Turyn: Oblicza Miasta. W Kierunku Smart Turin: Faces of the City

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Turyn: Oblicza Miasta. W Kierunku Smart Turin: Faces of the City DOI: 10.4467/25438700SM.18.042.9207 BEATA MALINOWSKA-PETELENZ* Turyn: oblicza miasta. W kierunku smart Turin: faces of the city. Towards thesmart Streszczenie Turyn to miasto o silnych korzeniach antycznych i średniowiecznych – miasto kościołów i pałaców. Miasto kultury, biznesu i sportu – monumentalne, eleganckie i chłodne a jednocześnie fascynująco skromne. Stolica Piemontu, położona rzeką Po, miasto wielkich architektów: Juvarry, Guariniego i Alfieriego, stanowi do dziś jedną z najlepszych lekcji post-barokowej urba- nistyki. Miasto o wielu obliczach, w którym przeszłość miesza się z inteligentną przyszłością. Il. 1. Piazza San Carlo, rys. B. Malinowska-Petelenz / Piazza San Carlo, drawing by B. Malinowska-Petelenz Abstract Turin is a city with very strong ancient and medieval roots—a city of churches and palaces. A city of culture, business and sports—one that is monumental, elegant and cool, while at the same time being fascinatingly modest. The capital of Pied- mont, located on the Po River, a city of great architects: Juvarra, Guarini and Alfieri, today constitutes one of the best lessons czone murami. Do dzisiejszych czasów zachowała się Porta a rectangular plan, and was surrounded by walls. on post-Baroque urban planning. A city of many faces, in which the past mixes itself with a smart future. Palatina z I w. n.e. jako jedna z bram wjazdowych do miasta Porta Palatina, from the first century AD, has sur- 3 vived to our time as one of the entry gates to the oraz regularny układ siatki urbanistycznej . Od średniowiecza 2 Słowa kluczowe: barok, Turyn, monumentalizm, wnętrze urbanistyczne, oś miejska, krajobraz, rewitalizacja, tereny poprzemysłowe city, as has the regular layout of the urban grid . Tu- Keywords: Baroque, Turin, monumentalism, urban interior, urban axis, the landscape, urban regeneration, post-industrial areas Turyn pełnił istotną funkcję – najpierw jako stolica państwa rin has played an important role since the Middle Longobardów, a następnie – jako stolica Piemontu i Królestwa Ages—first as the capital of the state of the Lom- Sardynii. Złote lata Turynu przypadają na lata 60. XIX wieku, bards, and then—as the capital of Piedmont and the Kingdom of Sardinia. Turin enjoyed its golden years kiedy to na krótko stał się stolicą jednoczącego się Królestwa in the 1860’s, when it briefly became the capital of Włoch. Wraz z późniejszą utratą roli politycznej wzmogła się the Kingdom of Italy which was uniting at the time. industrializacja miasta, które odtąd jest istotnym ośrodkiem Along with the later loss of Turin’s political role, the industrialisation of the city increased and it has be- przemysłowym, a także – naukowym. come an essential industrial and scientific centre. Do Turynu zjeżdżają licznie miłośnicy i smakosze sztuki bu- Turin is being visited by large numbers of lovers of dowy miast – architekci i studenci wydziałów architektury. Tu the art of the construction of cities—architects and Turyn to miasto do niedawna nieco zapomniane i pop- Turin is a city that until recently has been some- można spotkać jedyne w swoim rodzaju, charakterystyczne students of architectural faculties. It is here that we can see one-of-a-kind and highly distinct sequenc- -turystycznie niedoceniane. Miasto o silnych korzeniach an- what forgotten and underappreciated in terms of sekwencje wnętrz – wielkich ulic – zbudowanych na twardej, popular tourism. A city with strong ancient and es of interiors—great streets—built upon a rigid, prostokreślnej siatce miejskiej. Tutaj także w sposób mode- tycznych i średniowiecznych – miasto kościołów, pałaców medieval roots—a city of churches, squares and orthogonal urban grid. It is also here that nature i muzeów – z największym po Kairskim muzeum egipskim museums—with the largest Egyptian museum in lowy sprzęgła się natura z wielka kulturą: w Turynie bowiem has become tied with high culture in a model man- ner: it was in Turin that Baroque urban planning, na świecie – położone nad majestatyczną rzeką Po1. Nie jest the world right after the one in Cairo—located on na przełomie XVIII i XIX w. urbanistyka barokowa polegająca which was based on tying urban structure with the miejscem najchętniej odwiedzanym przez turystów i nieczę- the majestic Po river. It is not the most eagerly vis- na wiązaniu struktur miejskich z otoczeniem naturalnym, stała ited place by tourists and it does not show up as natural surroundings, became fully mature at the się w pełni dojrzała. sto pojawia się na pierwszej pozycji miejsc polecanych we the first tourist destination in Italy too often. Tus- turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Włoszech. Bardziej pociągające są miasta toskańskie, umbryj- can, Umbrian or Ligurian