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Gokturk Yazısı Ve Orhun Turkcesı.Docx ON SOZ En giizel bmeklerini Turk?enin ilk yazili kaynaklan olan Orhun Yazitlan’nda ve daha sonra ke§fedilen Irk Bitig gibi yazma eserlerde gorebildigimiz Gokturk yazisi; Turk dili, tarihi ve uygarligi igin 90k onemli bilgilerin gunumuze ta§inmasim saglayan milli bir hazinedir. incelenmesi bize hayranlik ve gurur veren eski Turk yazisi, ozellikle 19. yuzyildan sonra uzerinde ciddi 9ali§malar yapilan ve binlerce eser verilen geni§ bir konu alani haline gelmi§tir. Bugiin gerek lisans ve lisans iistu ogrencilerinin, gerekse de Tiirkliik bilinci yiiksek gen9lerin bu konu uzerine egilmeleri, Tiirk9enin derin koklerini ara§tirma merakmdan ve zevkinden ote, bir gorev olarak du§unulmelidir. Bu bilin9 ancak gizemli yazilan anlamaya yeterli olacaktir. Bu 9ali§ma, Turk dilinin tarihi geli§imini aydinlatmada onemli bir rol iistlenen Gokturk harfli yazitlann tamtilmasmi, yazitlarda kullanilan dilin bir yazi sistemi olarak ogretilmesini ve Orhun Turk9esi adini verdigimiz, Goktiirkler 9aginda kullanilan dilin ses ve bi9im a9ismdan incelenmesini ama9lamaktadir. Eserde konular 90k aynntilarma inilmeden, en temel diizeyde ogrenmeyi esas alacak bi9imde olu§turulmu§tur. Bu anlamda i§levsel bir “el kitabi" niteliginde hazirlanan 9ah§mamizda, ozellikle Gokturk yazisimn uygulamali ogretimine agirlik verilmi§tir. Kitap be§ boliimden olu§maktadir. Birinci boliimde Goktiirklerin siyasi ve uygarhk tarihi hakkinda genel bilgiler verilmi$; ikinci bolumde Gokturk yazisi aynntilarma inilmeden, uygulamali olarak incelenmi$; U9iincii bolumde Gokturk harfli yazitlar, bilim dunyasma kazandinlma siire9leri dikkate alinarak metin dmekleriyle dil ve tarih a9isindan degerlendirilmi§; dordiincii bolumde Goktu^enin ses ve bi9im ozellikleri genel hatlanyla gosterilmi§ ve be§inci bolumde Orhun Turk9esinin soz varligim omekleyen temel sozciiklerin bulundugu bir sozluk 9ali§maya dahil edilmi§tir. Esere ogretici bir kilavuz niteligi kazandirmak ve kalici bir ogrenme saglamak i9in her boliimiin sonunda degerlendirme sorulan verilmi§tir. Tiirk’iin dil yaratma becerisini en muhte§em §ekilde gosteren Goktiirk yazisi yalnizca bir ders veya konu alani olarak du§unulmemeli; benligimizin en kiymetli par<;alanndan biri olan dilimizin koklerine kadar gitme araci ve milli mirasimiza sahip 9ikma bilinci olarak algilanmalidir. Kitabimizin ikinci baskisi, dikkatimizden ka?an birka? yazim veya anlatim yanli§inin duzeltilmesi, Orhun Yazitlari ile ilgili bazi giincel bilgilerin eklenmesi ve sizlerden gelcn doniitler dikkate alinarak Goktiirk yazisiyla ilgili ah§tirmalann zenginle§tirilmesi ile sizlere sunulmaktadir. Bu 9ah$mamn olu§ma siireci boyunca benden higbir zaman destegini esirgemeyen, kitaptaki eksikliklerin giderilmesiyle kaynaklann temin edilmesi konusunda yardimlariyla beni yonlendiren ve bu eserin ortaya 9ikmasinda en az benim kadar emegi bulunan degerli hocam Dog. Dr. Ercan ALKAYA'ya ve bilgeligiyle yolumuza i§ik tutan saygideger hocamiz Prof. Dr. Ahmet BURAN'a 90k te§ekkiir ederim. Dilimizin en eski omeklerini gordiigiimuz Gokturk9e ve atalarimizin mirasi olan Goktiirk yazisi konulannda yararli olacagini umdugumuz bu kitap gibi, Turk dili ve tarihine yeni ufuklar a9acak nice 9ali§malar