DOCSLIB.ORG

THE CHALLENGE of CONNECTING INFORMAL and FORMAL PROPERTY SYSTEMS SOME REFLECTIONS BASED on the CASE of TANZANIA / Hernando De Soto

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE CHALLENGE of CONNECTING INFORMAL and FORMAL PROPERTY SYSTEMS SOME REFLECTIONS BASED on the CASE of TANZANIA / Hernando De Soto Realizing Property Rights page / 18 THE CHALLENGE OF CONNECTING INFORMAL AND FORMAL PROPERTY SYSTEMS SOME REFLECTIONS BASED ON THE CASE OF TANZANIA / Hernando de Soto Introduction Since independence, Tanzania has come are not held accountable for their commit- a long way in its efforts to empower its ments; assets are not liquid and cannot people. Tanzanian citizens now have the be used to create credit or capital; people right to own things, to operate business- are not interconnected, and transactions es, and to reside wherever they wish. They cannot be tracked from owner to owner; have been emancipated by policies and business organizations do not have stat- laws that bring management down to the utes that allow members to work under village level, allowing people to make deci- one point of control; they do not have the sions for themselves. In the last four dec- means to divide labor and control risks ades legislation has been reengineered through limited liability and asset par- and written law has been thoroughly mod- titioning, or associate in standard forms ernized. Nevertheless, President Benjamin such as corporations, cooperatives, and Mkapa has recognized that there is still other collectives; people cannot be iden- much to be done to unleash Tanzania’s tified, and contracts are unable to reach economic potential. Poverty still prevails. a market outside the limited confines of The legal tools created to enable citizens family and acquaintances. to cooperate on a nationwide basis are not Under these conditions of widespread being used: assets cannot be fixed in such extralegality, wealth continues to elude a way as to be economically useful or be the majority of the nation’s people; women pulled together from their dispersed local have yet to be empowered. How to change arrangements into one consistent network that? To find the answers, President Mkapa of systematized representations; people decided to reach into the grassroots of The Challenge of Connecting Informal and Formal Property Systems page / 19 Tanzania to find out what obstacles re- (and do not connect) with the government mained and what tools were available for – the basic stuff of economics. My under- Tanzanians to lift themselves out of pov- lying assumption is that it is impossible to erty. To that end, the Government of Tan- build a modern economy without includ- zania commissioned me and my not-for- ing most of the nation’s economic activity, profit organization, the Instituto Libertad and in Tanzania we found that well over y Democracia (“ILD”) based in Lima, Peru, 90 % of economic activity takes place out- to shed light on the shadows of Tanzania’s side the law. There is no way that Tanza- extralegal economy to learn as much as nia can escape poverty if the overwhelm- possible about the many local, informal ing majority of its citizens do not have the practices that people use to do business legal tools to create wealth: organizations among themselves. The Government felt that enable them to cooperate productively that among those informal rules might lie with each other, a property system to pro- the building blocks of the kind of formal tect their assets and build capital if they so legal system required to build a prosper- wish and legalize identity and contracts, ous modern economy, rooted in the beliefs allowing people to gain access to all the of the majority of Tanzanians and, there- markets in their own country. fore, legitimate and enforceable. What my team of 42 Tanzanians and From October 2004 to October 2005, 20 ILD researchers – with the help of 932 ILD researchers traveled deep into the key informants throughout Tanzania and world of extralegality in Tanzania in an Zanzibar – found is nothing short of ex- all-out effort to trail, find, compile, and traordinary. First (what Tanzanians them- diagnose the kinds of documents, rules, selves are generally not aware of) is that in and other social devices that Tanzanians the process of creating solutions for oper- have spontaneously generated for organ- ating outside the law, they have built their izing their production