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1231 Urseren 133 Geologischer Atlas der Schweiz Atlas géologique de la Suisse Atlante geologico della Svizzera 1: 25 000 1231 Urseren Erläuterungen 50 Textfiguren, 4 Tabellen und 3 Tafelbeilagen verfasst von TONI LABHART und FELIX RENNER 2012 Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Confédération suisse Confederazione Svizzera Confederaziun svizra Bundesamt für Landestopografie swisstopo 1231_Urseren_Inhalt_RZ.indd 1 13.11.13 09:47 2 Empfehlung für die Angabe in einem Literaturverzeichnis Karte LABHART, T. (2012): Blatt 1231 Urseren. – Geol. Atlas Schweiz 1: 25 000, Karte 133. Erläuterungen LABHART, T. & RENNER, F. (2012): Blatt 1231 Urseren. – Geol. Atlas Schweiz 1: 25 000, Erläut. 133. Titelbilder Umschlag Die Sandbalmhöhle, auf der Voralp, ca. 5 km westlich von Göschenen gelegen, gilt als grösste Kristallkluft der Alpen. In das flach liegende, ca. 2 m mächtige, kristallhaltige Quarzband ist seit dem 16. Jh. ein rund 250 m langes Gangsystem vorgetrieben worden. Foto P. Indergand. Erläuterungen Prävariszischer Paragneis («Gurschengneis») mit hellen, aplitischen Lagen, die während der variszischen und/oder alpinen Gebirgsbildung verschiefert und unregelmässig verfaltet worden sind. Bildhöhe ca. 1 m. Foto C. Gisler. Herausgeber © 2012, Bundesamt für Landestopografie, CH-3084 Wabern. – Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Über- setzungen und analoge oder digitale Vervielfältigungen dieses Dokuments oder von Teilen da- von, die nicht ausschliesslich dem privaten Eigengebrauch dienen, sind nur mit Erlaubnis des Herausgebers gestattet. Das Bundesamt für Landestopografie swisstopo ist ein Unternehmensbereich der armasuisse. ISSN 1420-2913 ISBN 978-3-302-40053-2 1231_Urseren_Inhalt_RZ.indd 2 13.11.13 09:47 3 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort des Herausgebers .......................................................... 4 Zusammenfassung ................................................................. 5 Riassunto ......................................................................... 6 Résumé ........................................................................... 7 Summary ......................................................................... 8 Vorwort und Dank des Autors der Karte .............................................. 9 Geologische Übersicht ............................................................. 10 Historischer Rückblick auf die Kartierung des Gebiets von Blatt Urseren ................ 11 Stratigraphie und Petrographie ...................................................... 13 Helvetikum .................................................................. 13 Aar-Massiv ............................................................. 13 Prävariszisches Kristallin südlich des Zentralen Aare-Granits .......... 13 Prävariszisches Kristallin nördlich des Zentralen Aare-Granits ......... 19 Variszische Intrusiva ............................................... 19 Variszische Vulkanite und vulkanoklastische Sedimente ............... 38 Ganggesteine ..................................................... 40 Postvariszische Sedimente ......................................... 48 Gomser Zwischenmassiv ................................................ 49 Prävariszische Gneise ............................................. 49 Urseren-Zone .......................................................... 49 Postvariszische Sedimente und Vulkanite ........................... 51 Gotthard-Massiv ....................................................... 60 Prävariszische Paragneise und Migmatite ............................ 60 Prävariszische Orthogneise («Streifengneis») ......................... 72 Variszische Paragneise und Schiefer ................................. 75 Spätvariszische Intrusiva ........................................... 76 Ganggesteine ..................................................... 83 Quartär ..................................................................... 85 Spätes Pleistozän ....................................................... 86 Holozän ............................................................... 93 Tektonisch-metamorphe Entwicklung ................................................ 102 Ordovizischer Zyklus und ältere Relikte ........................................ 102 Variszischer Zyklus ........................................................... 104 Alpiner Zyklus ............................................................... 106 Spät- und postalpine Heraushebung ............................................ 112 Hydrogeologie .................................................................... 115 Rohstoffe ......................................................................... 117 Technische Geologie ............................................................... 