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THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS of the CHINESE EMPIRE All Rights Reserved \ \ \ ^\ vC^^ \ \ ^^M GORNELL LAW LIBRARY 74 . 4 HU7 nio QJom^U ICaui i>rl)0nl library Cornell University Library JX 1570.M88 V.3 The international reiatlons of the Chine 3 1924 017 552 310 The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924017552310 THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE All rights reserved Lt Hung-chang in 1896. THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE BY HoseA Ballou Morse, ll.d. AUTHOR OF "the TRADE AND ADI^HTStKATION OF CHINA" "the gilds of CHINA," ETC. VOLUME III THE PERIOD OF SUBJECTION 1894-1911 WITH ILLUSTBATIONS, DIAGRAMS, 'AND MAPS LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 3» PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA 1918 <^Sc)f3 PEINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HAZELL, WATSON AND VINET, LDJ. LONDON AND ATLESBDET. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I KOREA, CHINA AND JAPAN PAQB 1. Korea tributary tb China 2 2. French expedition to Korea, 1866 . 2 3. Visits of American war-ships, 1867-68 3 4. Piratical raid to Korea, 1868 . 3 5. American diplomatic mission proposed 4 6. German and Russian attempts, 1869 4 7. China disclaims responsibility for Korea, 1871 . 5 8. Hostile reopption of American mission, May 31, 1871 9. Korean forts silenced ; mission failed ; June-July . 10. First treaty between China and Japan, Sept. 13, 1871 11. Treaty between Japan and Korea, Feb. 26, 1 876 12. Korean treaties with Western powers, 1882-86 9 13. Anti-foreignriotatSeoul, July 23, 1882 . 10 14. Yuen Shih-kai and P. G. von Mollendorff sent to Korea 10 15. Gov/pd'katB.tSeouL,'Deo.i,1884: .... 11 16. Convention between China and Japan, April 18, 1885 11 17. Mr. von Mollendorff intrigues with Russia 12 18. British occupy Port Hamilton, May 12 ; Mr. H. F. Merrill sent to Korea, Oct., 1885 12 19. Mr. Merrill's mission to maintain China-Korean connexion 13 20. Mr. O. N. Denny app'ointed advise^^i0 Korean king, Jan., 1886 14 21. He sets Korea against Chinese connexion 15 22. Yuen Shih-kai upholds Chinese connexion 15. 23. Korean envoy received at Washington, Jan. 17, 1888 ; Denny withdraws from Korean service, Dec, 1888 17 24. Increasing rivalry of China and Japan in Korea 18 25. Tonghak rising in Korea, March-May, 1894 . 19 26. Assassination of Kim Ok-kiun, March 28 20 27. China invited to suppress Tonghaks ; both China and Japan send troops ..... 21 28. Japan rejects China's claim to suzerainty 21 2 9. Simultaneous withdrawal acceptable to China, rejected by Japan 22 30. Japanese seize royal palace at Seoul and change administration, July 23 . 23 31. Chinese chartered transport Koivshing sunk, July 26 24 32. Action of Yashan, July 29 ; war declared, Aug. 1 . 24 . VI TABtE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER II THE WAK WITH JAPAN affairs 27 1. China's aim in Korean status quo 27 2. China wished only to maintain conquest 28 3! Japan inspired by spirit of factor . 29 i. Problems of extraterritoriality a mediation, July, 1894 30 5! Proposals for foreign Shanghai declared outside war zone 30 a. 31 Chinese mob attack on British steamer . 7. 32 Japanese victory at Pingyang, Sept. 16 . 8 32 Navalbattleof theYalu(Haiyang), Sept. 17 . 9. 33 10. Perturbation of the Chinese .... Renewed proposals for foreign mediation, Oct. 34 11! 34 Oct.-Deo. 12! Japanese progress in Manchuria, mediation, 35 13 Prince Kung renews proposals for Nov massacre; Nov. 21. 36 U. Capture of Port Arthur ; 17-26 37 15. Cross-currents of negotiation, Nov. with 38 le. Chinese officials severely dealt fleet, Feb. 1895 39 17 Surrender of Weihaiwei and 12, and Shao Yu-lien, Jan 40 18! Peace embassy of Chang Yin-hwan unsatisfactory, Feb. 2 41 19! Their credentials declared Jan.-March . 42 20! Japanese progress in Manchuria, ambassador, Feb. 15 42 21 Li Hung-chang appointed special March 20 43 22. Negotiations opened at Shimonoseki, Japanese fanatic, March 24 44 23. Chinese ambassador wounded by Japan . 44 24! Some concessions thereupon made by April 17 45 25. Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed . 46 26. Independence of Korea . retroceded to Chma 47 27. Liaotung, ceded to Japan, Commotion in Formosa against cession . 48 28. 48 29! Republic of Formosa declared, May 24 . war party . 49 30! Movement engineered by Chinese 2 50 31 Li Ching-fang delivers Formosa to Japan, June collapse of republic . 51 32! Japanese land May 29 ; north, June south, Oct. 52 33! Formosa occupied ; ; 52 34. Franco-Russian loan, July, 1895 . 53 35! Anglo-German loans, 1896, 1898 . after defeat 54 36. Chinese hostility to missions 65 37. Results of the war CHAPTER III POSTAL DEVELOPMENT of China apparently inevitable 57 1 Dismemberment government couriers 58 2 China's Post : the Ichan, 3 The Wenpao Chii, or Despatch Office 58 4 The Formosa postal experiment . 