and assets. We al- own economic model. This model is under- so tried to identify the legal and admin- pinned by 17 solid and well­documented istrative obstacles that uselessly get in- “archetypes” – patterns of social interac- to people’s way. Our overriding goal was tion whose further development is funda- to get as complete as possible a picture of mental to the creation of a legal economic how Tanzania’s extralegal economy actu- order rooted in Tanzania’s indigenous cul- ally operates and how the official legal sys- ture. Second, we have identified what are tem interacts with it. probably the most important bottlenecks We focused on how Tanzanians in the in the legal system – 67 of them that are extralegal economy connect with each responsible for the exclusion of the poor other, how they cooperate and collabo- and account in part for their inability to rate, how they make their deals and se- create wealth. The ILD then put together cure their contracts, how they organize some preliminary indications as to what themselves inhouse and between sepa- the Government of Tanzania might do to rate organizations, and how they connect integrate its enormous extralegal economy Realizing Property Rights page / 20 under a single rule of law – based on ex- isting Tanzanian practices and beliefs that will create immediate benefits for all Tan- zanians and not only the small minority al- ready using the present legal system. The results of the year’s work were as- sembled in a 1,700 page report present- ed to the Government of Tanzania in Sep- tember 2005, “The Program to Formalize the Assets of the Poor of Tanzania and Strengthen the Rule of Law: Final Diag- nosis Report.” This article is based on that ILD report. The situation The Government of Tanzania has contin- ued to make significant progress in terms of macro-economic indicators: annual GDP growth rates are over 5 %, inflation is down to a single digit, and international reserves have been rising for a number of consec- utive years. Tanzania has also designed most of the policies and laws that are required to build a market economy. Norms are in place to allow Tanzanian entrepreneurs to register and incorporate a business, es- tablish guarantees (using movable or im- disputes through appropriate institutions. movable assets), obtain credit (at micro- In short, the legal mechanisms needed to finance institutions or commercial banks), start up, operate, expand, and eventually carry out international trade, participate close a business appear to be in place. in public procurement tenders, advertise, Unfortunately, most Tanzanians do take out insurance, resolve disputes, and not use this legal system: 98 % of all busi- withdraw a business from the market vol- nesses operate extralegally (a total of untarily or through bankruptcy. On the 1,482,000); 89 % of all properties are held property front, citizens have legal access extralegally (1,447,000 urban properties to rights over land and buildings in urban and 60,200,000 rural hectares, of which areas, as well as access to occupancy only 10 % is under clan control – mainly rights in rural areas. Also, the law provides Massai pastoral land), and the rest is pri- that they can inherit these rights and resolve vately held. The Challenge of Connecting Informal and Formal Property Systems page / 21 The crucial question then is: Why don’t economy has assets worth US $ 29 bil- Tanzanians want to benefit from all the se- lion. This is 10 times all foreign direct in- curity, organization, information, finance, vestment accumulated since Independ- capital, and the expanded national mar- ence and 4 times the net financial flows ket that Tanzanian law can provide? The from multilateral institutions in the same usual Western explanation refers to a period. Putting it simply: what the poor of general defect in the culture of Africans. Tanzania already have is much more than The academic commentators in the “cul- what foreigners can ever give them. ture counts for everything” camp, such as Huntington, Landes, and Harrison, say 2. It is virtually impossible for 90 % of that African societies are “steeped in tra- Tanzanians to enter the legal economy. ditional cultures and are unsuited to mar- The obstacles that Tanzanians would have ket-oriented development and are, thus, to overcome to access the legal system and fundamentally hampered in their pursuit obtain organizational structures, credit, of growth.”1 A number of academics “as- sign hopelessness to countries that are seen as having the ‘wrong’ kind of cul- ture for development.”2 Some have char- acterized African cultures as “regressive and tribal.”3 Others are kinder and blame it on Europe: “Africa’s traditional struc- tures were destroyed by colonialism.” 