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MERIT Campaign : Connection of Reference Frames

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MERIT Campaign : Connection of Reference Frames International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics International Astronomical Union International Association of Geodesy Commissions 4, 19, 31 MERIT /COTES JOINT WORKING GROUPS MERIT CAMPAIGN CONNECTION OF REFERENCE FRAMES - IMPLEMENTATION PLAN - Bureau International de l'Heure 61 avenue de l'Observatoire/F75014 Paris, France ln1...:rn3tion al Ast ronomical L'nwn l11 l!·!·n;1 11 onal l.; nion of GeOCll.! SY a11 d C...:ophysics Commissi"ons 4 , Fl, 31 l n tt'rnational Association 01 G1:c dc·sy MERlT /COTES JOINT WORKING GRO UP S MERIT CAMPAIGN CONN ECTION OF REFERENCE FR AM ES - lMPLEMENTA TION P L AN - Bureau lnternational d e l 'Heure 61 avenue de ) 1Obscn:a1oire/F75014 P a r is , France - i - TABLE OF CONTENTS Pagv l. INTRODUCTION ................ .. ... .... .. ....... ............. l. l. Background and Objecti Vl'~. 2 1.2. Resolutions......... ... .. .. ... ... 3 2 . THE PRINCIPLE OF DETERMINING THE CTS AND CIS RELATIONSHIPS AND S HORT PERIODIC VARIATIONS I N THE EARTH ROTATION VECTOR.......... ............... ....... 4 2. l . The Effect of CIS and CTS Differences on Earth Rotation Paramet er s. 4 2. 2. S t ation Colocation for Dete rmining the CTS Differences.... 5 3. DEFINITION AND REALIZATION OF REFERENCE FRAMES. 7 3.1. Very Long Base Radio Inte rfe romet ry........... .. .. ... 7 3 . 2. Connected Ele me nts Radio Inte rferometry.... .. ......... ... 8 3. 3 . Optical Astrometry. 10 3 .4. Lunar Laser Ranging........... ...... ... ... .. ..... ... 12 3 . 4. l. The Lunar Laser Modelling at CERGA... .... ..... 13 3 . 4.2 . JPL Report : LLR Earth Rotation res ults, Coordinate Sys tems and their unification.. ..... 17 3 .5. Satellite Laser Ranging . .. ......... ............ ..... ..... 22 3 . 5. l. The CSR Coo··dinate Sys tems. .. .............. ... 22 3. 6. Doppler Trackin g of Satellites ......... ...... ...... 23 3 .6. 1. The NWL 92-2 Coordinate System..... ......... .. 23 4. CONNECTION OF REFERENCE FRAMES. 26 -L l. Colocated mec1s urements ( LLR, SLR, VLBI)...... .... ....... 26 4. 2 . Other Colocation s at MERIT s ites. 27 -1.3. Geodetic Survey requirements..................... .. .. .... 28 4. 4. In ll'nsi ,·c period of obser v ations . 31 4. 5 . Data Collc> c tion a nd treatment. ......... ...... ....... ... 31 - ii - Page REFERENCES... 32 Appendices 1. Radio sour ce positions.. A 1 2. The HAVAGO forma ts (local geodetic survey) .. ... .... A 5 3. Labels for tht: series of Earth Rotation Paramete r s and the Sets of Station Coordinat e s . A 8 4. Directory of MERIT Sites. ..... .. ......... .. .. A 9 5. Proposed acronyms for some ins titutes.. .. ...... .. ... Al5 - iii - FOREWORD The cons tants , models and algorithms robe used in the reduction of o b servations of the MERlT Campaign are not included in this report . T he y may be found in the report on MERIT Standards. to which atte ntion is directed . This report was prepared by the MERIT coordinator s for the Inten­ sive Campaign and for Colocations, M. Feissel (BTH) and P. Wilson (IFAG) r espectively . Contributions from R . Anderle, C. Boucher, 0. Calame. W. Ca rter, J. 0 . Dickey . D. D. McCarthy. W. G . Melbourne, I . Mueller , B . Schutz, E. :>.1 . S t andish , B. Tapley, J.G . Williams and K . Yokoyama are gratefully acknowledged. All correspondence concerning this report should b e addressed to M. Feissel ( BIH). - l - 1 . INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Objectives This document i s the pl an for impleme nting the proposa l put forward by the joint IAG/IAU Working Group on the Establ i shment and Maintenance of a Conventi ona l Terrestri al Reference ~stem) (c:nES) for an attempt to connect the various terrestrial and inertial reference frame s during the MERIT campaign [COTES, 1982] . The motivation for this proposa l may be found i n the proceed ings of t he MER IT Works hop he l d i n Grasse , France [Wilkins an d Feissel, 1982] , in which, on page 43 there is an account of a joint meeting of the MERIT (!ionitor farth ~ot2tion and .!_ntercompare the .!