59 for Chinese correspondence 69 5. Letter hongs TABLE OF CONTENTS Vll PAQB 6. Foreign post-offices for foreign correspondence 60 7. Three elements opposing a Chinese Post 61 8. Legation mails carried by China in winter 61 9. Beginnings of a customs postal service . 62 10. Issues of Chinese postage stamps . 62 11. Reluctance to assume the work of foreign post-offices 63 12. Post established by imperial decree, March 20, 1896 64 13. Difficulties encountered in organising Post 66 14. Post built up on foundation of customs establishment 66 15. A Chinese service thus built up 67 16. Union practice and rules observed 17. Arrangement made with foreign steamers 18. Adhesion to Postal Union deferred until 1914 19. Letter hongs fought, but not coerced 70 20. Post severed from Customs, 1911 ; its progress 71 chapter iv railwaV development 1. China content with its communications . 72 2. Proposed railway Shanghai-Soochow, 1863, rejected 73 3. SirM. Stephenson's proposals, 1863, rejected . 74 4. Railway line laid Shanghai-Wusvmg, 1875-76 . 75 5. Line bought by China and removed 76 6. The Kaiping steam tramway, 1880 76 7. The Formosa railway, 1887 .... 77 8. Kaiping tramway extended to Tientsin, 1888 78 9. Opposition to proposed extension to Peking . 79 10. Extension to Shanhaikwan and into Manchuria, 1891 80 11. Completion of Imperial Railways of North China 81 12. Li Hung-chang's influence supports Russia 82 13. Agreements with Russia regarding Manchuria, 1896 82 14. Russo-ChineSe Bank and Transiberian Railway 83 15. The Chinese Eastern Railway 84 1 6. The Bureau of Control for Railways and Mines 85 17. Peking-Hankow line : struggle for control 86 18. Memorialby Mr. G. Detring, 1897 87 19. Construction entrusted to Belgians 87 20. German lines in Shantung .... 88 21. Anglo-German line Tientsin to Yangtze 89 22. Final settlement on Pukow terms . 90 23. French lines in South China .... 90 24. Hankow-Canton line : American contract 91 25. Line redeemed by China by English loan 92 26. Attitude of British government to railway claims 94 27. British lines in Yangtze basin ... 95 28. British Une in Honan : redeemed by China . 96 29. Other railways in China .... 97 30. Japanese railways in Manchuria . 98 31. Formation of Four-power Group ... 98 32. Hukwang railways undertaken by it . Table of the railways of China : Appendix B VIU TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER V THE IMPENDING BEEAK-UP OF CHINA 1. China shifts her diplomatic base .... 2. Li Hung-chang's mission to the Western powers, 1896 3. Avowed objects of the embassy .... 4. Secret agreement with Russia .... 5. Russia dominates Korea, then withdraws, 1896-97 . 6. Murder of German missionaries in Shantung, Nov. 1, 1897 7. Kiaochow occupied, Nov. 14 ; reparation demanded 8. Bellicose and spectacular attitude of Germany 9. Kiaochow Bay ceded on lease ; privileges in Shantung 10. Tsingtau declared a freihafen, under Chinese customs 11. Opinions on Germany's conduct .... 12. Russia obtains cession of Port Arthur and Talienwan, March 27 1898 13. France obtains cession of Kwangchow-wan, April 11 14. England's strong protest against German demands . 16. British opposition withdrawn .... 16. England proposes loan £12,000,000 to China, Jan. 8, 1898 17. French and Russian objections to loan . 18. Russia protests against British ships at Port Arthur 1 9. China coerced into refusing government loan, Feb. 3 20. England cannot prevent cession of Port Arthur 21. England obtains cession of Weihaiwei . 22. Self-denying assurance given to Germany 23. England obtains extension of territory, Hongkong . 24. Declarations of non-aiienation of territory 2a. Limitations on these declarations .... 26. Declarations for control of Customs and Posts 27. Extension of foreign settlements at Shanghai . 28. Compensating gains by England .... 29. Italy demands cession of Sanmen Bay, 1899 ; rejected 30. American dismay at exclusion from developing China 31. Mr. John Hay asserts policy of open door for trade, 1899 32. Abasement of China not yet complete . CHAPTER VI THE HUNDRED DAYS OF REFORM 1. Growing demand for reform in administration . 2. Early steps taken to initiate reforms .... 3. Canton a centre of radical reform ..... 4. Sun Yat-sen, revolutionary reformer, his character . 5. Kang Yu-wei, constitutional reformer, his character 6. Rapid spread of reform feeling, spring, 1 898 . 7. Two parties in the state, northern and southern 8. Kang Yu-wei introduced to personal notice of emperor . 9. First reform decrees and their prophylactic, June 11, 13, 1898 10. Dallying with reform in high places .... " 11. Summary of Chang Chih-tung's essay, Learn" . 12. Emperor's principal reform decrees^ June 20-Sept. 16 13. A pyramid standing on its apex ..... 14. The later decrees struck at all ofBcial privilege 15. Dismissal of Li Hung-ohang and other ministers, Sept.
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