4 And while many do not dare to say it out loud, they are still stuck on prejudices as old as David Hume, who, in the 18th century, declared that the main problem with the Africans is that they don’t have what it takes to get organized. “There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white … no ingenious manufacturers amongst them, no arts, no sciences …”5 The findings What we have found in Tanzania totally contradicts all of the above contentions. Here are three massive facts for why that is so: 1. The Tanzanian poor know how to cre- ate value on their own: Their extralegal Realizing Property Rights page / 22 Registry Clerk Registrar of High Court/Respons. Magistrate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proceedings of the First Joint Annual Meetings
    Economic Commission for Africa African Union Commission Proceedings of the First Joint Annual Meetings African Union Conference of Ministers of Economy and Finance and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development 2008 AFRICAN UNION UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA Forty-first session of the Economic Commission for Africa Third session of CAMEF 31 March – 2 April 2008 • First Joint Annual Meetings of the African Union Conference of Ministers of Economy and Finance and the Economic Commission for Africa Distr.: General Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning E/ECA/CM/41/4 and Economic Development AU/CAMEF/MIN/Rpt(III) Date: 10 April 2008 • Commemoration of ECA’s 50th Anniversary Original: English Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Proceedings of the First Joint Annual Meetings of the African Union Conference of Ministers of Economy and Finance and the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Proceedings of the First Joint Annual Meetings Contents A. Attendance 1 B. Opening of the Conference and Presidential Reflections 2 C. Election of the Bureau 7 D. High-level thematic debate 7 E. Adoption of the agenda and programme of work 11 F. Account of Proceedings 11 Annex I: A. Resolutions adopted by the Joint Conference 20 B. Ministerial Statement adopted by the Joint Conference 27 C. Solemn Declaration on the 50th Anniversary of the Economic Commission for Africa 33 Annex II: Report of the Committee of Experts of the First Joint Meeting of the AU Conference of Ministers of Economy and Finance and ECA Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development 35 E/ECA/CM/41/4 iii AU/CAMEF/MIN/Rpt(III) Proceedings of the First Joint Annual Meetings A.
    [Show full text]
  • Mkapa, Benjamin William
    BENJAMIN WILLIAM MKAPA DCL Mr Chancellor, There’s something familiar about Benjamin Mkapa’s story; a graduate joins a political party with socialist leanings, rises rapidly through the establishment then leads a landslide electoral victory, he focuses on education and helps shift the economy to a successful and stable mixed model. He is popular though he does suffer criticism over his military policy from Clare Short. Then after 10 years he steps down, voluntarily. Tell this story to a British audience and few would think of the name Mkapa. Indeed, if you showed his picture most British people would have no idea who he was. This anonymity and commendable political story are huge achievements for he was a leader of a poor African country that was still under colonial rule less than 50 years ago. He’s not a household name because he did not preside over failure, nor impose dictatorial rule, he did not steal his people’s money or set tribal groups in conflict. He was a good democratic leader, an example in a continent with too few. The potential for failure was substantial. His country of 120 ethnic groups shares borders with Mozambique, Congo, Rwanda and Uganda. It ranks 31st in size in the world, yet 1 when it was redefined in 1920 the national education department had three staff. The defeat of Germany in 1918 ended the conflict in its East African colony and creation of a new British protectorate, Tanganyika. In 1961 the country achieved independence and three years later joined with Zanzibar to create Tanzania.