cities, with their tangled Dążenie do monumentalnych, reprezentacyjnych rozwią- A tendency for monumental, representative and intelligently composed solutions is visible here in skie lub liguryjskie ze swoją zawiłą tkanką: zmienną, złożoną urban tissue: that is changing, complex and full zań przemyślnie zakomponowanych jest tu widoczne nie- of surprises, are much more attractive. The per- almost every place. The rectangular, neoclassicist i pełną niespodzianek. Idealny Turyn wraz ze swoim nieskoń- mal w każdym miejscu. Prostokątna, neoklasyczna sieć ulic, fect Turin, with its infinite, geometric decor, would grid of streets, enriched by arcades and passages, czonym, geometrycznym dekorem raczej fascynował Giorgio rather fascinate Giorgio de Chirico, the man who wzbogacona podcieniami i pasażami, tworzy bogate wnętrza creates rich interiors by constituting a phenom- de Chirico, twórcę koncepcji malarstwa metafizycznego i pre- invented the concept of metaphysical painting and stanowiąc fenomenalną oprawę dla dominant i akcentów enal frame for landmarks and accentuating public buildings, like the numerous churches, palaces, kursora surrealizmu, który tak chętnie malował jego arkady was the precursor of surrealism, so often painting budowli miejskich takich jak liczne kościoły, pałace, galerie the city’s arcades. It was here that Jacques Rous- galleries and museums. Sequences of streets i podcienia. Tu dorastał i dojrzewał Jean Jacques Rousseau, i muzea. Ciągi uliczne i place wzbogacone są szczególną seau grew up and matured, while to Umberto Eco and squares are enriched by a particular “added tutaj studiował Umberto Eco. Turyn na tle pocztówkowych it was a place where he studied. Turin, against the „wartością dodaną” – dzięki swoim naturalnym otwarciom value”—thanks to their natural visual openings to- wards the snowy peaks of the Alps. i kolorowych città italiane jest miastem chłodnym, nieszablo- background of the postcard-like and colourful città widokowym na ośnieżone szczyty Alp. One of the most important and beautiful interiors of nowym i skromnym, a jednocześnie bogatym i wytwornym. italiane is cold, unconventional and modest, while Jednym z najważniejszych i najpiękniejszych wnętrz tego mia- simultaneously being rich and elegant. this city is Piazza San Carlo—featuring arcades and sta jest Piazza San Carlo – podcieniowy, podłużny, o propor- having an elongated shape, with proportions slight- Lekcja urbanistyki A lesson in urban planning cjach niewiele ponad dwóch kwadratów (160x70m). Nanizany ly exceeding those of two squares (160 x 70 m). Placed upon the long axis of Via Roma, it connects Założyli go w IV wieku p.n.e. Turyńczycy – plemię celtycko- It was founded in the fourth century BCE by the na długą oś Via Roma, łączy się w prostej linii: od południa Taurini—a Celto-Ligurian Alpine tribe that bravely in a straight line with: the semicircular, elongated Pi- -galijskie dzielnie stawiające czoło kolejnym najeźdźcom: od z półokrągłym, wydłużonym Piazza Felice i Giardino Sambuy faced off against successive waves of invaders: azza Felice and Giardino Sambuy from the south, as Hannibala aż po Rzymian, którzy ostatecznie po swoim zwy- from Hannibal to the Romans, who, ultimately, after oraz dworcem Porta Nuova, od północy zaś z sercem miasta well as the Porta Nuova station, while from the north cięstwie wznieśli tu miasto w I wieku n.e2. Castrum pełniące their victory, erected a city here in the first century – Piazza Castello. Podobnie jak w rzymskim Piazza del Popo- it is linked with the heart of the city—Piazza Castello. 1 Similarly as in the Roman Piazza del Popolo, this rolę militarną powstało na planie czworokąta i zostało oto- AD . A military castrum was established here, with lo, plac ten od strony południowej flankują dwa bliźniacze, * Dr arch. Beata Malinowska-Petelenz, Katedra Kompozycji Urbanistycznej, Instytut Projektowania Urbanistycznego WA PK / Dr arch. Beata 132 Malinowska-Petelenz, Chair of Urban Composition, Institute of Urban Design, FoA, CUT, mail: [email protected] 133 barokowe kościoły: San Carlo Borromeo i Santa Cristina square is flanked by twin Baroque churches: San szących się nad rzeką Po. Superga jest również znakomitym city against the background of the snowy peaks of o wspaniałych, ciężkich od bogatych detali i złota wnętrzach. Carlo Borromeo and Santa Cristina, with wonderful punktem widokowym, skąd można podziwiać całe miasto na the Alps. interiors that appear heavy from their rich details and Interesującym elementem tej pierzei jest złamana symetria: gold. One interesting element of this frontage is its tle ośnieżonych szczytów Alp. Urban dialogues, the new inside the old tylko San Carlo posiada wysoka dzwonnicę, stanowiącą silny broken symmetry: only the San Carlos Church pos- Present-day Turin is a city with a population of al- kontrapunkt
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