RAKENNETTU AREENATÄHTEYS Rock-Konsertti Globalisoituvana Mediaspektaakkelina 1965–2013

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RAKENNETTU AREENATÄHTEYS Rock-Konsertti Globalisoituvana Mediaspektaakkelina 1965–2013 RAKENNETTU AREENATÄHTEYS Rock-konsertti globalisoituvana mediaspektaakkelina 1965–2013 Kimi Kärki TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJATURUN YLIOPISTON – ANNALES JULKAISUJA UNIVERSITATIS – ANNALES TURKUENSIS UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS SarjaSarja - ser. - Cser. osa XX - osatom. - 397 | Scripta tom. XX | Astronomica Lingua Fennica - Chemica Edita | Turku - Physica -2014 Mathematica | Turku 20xx Turun yliopisto Humanistinen tiedekunta Historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos Kulttuurihistoria Juno-tohtoriohjelma & PhD Programme in Popular Culture Studies Työn ohjaajat: Professori Hannu Salmi Vieraileva professori Bruce Johnson Kulttuurihistoria Kulttuurihistoria Historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden Historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos tutkimuksen laitos Turun yliopisto Turun yliopisto Tarkastajat: Professori Helmi Järviluoma-Mäkelä Dosentti Sven-Erik Klinkmann Kulttuurintutkimus Abo Akademi & Svenska Suomen kieli ja kulttuuritieteet Litteratursällskapet i Finland Itä-Suomen yliopisto Vastaväittäjä: Professori Helmi Järviluoma-Mäkelä Kulttuurintutkimus Suomen kieli ja kulttuuritieteet Itä-Suomen yliopisto Kannen kuva: kompositio Pink Floydin (Live at Pompeii, The Dark Side of the Moon, The Wall), The Rolling Stonesin (Bridges To Babylon), U2:n (Pop) ja Peter Gabrielin (US, Growing Up Live) levynkansista. Kaikki oikeudet teoksen kuviin tekijänoikeuksien haltijoilla. Taitto Kimi Kärki Turun yliopiston laatujärjestelmän mukaisesti tämän julkaisun alkuperäisyys on tarkastettu Turnitin OriginalityCheck-järjestelmällä. ISBN 978-951-29-5907-5 (Painettu/Print) ISBN 978-951-29-5908-2 (Pdf/Sähköinen) ISSN 0082-6995 Painosalama Oy – Turku, 2014 Tiivistelmä TURUN YLIOPISTO Humanistinen tiedekunta Historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos Kulttuurihistoria KIMI KÄRKI: Rakennettu areenatähteys. Rock-konsertti globalisoituvana mediaspektaakkelina 1965–2013 Väitöskirja, 251 sivua, 4 liitesivua Tohtoriohjelma Juno & PhD Programme in Popular Culture Studies (PPCS) Joulukuu 2014 Kulttuurihistorian alaan kuuluva artikkeliväitöskirja edustaa populaarikulttuurin ja tar- kemmin populaarimusiikin tutkimusta kiinnittyen ennen muuta audiovisuaalisen media- kulttuurin muutokseen 1960-luvulta tähän päivään. Väitöskirja käsittelee Pink Floydin, The Rolling Stonesin, U2:n ja Peter Gabrielin areenakonserttikiertueita ja kyseisten kiertu- eiden lavasuunnittelijoiden Mark Fisherin ja Robert Lepagen toimintaa. Tutkimus tarkastelee, miten jättiläismäiset mediaspektaakkelit saivat alkunsa, ammat- timaistuivat ja globalisoituivat vuosien 1965–2013 välillä. Analyysin kohteena on se, miten ne rakentuivat ja toisaalta rakensivat areenatähteyttä sekä uudistivat audiovisuaalista kult- tuuria. Konserttien avainkohtia ja populaarijulkisia aineistoja hermeneuttisesti tulkiten ja lähilukien sekä historiallisesti kontekstoiden tutkimus rakentaa kulttuurihistoriallisen kokonaistulkinnan viihdeteollisuuden mahtipontiseksi muotoutuneen ilmiön tuotannosta. Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on populaarimusiikkitähden vaikutus 1900-luvun jälki- puoliskon ja 2000-luvun alun massamediassa ja kulttuurissa. Tarkastelemalla areenarockin mediaspektaakkeleiden kulttuurihistoriaa tutkimus ottaa kantaa niihin kaupallisiin, tek- nologisiin ja poliittisiin muutoksiin, jotka ovat viimeisen viidenkymmenen vuoden aikana mahdollistaneet tähteyden globaalia leviämistä. Tämän muutoksen seurauksena lähes kenestä tahansa voi tulla tähti ja lähes mistä tahansa kulttuuri-ilmiöstä voi tulla popu- laaria. Mutta vain jotkut tähdet ja yhtyeet esiintyvät täysille areenoille. Areenakonsertit ovatkin tähteysilmiön keskeisiä huipentumia, globaalin viihdekulttuurin äärimmäisiä manifestaatioita. Nykyiset areenoilla tapahtuvat mediaspektaakkelit ovat monimutkaista audiovisuaalista musiikkiteatteria, jossa kaikkien esityksen elementtien – teatraalisten ja audiovisuaalisten efektien – tulee olla mahdollisimman suuria ja taitavasti rytmitettyjä. Mediaspektaakkelien analyysissa tulee erityisesti kohdistaa huomio erilaisten medioiden suhteisiin sekä kysymykseen siitä, miten suuri osa audiovisuaalista konserttikokemusta itse asiassa on ennalta rakennettua ja nauhoitettua. Lavasuunnittelu yhdistää esiintyjän teatraa- liset eleet ja esiintymisen laajempaan audiovisuaaliseen ja ennalta mietittyyn temaattiseen kokonaisuuteen. Tähän kuuluvat suurten konserttilavojen kertakäyttöarkkitehtuuri, valon ja pintojen yhdistäminen populaariin kuvastoon sekä itse teoksien audiovisuaalisen kerron- nan historiallisiin ja nostalgisiin viitteisiin. Asiasanat: populaarimusiikki, tähteys, lavasuunnittelu, lavaesiintyminen, mediaspektaak- keli, musiikkiteatteri, musiikkiteknologia, musiikinhistoria, kulttuurihistoria Abstract UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Faculty of Humanities School of History, Culture and Arts Studies Cultural History KIMI KÄRKI: Constructed Arena Stardom. Rock Concert as a Globalizing Media Spectacle, 1965–2013 Doctoral Dissertation, 251 pages, 4 appendix pages Doctoral Programme Juno & PhD Programme in Popular Culture Studies (PPCS) December 2014 This article-based dissertation observes the change in the audiovisual popular music per- formance from 1960s to the date. It focuses on the arena tours of Pink Floyd, The Rolling Stones, U2, and Peter Gabriel, and the related stage design work by Mark Fisher and Robert Lepage. The main question is, how the gargantuan media spectacles began, how they became professional and reached global appeal during 1965–2013. The emphasis is on how the changing staging constructed new kind of arena stardom and audiovisual culture. The study close reads the key events of some case study concerts, combined with the analysis and historical contextualisation of the related popular media sources. By observing the cultural history of the arena rock, the dissertation analyses the com- mercial, technological and political changes that made the global spread of stardom pos- sible. As a result of this change, nearly anyone can become a star, and nearly any cultural phenomenon can become popular. But even today the arena concerts are a zenith of the stardom phenomenon, an extreme manifestation of global entertainment culture. Special attention is paid to the relations of different media technologies, and to the question of how parts of the audiovisual