    [Show full text]
  • Na Namba Ya Prem Jina La Mwanafunzi Shule Atokayo 1
    ORODHA YA WANAFUNZI WALIOCHAGULIWA KUJIUNGA KIDATO CHA KWANZA MWAKA 2021 WILAYA YA TEMEKE - WASICHANA A.UFAULU MZURI ZAIDI SHULE YA SEKONDARI KILAKALA - BWENI NA NAMBA YA PREM JINA LA MWANAFUNZI SHULE ATOKAYO 1 20140978513 GIFT JUMANNE MWAMBE SACRED HEART SHULE YA SEKONDARI MSALATO - BWENI NA NAMBA YA PREM JINA LA MWANAFUNZI SHULE ATOKAYO 1 20141212460 IQRA SUPHIAN MBWANA ASSWIDDIQ 2 20141196774 HADIJA SAMNDERE ABDALLAH KIZUIANI SHULE YA SEKONDARI TABORA WAS - BWENI NA NAMBA YA PREM JINA LA MWANAFUNZI SHULE ATOKAYO 1 20140161890 JANETH JASSON RWIZA HOLY CROSS 2 20140142894 CATHERINE JACKSON MUGYABUSO HOLY CROSS 3 20140158817 MARTHA FREDRICK KIULA KAMO 4 20141283912 VANESSA ARISTIDES MSOKA JOYLAND B.UFUNDI BWENI SHULE YA SEKONDARI MTWARA UFUNDI - BWENI NA NAMBA YA PREM JINA LA MWANAFUNZI SHULE ATOKAYO 1 20140246791 PRINCESSREBECA ALOYCE MOSHA SHALOM 2 20140293569 SUZAN DIOCRES PETER MWANGAZA ENG. MED. SHULE YA SEKONDARI TANGA UFUNDI - BWENI NA NAMBA YA PREM JINA LA MWANAFUNZI SHULE ATOKAYO 1 20140271585 FATUMA IBRAHIMU NASSORO SOKOINE 2 20141282072 ALAWIA ASHIRI KIBWANGA KIBURUGWA 3 20140813416 LUCY MARTIN NDEU MGULANI C.BWENI KAWAIDA SHULE YA SEKONDARI KAZIMA - BWENI NA NAMBA YA PREM JINA LA MWANAFUNZI SHULE ATOKAYO 1 20141358656 ASHURA ISSA NGULANGWA NZASA 2 20140961580 SHUFAA HAMADI TAMBARA UKOMBOZI 3 20140801607 NAIMA RAZACK MCHALAGANYA TAIFA 4 20140437650 HALIMA HASHIMU MPEGEA RUVUMA SHULE YA SEKONDARI LOWASSA- BWENI NA NAMBA YA PREM JINA LA MWANAFUNZI SHULE ATOKAYO 1 20141303924 RAHMA ALLY KWAKWADU MBANDE SHULE YA SEKONDARI LUGOBA-
    [Show full text]
  • Forty Days and Nights of Peacemaking in Kenya
    Page numbering! JOURNAL OF AFRICAN ELECTIONS FORTY DAYS AND NIGHTS OF PEACEMAKING IN KENYA Gilbert M Khadiagala Gilbert Khadiagala is Jan Smuts Professor of International Relations, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg e-mail: [email protected] We are ready to go the extra mile to achieve peace. Today, we take the first step. My party and I are ready for this long journey to restore peace in our land …We urge our people to be patient as parties work day and night to ensure that negotiations do not last a day longer than necessary. Raila Odinga, leader of the Orange Democratic Movement (East African Standard 25 January) Kenya is a vital country in this region and the international com- munity is not ready to watch it slump into anarchy. Norwegian Ambassador Hellen Jacobsen (East African Standard 5 February) I will stay as long as it takes to get the issue of a political settlement to an irreversible point. I will not be frustrated or provoked to leave. It is in the interest of the men and women of Kenya, the region, Africa and the international community to have a new government. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan (Daily Nation 6 February) ABSTRACT Recent studies on resolving civil conflicts have focused on the role of external actors in husbanding durable agreements. The contribution of authoritative parties is vital to the mediation of conflicts where parties are frequently In the interests of avoiding repetition citations will carry the date and month only unless the year is anything other than 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Tanzania Human Rights Report 2008
    Legal and Human Rights Centre Tanzania Human Rights Report 2008: Progress through Human Rights Funded By; Embassy of Finland Embassy of Norway Embassy of Sweden Ford Foundation Oxfam-Novib Trocaire Foundation for Civil Society i Tanzania Human Rights Report 2008 Editorial Board Francis Kiwanga (Adv.) Helen Kijo-Bisimba Prof. Chris Maina Peter Richard Shilamba Harold Sungusia Rodrick Maro Felista Mauya Researchers Godfrey Mpandikizi Stephen Axwesso Laetitia Petro Writers Clarence Kipobota Sarah Louw Publisher Legal and Human Rights Centre LHRC, April 2009 ISBN: 978-9987-432-74-5 ii Acknowledgements We would like to recognize the immense contribution of several individuals, institutions, governmental departments, and non-governmental organisations. The information they provided to us was invaluable to the preparation of this report. We are also grateful for the great work done by LHRC employees Laetitia Petro, Richard Shilamba, Godfrey Mpandikizi, Stephen Axwesso, Mashauri Jeremiah, Ally Mwashongo, Abuu Adballah