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A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts And WOMEN RE-DEFINING THE ‘ORIENTREISE’: MEMORY, NOSTALGIA AND THE PROBLEM OF MULTICUTLURALISM IN AUSTRIAN TRAVEL TEXTS AND FILM A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in German. By Tessa V. Wegener, M.A. Washington, DC November 12, 2012 Copyright 2012 by Tessa V. Wegener All Rights Reserved ii WOMEN RE-DEFINING THE ‘ORIENTREISE’: MEMORY, NOSTALGIA AND THE PROBLEM OF MULTICULTURALISM IN AUSTRIAN TRAVEL TEXTS AND FILM Tessa V. Wegener, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Friederike Eigler, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation explores how complexities of Austrian identity are navigated within spaces of Egypt through gendered representations of travel during the latter half of the twentieth century and beginning of the twenty-first century. Specifically, I examine Ingeborg Bachmann’s novel fragment Das Buch Franza (1965/66; 1978), Ruth Beckermann’s documentary film Ein flüchtiger Zug nach dem Orient (1999), and Barbara Frischmuth’s novel Vergiss Ägypten (2008). My investigation of these filmic and literary texts is framed by earlier traditions of women’s travel writing in the German-speaking world, as well as recent debates on the shifting nature of travel genres. In drawing upon a constellation of spatial, feminist and postcolonial theories, I argue that each work challenges the traditional opposition of space/time. In particular, I identify in all three works a shared emphasis on the historicity of spatial configurations. Furthermore, in probing how the position of Western female travelers is particularly complicated during encounters vis-à-vis the veiled Oriental woman, my study uncovers moments of complicity between feminist and imperial gestures that impede the ethical thrusts of the works in question. Finally, I assert that the three texts expand on the citationary nature of Orientalism by offering contemporary variations on representations of Egypt that simultaneously affirm and subvert Orientalist discourses. Within individual chapters, I turn to concepts of multidirectional memory (Rothberg), reflective nostalgia (Boym) and transnational migration (Adelson) in order to map iii out the discursive specificity of each text vis-à-vis space and history. Anchored in the overlapping disciplinary fields of Austrian cultural studies and gender studies, my dissertation demonstrates how these feminized narrative encounters with cultural otherness in Egypt present opportunities to critique memories of Austria’s imperial legacy and fascist past, as well as current struggles with multiculturalism and integration. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation on travel was very much a journey itself. It was researched and written in Washington, D.C.; Vienna, Austria; Middlebury, VT and Hamilton, NY. Along the way, I have received incredible support from many individuals and institutions. I am deeply grateful for the support I received by all the members of Georgetown University’s German Department. In particular, I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Friederike Eigler, for being a constant source of encouragement and invaluable advice throughout my studies. I am also thankful to my committee members, Dr. Mary Helen Dupree and Dr. Katrin Sieg, for providing guidance and inspiration for my work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Fulbright Commission and the Österreichische Austauschdienst for the generous support provided through the Fulbright-Mach Grant, which made my final year of writing and research in Vienna possible. I am greatly indebted to Anna Babka for my affiliation at the Universität Wien’s Institut für Germanistik. My thanks also goes to my wonderful colleagues at Middlebury’s Deutsche Schule for their understanding and positive encouragement. Likewise, I appreciate the support I have received from Colgate University’s German Department, my current academic home. Lastly, I could not have completed this project without the unwavering support and love I have received from my friends and family throughout this journey. To my mother, who has given me everything to assure that I am able to pursue my dreams, and my partner, Greg, whose patience, support and love carried me through this project, I am forever grateful. This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my grandparents, Paul and Rhonda Frazier. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 I. Points of Departure ....................................................................................................... 1 II. Questions of Genre ..................................................................................................... 11 III. The Tradition of Women’s Orientreisen in German-Speaking Contexts ................... 17 IV. Austrian Orientalism? ................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 2: Egypt as a Space of Multidirectional Memory in Ingeborg Bachmann’s Das Buch Franza ..................................................................................................................................... 34 I. Introduction: Tracing the Wüstenmotif in Bachmann’s Late Work ........................... 34 II. Das Buch Franza: Publication History and Early Critical Reception ......................... 41 III. Critical Reception of Das Buch Franza from the 1990s to the Present ...................... 47 IV. Multidirectional Forms of Memory and Violence ...................................................... 52 V. Memories ‘On Trial’ in Das Buch Franza .................................................................. 56 VI. Remembering Postwar Occupation of Austria through Egypt ................................... 73 VII. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 85 Chapter 3: Recasting the Memory of ‘Sissi’ and Reframing the Orient in Ruth Beckermann’s Ein Flüchtiger Zug nach dem Orient ............................................................................................ 87 I. Introduction: A Shift in Medium ................................................................................ 87 II. Ein flüchtiger Zug nach dem Orient in the Context of Beckermann’s Oeuvre .......... 90 III. Tracing Elisabeth’s Travels in Egypt: A Journey of Reflective Nostalgia ................. 96 IV. Egypt as a Space ‘Only Ever Rediscovered’ ............................................................ 110 V. Mapping Feminized Spaces in Urban Cairo ..............................................................130 VI. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 139 Chapter 4: The Challenges of Narrating Multiculturalism in Barbara Frischmuth’s Vergiss Ägypten .............................................................................................................................. 144 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 144 II. Locating the Topic of Multiculturalism in Frischmuth’s Fiction ............................. 146 III. Frischmuth’s Advocacy for Multiculturalism ........................................................... 153 IV. Reception and Influence ........................................................................................... 158 V. Vergiss Ägypten: Ein Reiseroman? .......................................................................... 164 VI. Textual Spaces of Cultural Encounter ...................................................................... 169 VII. The Storyteller and her Stories: A Contemporary Scheherazade ............................. 180 VIII. Valerie’s Travels ....................................................................................................... 203 IX. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 207 Chapter 5: Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 210 Works Cited .......................................................................................................................... 221 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I. POINTS OF DEPARTURE Representations of travel are complex articulations of cultural identity and experience formed by unique spatial configurations, histories and politics. In this project, I examine three women’s works that navigate Austrian identity via spaces in Egypt: Ingeborg Bachmann’s novel Das Buch Franza (1965/66; 1978), Ruth Beckermann’s documentary film Ein flüchtiger Zug nach dem Orient (1999), and Barbara Frischmuth’s novel, Vergiss Ägypten (2008). Hence, what constitutes the specificity of my project and forges the first common link between each work selected for analysis is a shared, collective framework of Austrian cultural identity that shapes the female perspectives from which each journey is narrated. The second link transpires through the common geographical destination of travel. For centuries, Egypt has loomed in the European imagination as a space of discovery, travel, conquest and exoticism. By evoking this real and imagined space through narrated travels, each work participates in a long tradition of attempting to grasp the Orient through textual and visual
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