yapilmasi dilegiyle... Yavuz TANYERI tanyeri.yavuz@gmail. com KISALTMALAR KT: Kol Tigin TY: BK: Bilge Kagan Tonyukuk SY: Slid §U: §ine-Usu Yaziti K: Kuzey D: IB: Irk Bitig Dogu KD: Kuzey G: Giiney dogu GD: B: Bati Giineydogu £in: KB: Kuzey bati £ince Tib: Tibetge GB: Giineybati age: Adi ge?en eser Mo: Mogolca bkz: Bakiniz Tr: Turkije agm: Adi ge9en makale 1. GOKTURKLER Yazih ve sozlii kaynaklarin binlerce yil oteye gotiiriilmeye i§aret ettigi geni§ Tiirk tarihinin, ba§ka uluslann tarihinden farkli onemli bir ozelligi vardir. Tiirklerin g09er bir toplum olmasi nedeniyle belli araliklarla farkli bolgelere go? etmesi, Tiirk boylannin birbirinden uzak yerlerde muhtelif kiiltiirlerden etkilenerek yeni medeniyet daireleri meydana getirmelerine neden olmu§tur. Bu yiizden Tiirk dilinin ve tarihinin ara§tinlmasi, geni§ bir cografyaya dagilan Tiirk boylannin geli§melerini birbirine paralel olarak incelemeyi zorla§tirmaktadir. Genel Tiirk tarihi ve Tiirk dilleri iizerinde yapilan 9ali§malarda kar§ila§ilan ikinci sorun ise, Tiirklerin “karanlik donemleri” olarak adlandirabilecegimiz, yazih kaynaklarla takip edemedigimiz zamanlar hakkinda ancak tahminlerle yorum yapabilme zorunlulugudur. En eski yazih kaynaklanmiz olan Orhun Yazitlan’ndan daha onceye ait £in ve Bizans kaynaklannda Tiirkler hakkmdaki bilgiler de olduk9a sinirli oldugundan, bazi konulan varsayimlarla a9iklamaya 9ali§mak gerekmektedir. 11 GOKTURK YAZISI ve ORHUN TURKQESl Goktiirkler, MS 5. yiizyildan itibaren yazili kaynaklardan takip edebildigimiz Turk tarihinde onemli bir ba§langi<? olarak kabul edilmelidir. Ku$kusuz Gokturkler, kendilerinden once meydana getirilmi§ binlerce yillik bir Turk uygarliginin devamini te§kil etmektedirler; fakat ozellikle Tiirk devlet sisteminin i$leyi$ini ve Tiirk yazi dilinin elimize ge?en ilk omeklerini ortaya koyduklari i?in bilimsel ara§tirmalardaki bir9ok konu alamnda ba$langi<; kabul edilmektedirler. 1.1. Gdktiirk Admin Anlami ve Gokturklerin Kokeni Tiirk adi ilk defa 6. yiizyilda Gokturkler tarafindan bir devlet adi olarak kullanilmaya ba$lanmi$; 2. Gdktiirk Kaganhgi’ndan kalan Orhun Yazitlari’nda yine ilk defa Turkler’e ait bir yazili kaynakta yer almi$tir. Kol Tigin Yaziti’nin dogu yiiziindeki "Ekin ara idi oksiz KOk Tiiriik anqa olurur ermif." [iki (iilke) arasinda pek te§kilatsiz (ve diizensiz halde ya§ayan) Gok Tiirkler oylece hiikiim siirerler imi§.] soziinde goriildiigii gibi Gdktiirk adi “Kok Turiik” bi<;iminde yazitlarda ge^mektedir. Orhun Yazitlan’ndan once Tiirklerin durumunu gosteren Bizans ve £in kaynaklari, Tiirk tarihinin Goktiirkler donemini aydinlatmak a<;isindan olduk<;a onemlidir. En onemli £in kaynaklarindan 629 yilinda yazilan “Chou Shu” adh hanedan kitabinin bir cildinde Goktiirkler ayn bir bdliimde anlatilmi§tir. A$hina’ya mensup olan Bumin’in kagan olu§uyla devam eden 557 yili oncesindeki olaylar ayrintilanyla i^lenmi^tir1. Bizansh cografyaci Pomponius Mela'nm MS 43 yilinda yazdigi “De Situ Orbis” (Diinyanm Tasviri) adli kitabinda Azak Denizi’nin kuzeyinde ve Mogolistan’m giineyinde kalan bolge i?in “Turcae” denilmekte ve o bolgcde ya$ayan halklara “Tyrcae” adi verilmektedir. Bu adlar, £in kaynaklannda Tiirkler i?in kullamlan ve iki heceli olarak ge<;en “T’u-chtie” adina benzcmektedir. Aynca bazi (pin kaynaklannda Goktiirkler i?in “T’ian T’u Chiieh” adi ge^mektedir. “T’ian" sozciigiiniin, Tiirk<?edeki “kok” sozciigii gibi (pincede de hem “gok” hem de “Tanri” anlamina gelmesi ilginptir1 2. 