and Charles Luther who facilitated the distribution, collection and analysis of information gathered from different areas of Tanzania. Our 131 field human rights monitors and paralegals also played an important role in preparing this report by providing us with current information about the human rights’ situation at the grass roots’ level. We greatly appreciate the assistance we received from the members of the editorial board, who are: Helen Kijo-Bisimba, Francis Kiwanga, Rodrick Maro, Felista Mauya, Professor Chris Maina Peter, and Harold Sungusia for their invaluable input on the content and form of this report. Their contributions helped us to create a better report. We would like to recognize the financial support we received from various partners to prepare and publish this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Tanzania a Success Story? a Long Term Analysis
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES IS TANZANIA A SUCCESS STORY? A LONG TERM ANALYSIS Sebastian Edwards Working Paper 17764 http://www.nber.org/papers/w17764 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 January 2012 Many people helped me with this work. In Dar es Salaam I was fortunate to discuss a number of issues pertaining to the Tanzanian economy with Professor Samuel Wangwe, Professor Haidari Amani, Dr. Kipokola, Dr. Hans Hoogeveen, Mr. Rugumyamheto, Professor Joseph Semboja, Dr. Idris Rashid, Professor Mukandala, and Dr. Brian Cooksey. I am grateful to Professor Benno Ndulu for his hospitality and many good discussions. I thank David N. Weil for his useful and very detailed comments on an earlier (and much longer) version of the paper. Gerry Helleiner was kind enough as to share with me a chapter of his memoirs. I thank Jim McIntire and Paolo Zacchia from the World Bank, and Roger Nord and Chris Papagiorgiou from the International Monetary Fund for sharing their views with me. I thank Mike Lofchie for many illuminating conversations, throughout the years, on the evolution of Tanzania’s political and economic systems. I am grateful to Steve O’Connell for discussing with me his work on Tanzania, and to Anders Aslund for helping me understand the Nordic countries’ position on development assistance in Africa. Comments by the participants at the National Bureau of Economic Research “Africa Conference,” held in Zanzibar in August 2011, were particularly helpful. I am grateful to Kathie Krumm for introducing me, many years ago, to the development challenges faced by the East African countries, and for persuading me to spend some time working in Tanzania in 1992.
    [Show full text]
  • Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
    A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Accountability and Clientelism in Dominant Party Politics: The Case of a Constituency Development Fund in Tanzania Machiko Tsubura Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies University of Sussex January 2014 - ii - I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature: ……………………………………… - iii - UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX MACHIKO TSUBURA DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES ACCOUNTABILITY AND CLIENTELISM IN DOMINANT PARTY POLITICS: THE CASE OF A CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND IN TANZANIA SUMMARY This thesis examines the shifting nature of accountability and clientelism in dominant party politics in Tanzania through the analysis of the introduction of a Constituency Development Fund (CDF) in 2009. A CDF is a distinctive mechanism that channels a specific portion of the government budget to the constituencies of Members of Parliament (MPs) to finance local small-scale development projects which are primarily selected by MPs.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace in the Great Lakes Region: Time for a Regional Approach
