﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣريﻛﻴﺔ، ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮرة ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻴﺲ روزﻧﺒﻠﺲ Frances Rosenbluth ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل وﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻳﺎل ﺑﻄﺮد ﺧﺎص إﱃ ﺑريوت. ﻛﺎﻧﺖ وﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺗﺮوﻣﺎن مبﺜﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻜﻨﺰ اﳌﻌﺮﰲ، ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺳﺒﻌﺎ ًوﺳﺒﻌني وﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮاﱄ أﻟﻒ وﻣﺎﺋﺘﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ، اﻟﻜﺜري ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﻮب ﺑﺨﻂ ﻳﺪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ اﻷﻣرييك ﻧﻔﺴﻪ، واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﴐ إﺟﺘامﻋﺎت ﰲ اﻟﺒﻴﺖ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ، ودراﺳﺎت إﺳﱰاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺘﺎﻏﻮن اﻷﻣرييك ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻴﻔﻴﻚ. ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن أُﺷري اﱃ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ رﻗﻢ -34- وﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ أرﺑﻊ ﻣﺪن ﻳﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﻒ اﻟﺬري، وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ رﻗﻢ -37- وﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﻮدة اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ إﻟﻘﺎء اﻟﻘﻨﺒﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ اﻷوﱃ، وﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ ّﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻀريﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻹﺟﺘامع ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ اﻷﻣرييك ﰲ 30 متﻮز 1945، وﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻻﺟﺘامع متﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫريوﺷﻴام ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻢ اﻟﺮﺻﺎص ﻋﲆ اﳌﺴﻮدة. ﻟﺘُﻠﻘﻰ أول ﻗﻨﺒﻠﺔ ذرﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻳﻮم 6 آب 1945 ﻋﲆ اﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ وﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ. إن اﻹﺳﺘﻄﻼع اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬه اﳌﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ إﺳﺘﻠﺰم ﻟﻮﺣﺪه ﺳﻨﺘني ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاءة واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ واﻹﺧﺘﻴﺎر. ﺧﻼل ﺳﻨﻮات اﻟﺒﺤﺚ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﺎرﻛﺖ ﺑﺪورﺗني ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺘني ﰲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻴﺴﻮﻋﻴﺔ، اﻷوﱃ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺎدئ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ، واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ. رﻏﻢ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ، إﻻ أن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻲ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﺳامء اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ، إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﱃ أن اﻟﺪورات اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳّﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜري واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين. ﻛﺎن ﻫـــﺪف اﺧﺘﻴـــﺎر ﺗﺎرﻳـــﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑـــﺎن اﻟﺴـــﻴﺎﳼ ﻣـــﺎ ﺑـــني اﻟﺤﺮﺑـــني اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺘـــني ﻫـــﻮ إﻟﻘـــﺎء اﻟﻀـــﻮء ﻋـــﲆ ﺗﻠـــﻚ اﻟﻔـــﱰة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴـــﺔ اﳌﺠﻬﻮﻟـــﺔ ﻧﻮﻋـــﺎ ًﻣـــﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴـــﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪارﺳـــني واﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜـــني، وﻛﺬﻟـــﻚ اﻹﺳـــﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣـــﻦ ﻫـــﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑـــﺔ اﳌﴩﻗﻴـــﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺤﻜـــﻢ ودور اﳌﺆﺳﺴـــﺔ 11 اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ اﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ. ﻓﺎﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻛﻨﻤﻮذج آﺳﻴﻮي ّﺗﺪرﺟﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﻴﻮداﱄ إﱃ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ اﻹﻣﱪاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ، ﻟﺘﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﰲ ّﻇﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪميﻘﺮاﻃﻲ. ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑُﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﲆ اﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ وﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ إﻇﻬﺎر ّوﺟﻬﺘﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ. ﻋﺎﻟﺠﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن واﻟﴩق اﻷﻗﴡ، وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ وﺟﺰر ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻴﻔﻴﻚ، ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﱃ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﳌﻮﺿﻮع ﻛﻜﻞ ﻋﱪ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ واﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ. ّﺗﻢ اﻟﻠﺠﻮء اﱃ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ووﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺣﺪث ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ إﻏﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺎﻷدﻟﺔ واﻟﱪاﻫني، وﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪاً ﻋﻦ اﻟﴪد اﻟﻘﺼﴢ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ اﻟﱪﻫﺎن واﻟﺴﻨﺪ. ّﺗﻢ اﻻﻋﺘامد ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺪاﺧﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﴍح وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ أﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين ﰲ اﻟﻔﱰة اﳌﻤﺘﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم 1868 ﻣﻊ ﻇﻬﻮر اﻹﻣﱪاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻌﺎم 1952 ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻹﺣﺘﻼل اﻷﻣرييك اﳌﺒﺎﴍ وﻋﺎدت اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن دوﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ. ّﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪة ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪة. أﻣﺎ اﳌﺪاﺧﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ: 1 ـ اﳌﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ: ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻷﺣﺪاث ﻋﱪ اﳌﺪى اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ، ﻣﻊ وﺿﻊ ﺟﺪول ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ زﻣﻨﻲ Chronology ﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ، وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﳌﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ اﳌﻬﻤﺔ متّﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺪﻻت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ، ﻣﻊ إﻋﻄﺎء ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼت واﺿﺤﺔ ّﻣﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ واﳌﺮاﺟﻊ. 2 ـ اﳌﺪﺧﻞ اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدي: ﻋﱪه ّﺗﻢ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪة، ﻋﻠامً أن اﻟﺘﻐﻴريات اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ووﻻدة اﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎرات ُاﻟﻜﱪى ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ أﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ وﻧﺰوﻋﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺴﺎب دول اﻟﺠﻮار اﻵﺳﻴﻮي وﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﻹﺻﻄﺪام ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺴﻜﺮ اﻟﻐﺮيب ﻣﺒﺎﴍة. 12 3 ـ اﳌﺪﺧﻞ اﻻﺟﺘامﻋﻲ: ﻫﻨﺎ ّﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ أﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ واﻟﺘﻐﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﲆ اﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين واﻷُﴎة اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ، وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أﺛﺮ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮة ﻋﲆ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻴﺶ ﻫﺬا اﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﳌﺪين اﻟﺬي ّﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﺒﻌﺎت اﻟﺤﺮب ﻋﲆ أرض اﻟﻮﻃﻦ وﰲ اﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات، وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺑﻼد اﻹﻏﱰاب اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎين ﰲ اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻷﻣريﻛﻴﺔ. 4 ـ اﳌﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ: ﺗﻨﺎول ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻷُﻣﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ، ّوﺗﻄﻮر أﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺎت ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ. وﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ متﺖ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﱃ دور اﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﻮن ﰲ ﻧﴩ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺸﺪدة، ودﻋﻢ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮ ﰲ ﻃﻤﻮﺣﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻹﻣﱪﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ. إن اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﳼ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ، ﻓﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﳼ اﻹﺳﻬﺎب اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻊ ﴍح اﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺗﻪ. داﺧﻠﻴﺎً, ﻛﺎن اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮادة اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ومتﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻹﻣﱪاﻃﻮر اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ ﳌﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ وإن ّﺗﺼﺪت ﻟﻪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ أُﻣﻤﻴﺔ. أﻣﺎ اﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺗُﻨﺎدي ﺑﺂﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﻶﺳﻴﻮﻳني، وﻟﻘﺪ آﻣﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟامﻫري اﻟﺸﻌﻮب اﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻧﻀﻤﺖ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﰲ ﴏاﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﳌُﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮ اﻟﻐﺮيب إﻻ أن اﻟﻘﺎدة اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳني اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴني إرﺗﻜﺒﻮا أﺧﻄﺎء ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ ﺑﺤﻖ اﻟﺸﻌﻮب اﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ داﻧﺖ ﻟﺤﻜﻤﻬﻢ. أﻣﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ، ﻓﻘﺪ ّﺗﺒﻨﺖ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻃﺮﻳﻖ َاﳌﺤﻮر اﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺘﺎري ﻓﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻣﻊ أﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻨﺎزﻳﺔ وإﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺷﺴﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮاﺟﻪ اﻹﻣﱪﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻷﻧﺠﻠﻮ-أﻣريﻛﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ. إرﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ، ّﻓﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﺰاﻋﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺤﺮوب اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪة ﻣﻊ ذﻛﺮ أﺑﺮز اﳌﻌﺎرك، وﰲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻃﻐﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮي ﻋﲆ اﳌﺆﺛﺮات اﻷُﺧﺮى، ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ اﻟﺠﺰر اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ. ﻓﻴــام ﻳﺘﻌﻠّــﻖ ﺑﺈﺧــﺮاج اﻟﺮﺳــﺎﻟﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴــﺔ اﻟﺸــﻜﻞ، وﻋـــﺮض اﳌﻀﻤــﻮن واﻟﱰﻗﻴــﻢ ﻓﻘــﺪ ﺗــﻢ وﻓﻘــﺎً ﻟــﴩوط اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌــﺔ ﰲ اﳌــﺎدة اﻟﺴــﺎﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﻌﴩﻳــﻦ.
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