sU )yj i 1 ii*f-«tf'(rt**lhi itftttttplli! Hi a^atnM Iniuetaitg Blibrarg JItljara. Nsw ^atk CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WrLLlAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 The date shows when this volume was taken. To renew this book copy the call No. and give to the librarian. Date Due A& iPR4^J68JO ^^^*^M&°%H jfefr^ o ^jj^^^TO^ ||iAY-^-^-19 59H4J^ m) if'iigaai^, PRINTED IN U. S. A CAT. NO. Z3233 (**r Cornell University Library DS 740.4.P21 1922 histor The foreign relations of China:a 3 1924 023 136 124 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023136124 THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF CHINA Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, Including the Findings of the Washington Conference Indexed The Foreign Relations of China By M. JOSHUA BAU, M.A., Ph.D 8vo cloth $4.00 N. Y. Times Review says: "The book is a remarkable one, not only in the wealth of its contents, its scientific ar- rangement, its crystalline style, its copi- ous bibliography, but also in the tem- perate and restrained tone of the author." N. Y. Tribune says: "In scores of books of European and American origin, many of them admirable, we have failed to find as much pertinent, pregnant and profitable truth about China's external relationships, past, present and prospec- tive, as is lucidly set forth in this single volume." N. Y. Herald says: "It fills a place hitherto vacant. There is nothing in English covering the same field ade- quately. It is a monument of original research, made for the most part from primary sources such as treaties, diplo- matic documents, etc." The Foreign Relations of China: A History and a Survey BY Mingchien Joshua Bau, M.A., Ph.D. Graduate Tsing-hua College, Yale, Columbia and Johns Hopkins Universities. Sometime Holder Carnegie Endowment International Law Fellowship. Formerly Editor The China Advocate. Author of "The Open Door Doctrine," etc. REVISED AND ENLARGED EDinON New Youk Chicago Fleming H. Revell Company London and .Edinburgh Copyright, 1922, by FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY W ^%Si- New York: 158 Fifth Avenue Chicago : 17 North Wabash Ave. London: 21 Paternoster Square Edinburgh: 75 Princes Street DEDICATED TO MY SUFFERING PEOPLE IN CHINA PREFACE The purpose of this work is to study the foreign re- lations of China, and to work out for her a foreign policy. To achieve this object, the author was com- pelled to study the foreign relations of China as a whole, rather than to confine himself to any particular phase of the subject. Conscious of the danger of its extending over too wide a field, he has limited the scope of his work to the salient features only, omitting the minor and un- important ones. Aware also of the possible risk of sac- rificing quality to quantity in undertaking a task of these dimensions, he has, so far as time and sources of in- formation permitted, brought each chapter to the requi- site standard. In undertaking this work the author was confronted at every turn by the difficulty due to the absence of any regular official publication of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. While there are a few separate pamphlets that have been issued, there is no series of publications comparable with the Foreign Relations of the United States or the State Papers of Great Britain. Hence the author was obliged to resort to the archives of the Foreign Offices of other nations to find the neces- sary material. As far as feasible, he has endeavored to use first-hand sources, such as treaties, diplomatic docu- ments, substantiated facts of history, etc., iand has used vi PREFACE • secondary sources, only in so far as they helped him reach the originals and understand the same. Conscious of the danger of expressing ill-considered opinions or of reaching injudicious conclusions relating to so grave a subject as the foreign relations of China, the author has entered into the work with an open mind, and has aimed only to reach the truth. Particularly with respect to Japan, with which country China has lately had such serious differences, he has attempted to study her policy and problems from the point of view of herself striving to arrive at the real difficulties and causes behind the actions of that Empire. It is his conviction that, as the interests and destinies of the two countries are so interwoven, China cannot solve her own problems without at the same time solving those of Japan; nor can Japan solve hers without at the same time solving those of China. To this end, he has striven to obtain a solution for both countries at the same time. The author has undertaken his work with a sense of duty to his country and to humanity. Probably there is no question in the history of China which deserves the attention of her citizens more than her foreign relations and the formulation of a proper and fitting foreign policy to