    Occasional Paper 310 August 2020 Peace in the Great Lakes Region: Time for a Regional Approach STEPHANIE WOLTERS African perspectives Global insights Abstract The countries of the Great Lakes region face the possibility of rising regional tensions which could lead to renewed violence. Relations between Uganda and Rwanda are at a historical low, and the heightened tensions between Rwanda and Burundi are entering a sixth year. At the same time, the change in leadership in the DRC, and an apparent commitment by President Félix Tshisekedi to address chronic instability and violence in the eastern DRC provide an opportunity to reinvigorate regional relations in a positive manner. Although still too early to tell, the recent leadership change in Burundi may also provide an opening to re-engage with the government to bring an end to the political crisis and years of isolation. In order to effectively address instability in the DRC and rising political tensions in the wider Great Lakes region, a strong, regionally rooted political process is necessary to address violence, instability and the business of illegal resource exploitation in the region. This paper looks at the status quo, particularly the interests that have driven and sustained instability in the region and the eastern DRC in particular. It argues that a new high-level regional political process is necessary in order to end decades of violence and prevent an escalation arising from growing tensions between key countries. A key element of such a peace process must be a reframing of the conflict narrative of the past 30 years, which has persistently placed governance failures in the DRC at the centre of the conversation, without recognising and addressing the reality that governance failures in other countries are equally significant drivers of instability and violence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (Rgoz) PEFA Assessment, 2018
    The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) PEFA Assessment, 2018 Public Financial Management assessment following PEFA methodology for the RGoZ The PEFA Secretariat confirms that this report meets the PEFA quality assurance requirements and is hereby awarded the ‘PEFA CHECK’. PEFA Secretariat April 3, 2019 The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Assessment, 2018 FINAL Report April 2019 2018 PEFA Assessment Final Report Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar Table of contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Purpose and management of the assessment .............................................................................................. 5 Assessment management, coverage and timing ........................................................................................... 5 Impact of PFM Systems on the three main budgetary outcomes .................................................................. 6 Performance changes since last assessment ............................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 RATIONALE AND
    [Show full text]
  • President Benjamin Mkapa Interviewer
    An initiative of the National Academy of Public Administration, and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Bobst Center for Peace and Justice, Princeton University Oral History Program Series: Civil Service Interview no.: Z6 Interviewee: President Benjamin Mkapa Interviewer: Jennifer Widner Date of Interview: 25 August 2009 Location: Dar es Salaam Tanzania Innovations for Successful Societies, Bobst Center for Peace and Justice Princeton University, 83 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA www.princeton.edu/successfulsocieties Use of this transcript is governed by ISS Terms of Use, available at www.princeton.edu/successfulsocieties Innovations for Successful Societies Series: Civil Service Oral History Program Interview number: Z6_CS ______________________________________________________________________ WIDNER: Thank you very much for speaking with us Your Excellency. You have been engaged in public service reform as President and subsequently you became Chair of the South Centre and may have views on the challenges facing reform leaders in other parts of the world. We wanted to speak with you about both of these subjects if possible beginning with public service management or public management reform which has gone fairly far in Tanzania even though there are still some challenges ahead. I wanted to ask you to remember back to the mid 1990s when you became President and to ask you why you decided to move forward with public management reform at that time. Some people have observed that this is a part of government activity that many people don’t like to address when they’re in office because the benefits often lie very far out in the future and there’s not much immediate political incentive yet you decided to go forward.
