COPPERBELT Urban & Social Change in Central Africa’S Borderland Communities Central Africa’S Borderland Communities Urban & Social Change In
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Xxxxxxxxxx ACROSS THE COPPERBELT Urban & Social Change in Central Africa’s Borderland Communities Central Africa’s Borderland Communities Africa’s Central Urban & Social Change in Enid Geune, Benoît Henriet, Enid Geune, Benoît Henriet, Iva Peša and Rachel Taylor Iva Edited by Miles Larmer, by Edited Edited by Miles Larmer, Enid Geune, Benoît Henriet, Iva Peša and Rachel Taylor Across the Copperbelt RELATED JAMES CURREY TITLES ON CENTRAL & SOUTHERN AFRICA Roots of Rural Poverty in South Central Africa Robin Palmer & Neil Parsons Diamonds, Dispossession and Democracy in Botswana Kenneth Good Crossing the Zambezi: The Politics of Landscape on a Central African Frontier Jo-Ann McGregor Circular Migration in Zimbabwe and Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa Deborah Potts Remaking Mutirikwi: Landscape, Water & Belonging in Southern Zimbabwe Joost Fontein The War Within: New Perspectives on the Civil War in Mozambique, 1976-1992 Eric Morier-Genoud et al. Faith, Power and Family: Christianity and Social Change in French Cameroon Charlotte Walker-Said Manhood, Morality & the Transformation of Angolan Society: MPLA Veterans & Post-war Dynamics John Spall Protestant Missionaries & Humanitarianism in the DRC: The Politics of Aid in Cold War Africa Jeremy Rich The Politics of the Dead in Zimbabwe 2000–2015: Bones, Rumours & Spirits* Joost Fontein Competing Catholicisms: The Jesuits, the Vatican & the Making of Postcolonial French Africa* Jean Luc Enyegue, SJ * forthcoming Across the Copperbelt Urban & Social Change in Central Africa’s Borderland Communities Edited by Miles Larmer, Enid Guene, Benoît Henriet, Iva Peša & Rachel Taylor James Currey is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge Suffolk IP12 3DF (GB) www.jamescurrey.com and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt Hope Avenue Rochester, NY 14620–2731 (US) www.boydellandbrewer.com © Contributors 2021 First published 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). This title is available under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC This book is based on research that is part of a project that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no: 681657): ‘Comparing the Copperbelt: Political Culture and Knowledge Production in Central Africa’ A catalogue record for this book is available on request from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84701-266-1 (James Currey paperback) ISBN 978-1-80010-148-7 (James Currey ePDF) The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Cover photo: The Copperbelt town of Chingola. (Stephanie Lämmert) To Grant Chisapa, Pierrot Monzi Kalonga, and all the Copperbelt researchers who made this work possible Contents List of Illustrations ix Notes on Contributors xii Acknowledgements xvi List of Abbreviations xix Introduction 1 Miles Larmer, Enid Guene, Benoît Henriet, Iva Peša and Rachel Taylor PART 1: MICRO-STUDIES OF URBAN LIFE 1 Beyond Paternalism: Pluralising Copperbelt Histories 27 Iva Peša and Benoît Henriet 2 Being a Child of the Mines: Youth Magazines and Comics in the Copperbelt 52 Enid Guene 3 Divergence and Convergence on the Copperbelt: White Mineworkers in Comparative Perspective, 1911–1963 77 Duncan Money 4 Football on the Zambian and Katangese Copperbelts: Leisure and Fan Culture from the 1930s to the Present 101 Hikabwa D. Chipande 5 Beware the Mineral Narrative: The Histories of Solwezi Town and Kansanshi Mine, North-Western Zambia, c. 1899–2020 122 Rita Kesselring PART 2: THE LOCAL COPPERBELT AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 6 Kingdoms and Associations: Copper’s Changing Political Economy during the Nineteenth Century 155 David M. Gordon vii viii Contents 7 Of Corporate Welfare Buildings and Private Initiative: Post-Paternalist Ruination and Renovation in a Former Zambian Mine Township 179 Christian Straube 8 From a Colonial to a Mineral Flow Regime: The Mineral Trade and the Inertia of Global Infrastructures in the Copperbelt 207 Hélène Blaszkiewicz 9 Houses Built on Copper: The Environmental Impact of Current Mining Activities on ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Zambian Copperbelt Communities 233 Jennifer Chibamba Chansa PART 3: PRODUCING AND CONTESTING KNOWLEDGE OF URBAN SOCIETIES 10 ‘The British, the French and even the Russians use these methods’: Psychology, Mental Testing and (Trans)Imperial Dynamics of Expertise Production in Late-Colonial Congo 267 Amandine Lauro 11 The Production of Historical Knowledge at the University of Lubumbashi (1956–2018) 296 Donatien Dibwe dia Mwembu 12 The Decolonisation of Community Development in Haut-Katanga and the Zambian Copperbelt, 1945–1990 321 Miles Larmer and Rachel Taylor 13 Reimagining the Copperbelt as a Religious Space 347 Stephanie Lämmert Select Bibliography 