_echniques of Observation and Analysis) Steering Comm ittee and the newly formed COTES on May 21, 1981, at which it was agreed that it would be of general benefit if the operations during projec t MERIT were planned in such a way as to contri bute whenever possible to the establishment and ma i ntenance of the new conventional terrestri al reference system. The frame of the f ut ure Conventional Terrestri al System (CTS) is to be defined by an adopted set of spatial coordinates of a gl obal network of observing stations mainly Ve ry Long Basel ine Interferomet ry (VLBI), Satel l ite La ser Rang ing (SLR), Lunar Laser Rangi ng (LLR), and thei r mo t ion models, or by an equi valent way [Mueller, 1981 ; Kova l evsky and Mue l ler , 1981]. The stations will define the vertices of a fundamental polyhedron whose deformation and movement with respect _to the frame of a Conventional Inertial System (CI S) is to be mon itored through periodic re-observati ons . The ma i n di fferences between thi! t errestrial system and that of the cur rentl y adopted CIO -BIH are that in defining the former , the stations ca nn ot be assumed to be moti on­ l ess with respect to each other, and that the observations wil l no longer be referred to the directions of the local pl umbl i nes (as trome tric instruments) . but to other terrestrial directi ons (basel ines) . The functions of the CTS are tvJOfold . The first, requiring only a subset of the polyhedron vertices, is to monitor the motions common t o all stati ons (polar motion and earth - 2 - rotation) of the polyhedron with respect to the frame of a CIS . The second, involving all stations , is to mon i tor the internal motions (or deformati ons) of the polyhedron, i.e. , those mot i ons not common to all stations . Considering that several advanced geodetic systems are available today, the problem is how t o merge several networks, each one defining essentially i ts own reference frame, both CTS and CIS, into a common set. In order t o accomp li sh t hi s , several stations wil l need to be collocated, and short periodic variations in the earth's rotati onal vector need to be observed ( see Section 2) . This plan for coordinated SLR, LLR and VLBI observations during the MERIT main campaign is an attempt to get answers to the fol lowing questi ons: (1) whether the most precise observati ona l systemsavailable at that time (i .e. , third-generation lasers, and VLBI' s with Mark III-type receivers) will be able t o detect the systematic di fferences between the frames of the various Conventi onal Inertial Systems {CIS) and between the f rames of the various Conve ntional Terrestrial Systems (CTS) inherent in these observations systems. (2) whether the above observational systen1s will be able to detect short periodic variations in the ea rth's rotational vector (and how accurately) . It is emphasized that since the aim is the establishment and maintenance of a future CTS, the plan is based only on the best SLR, LLR and VLBI systems in a network which in our view could be established by 1983/84. Important use is made of tran sportable SLR and VLBI systems whi ch wil l be available in that time frame in Europe and the U.S. It should al so be noted that although only third-generation l asers and Mark III type VLBI are con_s idered in this plan, other systems such as Do ppler, especially when utilizing t he new NOVA satellites, will also f ollow a similar plan for a cecondary network. The Doppler systems have their own inherent CIS's and CTS's, and the establi shment of the relationship between them and the others would be of scientific interest. 1.2 Resolut i ons The COTES proposal was thoroughly di scus sed with all prospective partic­ i pants and presented to the !AG General Meeting in Tokyo in May , 1982 . The - 3 - !AG expressed strong suµpo rt through tht fol lowing resol utions : RESOLUTION 1 The International Association of Geodesy ~oting that the results to be obta ined during the MERIT Main Cam­ pai gn wil1 be of long-tenn benefit to geodesy and its applications , s trongly endorses the proposal s of the COTES and MERIT Working Group s t hat during the Campaign (a) very l ong ba seli ne radio interfe,-ometric and satellite and lunar laser ranging systems be used for co-located obser vations of high prec i si on at the recomnended sites, an d (b) observations be made intensively for a limited period to detect any short- period variations in the derived earth-rotation param­ eters, an d urges that the appropriate resources and facilities be made avai l ab le for these activi ties by the countries involved. RE SOL UT ION 2 The International Association of Geodesy cons idering that it is important that the new terrestrial refer­ ence frame to be derived f r om high-precision observations during the MERIT Main Campaign should be extended and related to existing services as accurately and quickly as possible, and urges that coordinates precise positioning observations be made during the Campaign by satellite radio-tracking syst ems at the Very Long Baseline Interferometric, Lunar and Satellite Laser Ranging sites as well as at a l arger number of well distributed sites around the world. The IAU sub sequently endorsed both 0f the above resolutions at its General Assemb ly in Patras, August, 1982. - 4 - 2. THE PRINCIPLE OF DETERMINING THE CTS AND CIS RELATIONSHIPS AND SHORT PERIODIC VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH ROTATION VECTOR 2.1 The Effect of CIS and CTS Differences o~ Earth Rotation Parameters The two CIS's (and two CTS's) inherent in two different techniques are generally not exactly identical.
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