meet the situation. Ever since the opening of the country, the history of China has been dominated by foreign contacts. Hence a proper understanding of the foreign relations of China and a formulation of an ap- propriate foreign policy are indispensable to her pres- ervation and well-being. Going a step further, China's destiny and welfare are intimately associated with the destiny and welfare, not only of the neighboring states PREFACE vii of the Far East, but also of the entire world. Carrying, as her citizens feel, the mission of promoting world peace, China's foreign relations and policy will probably be the keynote, or at least an essential factor, in world peace. In doing this work, therefore, the author feels that he is discharging a duty to his nation, and an obligation to mankind. The book is divided into six parts, and thirty-two chapters. As an understanding of the diplomatic history of China i^ necessary to the study of the whole subject, Part I covers the diplomatic history of China, divided into four periods, the opening of China (1689-1860), the loss of dependencies (1860-1895), the international struggle for concessions (1895-1911), and international cooperation and control (1911 ), each constituting a chapter. Part II treats of the policies of the Great Powers in China,—Russia, France, Germany, Great Britain and the United States. As Japan occupies such an important and dominant position in the foreign re- lations of China, Part III is devoted exclusively to the policy of Japan in China. It being necessary to observe the impairments of China's sovereignty, so as to lead to suggestions as to the policy of recovery. Part IV relates to the various forms of impairment, such as extraterri- toriality and consular jurisdiction, concessions and settle- ments, leased territories, spheres of influence or interest, the most favored nation clause as applied in China, and tariff autonomy. Part V deals with questions arising since the war,—the New International Banking Con- sortium, the League of Nations and China, and the Shantung Question,—pointing out the significance in, and viii PREFACE • the effect upon, the international relations of China, and, in the case of the Shantung Question, offering a solution for the problem. Part VI formulates a foreign policy for China, including the policy of preservation, the policy of recovery, the policy of the Golden Rule and the policy of world welfare, ending with a special policy toward Japan. The author wishes to acknowledge his deep indebted- ness to all the authors whose works he has consulted, piany of which appear in the references or footnotes, to the Department of State for valuable assistance in ob- taining some necessary docimients, to J. P. Morgan & Company, New York, for the information regarding the New International Banking Consortium, to his revered teacher. Professor W. W. Willoughby, Johns Hopkins University, for helpful guidance, and to Professor Harlan P. Beach, Yale University, for kindly criticisms. MiNGCHiEN Joshua Bau. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. PREFACE TO NEW EDITION The purpose of the new edition of this work is to incorporate the actions of the Washington Conference. In Part I, the sketch of the diplomatic history is brought down to the close of the Conference. In Part II, the policies of France, Great Britain and the United States, have been retouched in the light of the actions of the Conference. In Part III, which deals with the policy of Japan, all the chapters have been more or less retouched. The chapter on The Twenty-one Demands as an Illustra- tion of Japan's Policies in China has been eliminated, for in view of the Shantung Settlement, the three conces- sions made by Japan relating to the Treaties of May 25, 1915, the Nine Power Treaty, the contention of the chapter holds true no longer. In its place, a new chapter has been added entitled "The Change of Japan's Policy After the Washington Conference." In Part IV, which relates to the Impairments of China's sovereignty, the chapters on Extraterritoriality and Con- sular Jurisdiction, Leased Territories, Spheres of In- fluence or Interest, and Tariff Autonomy, have all been brought up to date, incorporating the important measures of the Washington Conference relating thereto. The scope of the chapter on The Most Favored Nation Treat- ment has been slightly broadened to include the new de- velopment as found in the Sino-German Commercial Agreement, May 20, 1921. In Part V, with respect to X PREFACE TO NEW EDITION • the New Problems Arising Since the War, the chapter on The Shantung Question has been rewritten to include the Shantung Settlement, though still retaining the original analysis of the question, and a new chapter has been added, entitled The Washington Conference and China, to indicate the actions of the Conference with regard to China and their effect upon the Powers and China.