373 Index 403 Illustrations Introduction Miles Larmer, Enid Guene, Benoît Henriet, Iva Peša and Rachel Taylor Map 0.1 The Copperbelt region xxii Beyond Paternalism: Pluralising Copperbelt Histories Iva Peša and Benoît Henriet Table 1.1 Mufulira mine employees and total urban population 50 Table 1.2 Likasi mine employees and total urban population 51 Being a Child of the Mines: Youth Magazines and Comics in the Copperbelt Enid Guene Figure 2.1 ‘Frida and Friday’, Speak Out! May–June 1986, back cover 74 Beware the Mineral Narrative: The Histories of Solwezi Town and Kansanshi Mine, North-Western Zambia, c. 1899–2020 Rita Kesselring Map 5.1 Zambia’s North-Western province 123 Map 5.2 Solwezi town and Kansanshi mine today 124 Figure 5.1 European residents in Solwezi boma and Kansanshi mine 1910–1931 130 Figure 5.2 Number of African residents, Solwezi 1916–1929 132 Figure 5.3 Population growth Solwezi District and Solwezi Central Constituency 141 Kingdoms and Associations: Copper’s Changing Political Economy during the Nineteenth Century David M. Gordon Figure 6.1 Copper ingots from Sanga, Haut-Lomami, Katanga: from 13th to 15th century, 4cm in length 166 ix x Illustrations Figure 6.2 Copper ingots from Sanga, Haut-Lomami, Katanga: likely 16th to 18th century, 6cm in length 167 Figure 6.3 Copper ingots from Sanga, Haut-Lomami, Katanga: 24.2cm x 18.3cm fishinkoro cross, likely 19th century 167 Figure 6.4 Mitako wire coil collected by Henry M. Stanley, in the style collected by Livingstone and described by Capelo and Ivens 167 Of Corporate Welfare Buildings and Private Initiative: Post-Paternalist Ruination and Renovation in a Former Zambian Mine Township Christian Straube Figure 7.1 The coat of arms of the Roan-Mpatamatu mine township 183 Figure 7.2 1964 ‘locality plan’ showing Mpatamatu’s newly constructed Sections 21, 22, 23 and 24 as part of Luanshya’s corporate mine townships 184 Figure 7.3 1957 plan of Section 21, Mpatamatu’s first section 187 Figure 7.4 Photo, ‘Welcome to half China’ 197 Figure 7.5 Photo of Section 25 clinic as polling station 198 Figure 7.6 Photo of Section 21 clinic 202 From a Colonial to a Mineral Flow Regime: The Mineral Trade and the Inertia of Global Infrastructures in the Copperbelt Hélène Blaszkiewicz Map 8.1 Schematic map of corridors linking the Copperbelt to international markets 211 Figure 8.1 Zambian copper export routes, 1966–1983 218 Houses Built on Copper: The Environmental Impact of Current Mining Activities on ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Zambian Copperbelt Communities Jennifer Chibamba Chansa Figure 9.1 Water point in Kankoyo 242 Figure 9.2 Water point in Kankoyo 242 Figure 9.3 Cracked houses in Mufulira 245 Figure 9.4 Cracked houses in Mufulira 246 Illustrations xi Figure 9.5 Northern settlement, Kalumbila 257 Figure 9.6 Northern settlement, Kalumbila 257 The editors, contributors and publisher are grateful to all the institutions and persons listed in the illustration captions for permission to reproduce the materials in which they hold copyright. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders; apologies are offered for any omission, and the publisher will be pleased to add any necessary acknowledgement in subsequent editions. Notes on Contributors Hélène Blaszkiewicz holds a doctorate in geography from the University of Lyon. Her research focuses on trade and the differentiated uses of infra- structures networks which enable the circulations of things on the border between Zambia and the DR Congo. Her research interests also include African economic policies and industrialisation. She is currently a postdoc- toral researcher at the University of Geneva (Switzerland). Jennifer Chibamba Chansa holds a doctorate in African Studies and is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of the Free State in South Africa. She also holds a BA in History and Library and Information Studies from the University of Zambia, and an MA in African Studies from the University of Basel in Switzerland. Jennifer’s research interests include mining, labour and environmental history, and African anthropology. Her PhD research focused on environmental pollution, management and regula- tion within Zambia’s ‘old’ (Copperbelt) and ‘new’ (North-Western) mining regions. Jennifer’s interest in the mining industry stems from her childhood experiences, having been born and raised in Mufulira town. Hikabwa D. Chipande is Coordinator/Head of the African Union Sports Council at the headquarters in Yaoundé, Cameroon. He is also lecturer of sports studies in the School of Education at the University of Zambia. Chipande has written and published several journal articles and book chapters focusing on the political and social history of sport, particularly football in Africa. He has received several research grants, including the FIFA Joao Havelange Research Scholarship. Donatien Dibwe dia Mwembu holds a doctorate in History (from the University of Laval in Quebec, Canada).