concert experience are actually prerecorded. The stage designing combines the thearical gestures and performance with the larger premedi- tated audiovisual thematic constructions. These include the disposable architecture of the gigantic concert stages, the combination of lighting and surfaces, reflected with popular imagery, and the historical or nostalgic references within the actual audiovisual narratives of each tour. Keywords: Popular music, Stardom, Stage designing, Stage performance, Media spectacle, Musical theatre, Music technology, Music history, Cultural history Sisällys Esipuhe 5 Koosteosa I Aluksi: tutkimuskohteina mediaspektaakkelit areenoilla 1.1. Suunniteltu tähteys 11 1.2. Tutkimuskohteet, aineistot ja aiempi tutkimus 19 1.3. Osajulkaisut ja niiden suhde tutkimusongelmaan 27 II Lavaesiintymisten kulttuurihistorian tulkintaa 2.1. Teoreettis-metodologiset lähtökohdat 31 2.2. Kohti mediaspektaakkelia 40 2.3. Kulttuurihistoriallinen tulkinta pelinä 48 III Tähteyden ja teknologian peliareenoilla 3.1. Globalisoituvan areenatähteyden kulttuurihistoria 59 3.2. Lavasuunnittelu ja teknologian muurit 78 IV Lopuksi: kokonaistulkinta mediaspektaakkelien lava-arkkitehtuurista 4.1. Lavaesiintymisten kulttuurihistorian haaste 89 4.2. Synestesiakokemuksista virtuaalisuuteen 100 V Lähteet 105 VI Liitteet 125 Osajulkaisut Tämä väitöskirja sisältää koosteosan lisäksi kuusi uusintajulkaistua artikkelia. Artikkelien uusintajulkaisu tapahtuu julkaisujen myöntämällä luvalla. Artikkeli I 131 ”Pelon, hulluuden ja epätoivon teatteri. Johdatus Pink Floydin lavaesiintymisen kulttuuripessimismiin ja sen tulkinnan keinoihin.” Musiikki 3/2002b. 19–38. Artikkeli II 151 ”Valon ja äänen kehässä: audiovisuaalisen aineiston tulkintakysymyksiä.” Teoksessa Sakari Ollitervo, Jussi Parikka & Timo Väntsi (toim.): Kohtaamisia ajassa. Kulttuurihistoria ja tulkinnan teoria. k&h 2003. 206–231. Artikkeli III 177 “’Matter of Fact It’s All Dark’: Audiovisual Stadium Rock Aesthetics in Pink Floyd’s The Dark Side of the Moon Tour 1973.” Teoksessa Russell Reising (ed.): Speak to Me: The Legacy of Pink Floyd’s Dark Side of the Moon. Ashgate Press, Aldershot 2005b. 27–42. Yhteinen lähdeluettelo 236–244. Artikkeli IV 203 ”Cutting the Moss with Laser Beams: The Uses of History in The Rolling Stones Bridges To Babylon Stadium Tour.” Teoksessa Kari Kallioniemi, Kimi Kärki, Janne Mäkelä & Hannu Salmi (eds.): History of Stardom Reconsidered. International Institute for Popular Culture, Turku 2007a. 23–27. Available as an eBook at http://iipc.utu.fi/reconsidered/ Artikkeli V 209 ”Pop Art to PopMart: Gendered Stadium Stardom Aesthetics and Stage Designer Mark Fisher’s Creative Work Process.” Teoksessa Nedim Hassan & Holly Tessler (eds.): Sounds of the Overground: Selected papers from a postgraduate colloquium on ubiquitous music and music in everyday life. International Institute for Popular Culture, Turku 2010a. 19–27. Available as an eBook at http://iipc.utu.fi/overground/ Artikkeli VI 219 ”Turning the Axis: The Stage Performance Design Collaboration Between Peter Gabriel and Robert Lepage.” Teoksessa Michael Drewett, Sarah Hill & Kimi Kärki (eds.): Peter Gabriel, From Genesis To Growing Up. Ashgate Press, Aldershot 2010b. 225–240. Yhteinen lähdeluettelo 241–261. Esipuhe Klik, klik,
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