1 Ahmet Tajagil, Gok-Tiirkler /1, Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlan, Ankara 2003, s. 2. 2 Dogan Aksan, En Eski Tiirkfenin Izlerinde, Simurg Yaymcihk, Istanbul 2000, s. 18. 12 GOKTURK YAZISI ve ORHUN TURKQESi Goktiirkler, kom§u medeniyetlerden kalan vesikalardan anla$ildigi iizere 530’lu yillarda tarih sahnesine Bumin (Tiimen) Kagan ile gikan bir Turk toplulugudur. Yakla§ik olarak MS 450’li yillarda Altay Daglan’nin giiney eteklerinde ya§ayan, demircilikle ugra$an ve onceleri Avarlar’a (Juan Juanlar) bagh halde ya§ayan birkag Turk boyunun birle§mesiyle meydana gelmi§lerdir. Orhun Yazitlan’nda “K5k Turiik” adi, “Ekin ara idi oksuz K6k Turiik anqa olurur ermiomegindeki gibi bir iki yerde gegiyorken; Tiirk adi yalmzca Kol Tigin yazitinda bile 30 yerde gegmektedir. Bu, “tur + ok” veya “tiirii - k” bigiminde geli$en Tiirk admin Tiirkler tarafindan o donemde benimsendigini, “kofc” sifatiyla bu adi nitelendirdigini gostermektedir3. Gokturklerin ortaya giki§i ile ilgili sozlii kaynaklardaki efsaneler de bize bilgi vermektedir. Bir efsaneye gore A§hina boyu bir saldmya ugrami§, bu saldin sonucunda sag kalan tek erkek gocuk kollan ve ayaklan kesilerek bir ormana birakilmi§tir. Ormanda bir di$i kurt gocugu et ve siitle beslemi§ ve onun hayatta kalmasmi saglami§tir. Daha sonra gocuk biiyiimii$ ve kurttan 10 gocugu olmu$tur. Bu gocuklar A§hina boylanni olu§turacak adlan almi§lar ve daha sonra sayilan yiizleri a§arak Juan Juanlar’a rakip olmu§lardir4. Qin ve Bizans kaynaklanndaki bilgilere g5re5, Gokturklerin Hun soylu olduklan kesindir. “Chou Shu” kitabmm iig dort yerinde Goktiirkler igin “Hunlarin kuzey boyu, Hunlarin ba§ka bir kolu"6 ifadesi gegmektedir. Altay daglarmm giineyinde, (^in’in kuzeyinde bulunan bolgede, ^inliler'in Suo dedikleri iilkede Hunlar’m ya$adigi bilinmekte ve Gokturklerin Suo’dan ortaya giktiklan kaynaklannda tekrarlanmaktadir. 3 Ahmet Buran, Ercan Alkaya, £agda$ Tiirk Lehfeleri, Ak?a| Yayinlan, Ankara 2007, s. 25. 4 Bahaeddin Ogel, Tiirk Mitolojisi, C. 1, Tiirk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlan, Ankara 2003, s. 20. 5 gin kaynaklanndaki bilgiler, onun iizcrinde titizliklc 9ali$an Bahaeddin Ogel, Ahmet Ta$agil, Eduard Chavannes ve Yakinev Bifurin'in yapmi? oldugu 9ali§malardan anla$ildigi iizere, bazi 9eli$kiler i9ermektedir. Chiu Tang-shu gibi belgelerin, farkli sayfalannda bile goriilen bu 9eli$kiler, ku$kusuz onlan yazdiran yetkililerin siyasi tutumundan etkilenmi$tir. Sonraki biirokratlar yararlansin, ders alsm diye ortaya koyulan bu eserlerde, soylem uzerinde siyas! miidahale olmasi da dogaldir. (isenbike Togan, "Goktiirk9e ile Ilgili Cine* Kaynaklarda Soylem: Chiu T'ang-shu’dan Orneklerle", Tiirk Dili Ara$tirmalan Yilhgi Belleten, Ankara 1993, s. 354.) 6 Ahmet Ta$agil, Gok-Turkler /1, Tiirk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlan, Ankara 2003, s. 2. 13 GOKTURK YAZISI ve ORHUN TURKQESl Turk9ede “gok” adi, oncelikle Gok Tanri inanci nedeniyle bir “kutsallik?' anlami vermektedir. En buyiik Tanri olan Ulgen gokte oldugu
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