    [Show full text]
  • Tarehe 12 Aprili, 2021
    NAKALA MTANDAO(ONLINE DOCUMENT) BUNGE LA TANZANIA ________ MAJADILIANO YA BUNGE _________ MKUTANO WA TATU Kikao cha Saba – Tarehe 12 Aprili, 2021 (Bunge Lilianza Saa Tatu Asubuhi) D U A Spika (Mhe. Job Y. Ndugai) Alisoma Dua SPIKA: Waheshimiwa Wabunge, tukae. Waheshimiwa Wabunge, tunaendelea na Mkutano wetu wa Tatu, leo ni Kikao cha Saba. Natumaini mlikuwa na weekend njema Waheshimiwa Wabunge, ingawaje weekend ilikuwa na mambo yake hii. Jana nilimtafuta Waziri wa Fedha, Mheshimiwa Dkt. Mwigulu Nchemba kwa mambo yetu haya ya Bunge kuhusiana na uchangiaji wa Mpango wa Maendeleo akaniambia Mheshimiwa Spika tafadhali niache. Aah! Sasa nakuacha kuna nini tena? Anasema nina stress. Kumbe matokeo ya juzi yamempa stress. (Makofi/Kicheko) Pole sana Mheshimiwa Dkt. Mwigulu Nchemba, na Wanayanga wote poleni sana. Taarifa tulizonazo ni kwamba wachezaji wana njaa, hali yao kidogo, maana yake wamelegealegea hivi. Kwa hiyo Waheshimiwa Wabunge baadaye tunaweza tukafanya mchango kidogo tuwasaidie Yanga ili wachezaji… (Kicheko) Katibu, tuendelee. (Kicheko) NDG. EMMANUEL MPANDA – KATIBU MEZANI: 1 NAKALA MTANDAO(ONLINE DOCUMENT) HATI ZILIZOWASILISHWA MEZANI Hati zifuatazo ziliwasilishwa Mezani na:- NAIBU WAZIRI, OFISI YA WAZIRI MKUU (SERA, BUNGE, KAZI, AJIRA NA VIJANA) (MHE. PASCHAL P. KATAMBI): Randama za Makadirio ya Mapato na Matumizi ya Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu na Taasisi zake kwa mwaka wa fedha 2021/2022. NAIBU SPIKA: Ahsante sana Mheshimiwa Naibu Waziri, Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu. Katibu! NDG. EMMANUEL MPANDA – KATIBU MEZANI: MASWALI NA MAJIBU SPIKA: Swali la kwanza linaelekea TAMISEMI na litaulizwa na Mheshimiwa Jacqueline Ngonyani Msongozi, Mbunge kutoka kule Ruvuma. Na. 49 Hitaji la Vituo vya Afya – Tunduru MHE. JACQUELINE N. MSONGOZI aliuliza:- Je, Serikali ina mpango gani wa kujenga vituo vya afya katika Kata za Tinginya, Muhimba, Kalulu, Mindu, Nalasi Magharibi na Nalasi Mashariki Wilayani Tunduru? SPIKA: Majibu ya Serikali kuhusu ujenzi wa vituo vya afya Ruvuma na nchi nzima, Mheshimiwa Naibu Waziri TAMISEMI, Mheshimiwa David Silinde, tafadhali.
    [Show full text]
  • 'From Stinkibar to Zanzibar': Disease, Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Urban Zanzibar, 1870-1963
    'FROM STINKIBAR TO ZANZIBAR': DISEASE, MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN COLONIAL URBAN ZANZIBAR, 1870-1963 AMINAAMEIRISSA A Dissertation Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at the University of KwaZulu-Natal May 2009 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation has not been submitted to any other university and that it is my entirely own work that I have given due acknowledgement of all sources. CMX& AminHLa Ameir Issa rofessor Julie Parle 3 JMri£20pC{ 6s}\MAl lOOf ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my children Abdul-Aziz, Nusayba, Atifa and Mahmoud And to my late father Ameir Issa Haji (1939-1995) TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ix ILLUSTRATIONS xi ABBREVIATIONS xii CHRONOLOGY OF THE OMANI RULERS, ZANZIBAR xiii BRITISH ADMINISTRATORS, ZANZIBAR xiv GLOSSARY xv INTRODUCTION Disease, Medicine and Health, 1870-1963 1 Introduction 1 The Literature Review 9 Theoretical Framework 19 Sources and Structure 24 CHAPTER 1 A History of Disease in Urban Zanzibar, c. 1860s - c. 1870s 31 The Entrepot 31 "Stinky Town" 35 Endemic Diseases in Urban Zanzibar: Fever, Yaws and Elephantiasis 43 Epidemic Diseases: Smallpox, Cholera and Dengue fever 54 Disease, Death and Demography 64 Conclusion: Zanzibar Town in the mid-1800s, A Repository of Disease and Death 67 iv CHAPTER 2 The Arrival and Consolidation of Western Medicine in Urban Zanzibar, 1830-1889 68 The Arrival of Western Medicine in Urban Zanzibar 68 Consulate Physicians and Peoples' Illnesses 73 Cure and Christianity:
    [Show full text]