125 Exkursionen ...................................................................... 132 Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................ 135 Publizierte geologische Karten ...................................................... 148 Beilagen .......................................................................... 152 1231_Urseren_Inhalt_RZ.indd 3 13.11.13 09:47 4 VORWORT DES HERAUSGEBERS Das Atlasblatt Nr. 133 Urseren liegt im Bereich des Kreuzungspunktes dreier wichtiger Alpenpässe, des Gotthard-, des Furka- und des Oberalppasses. Dieses Gebiet spielt auch geologisch-tektonisch die Rolle eines wichtigen Bindeglieds, da es einerseits die Einheiten des Oberwallis mit denen Graubündens verbindet und anderseits einen bedeutenden Teil der in der alpinen Gebirgsbildung sehr wichti- gen Grenzzone zwischen Aar-Massiv und Gotthard-Massiv abdeckt. In den Jahren 1970 – 2009 hat Prof. T. Labhart das vorliegende Gebiet intensiv begangen und kartiert und seine Aufnahmen, unter Miteinbezug der bereits be- stehenden Unterlagen und Forschungsresultate, zu einem einheitlichen, moder- nen Kartenblatt aufgearbeitet. Dr. F. Renner hat in aufwendiger Detailarbeit die Randzonen und Seiten- und Endmoränenwälle der heutigen und einstigen Gletscher des vorliegenden Gebiets erfasst und zeitlich eingestuft. Damit hat er die Grundlage für die Ge- samtinterpretation der Glazialablagerungen beigesteuert, die – in Ergänzung zu den Feldaufnahmen – anhand von Orthofotos aus dem Jahre 2007 durchgeführt wurde. Die Dissertationen von AMBÜHL (1929) und HOFMÄNNER (1964) bildeten weitere, bedeutende Grundsteine der Karte. Dipl. Geol. C. Gisler hat im Bereich Gemsstock– Chastelhorn – Gloggentürmli die Kartierung von E. Ambühl, insbeson- dere die westliche Fortsetzung der auf Blatt Oberalppass auskartierten Borel- und Tenelinzone, überarbeitet sowie ergänzende, lokale Kartierungen im Raum Gö- schenen -Andermatt, im Bitziwald, am Winterhorn und am Furkapass sowie am Maasplanggstock und im Chelenalp-Gebiet durchgeführt. Das zwischen dem Zentralen Aare-Granit und dem Mesozoikum der Urse- ren-Zone gelegene prävariszische Kristallin GMA könnte, ausgehend von den Ar- beiten von NIGGLI (1965a) und FEHR (1922a, b), noch weiter unterteilt werden. Diese Aufgabe bleibt jedoch künftigen Forschergenerationen vorbehalten. Die kartographische Bearbeitung des Kartenblattes Urseren lag in den Hän- den von Monika Etter-Seitz (Orell Füssli Kartographie AG) und Remo Trüssel (Landesgeologie, swisstopo). Das Atelier Ursula Heilig SGD gestaltete den Schrift- satz. Die wissenschaftliche Begutachtung wurde von der Schweizerischen Geologi- schen Kommission koordiniert. Die Kommentare und Beiträge von Prof. U. Schalt- egger, Prof. A. Pfiffner, PD Dr. A. Berger, Dr. M. Wiederkehr und Dr. R. Burk halter haben Wesentliches zu den vorliegenden Erläuterungen beigetragen. Das Bundesamt für Landestopografie dankt allen Beteiligten für ihre wert- volle Arbeit und für die gute Zusammenarbeit während der redaktionellen Phase. Ebenfalls gedankt sei allen übrigen Personen (Private, Gemeinde- und Kantons- behörden, Fachstellen, Geologiebüros u. a.), die zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit bei- getragen haben. Mai 2013 Bundesamt für Landestopografie Geologische Landesaufnahme 1231_Urseren_Inhalt_RZ.indd 4 13.11.13 09:47 5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das Gebiet von Atlasblatt Urseren umfasst südliche Teile des Aar-Massivs, die Urseren-Zone und nördliche Bereiche des Gotthard-Massivs. Beide Massive bestehen aus prävariszischem, polymetamorphem Kristallin (überwiegend Gnei- se, Schiefer, Amphibolite) und aus variszischen Graniten. Letztere umfassen den flächenmässig dominanten Zentralen Aare-Granit und den Voralp-Granit sowie vier weitere, kleinere Granitkörper (Gamsboden- und Fibbia-Granitgneis, Winter- horn- und Cacciola-Granit). Die Urseren-Zone trennt als km-mächtiger, alpin steil gestellter Sedimentzug die zwei Massivblöcke. Es handelt sich um die Reste (?Karbon – Malm) der ursprünglichen Sedimentbedeckung des nördlichen Gott- hard-Massivs und des Tavetscher bzw. Gomser Zwischenmassivs. Die alpine Gebirgsbildung bewirkte mit ihren Einengungs-, Versenkungs- und Überschiebungsvorgängen eine tiefgreifende Überprägung des Altbestandes, einerseits durch eine niedriggradige, von Norden nach Süden zunehmende alpine Metamorphose, anderseits durch eine Tektonisierung, die sich in einer starken Verschieferung und Bruchbildung äussert und in Kombination mit einer späteren Heraushebung für das heutige junge Hochgebirgsrelief verantwortlich ist. Einer besonderen alpinen physikochemischen Konstellation ist die Entstehung der welt- berühmten alpinen Zerrklüfte und ihrer Mineralien zu verdanken. Im Aare-Gra- nit des vorliegenden Gebiets liegen drei der grössten Kristallhöhlen der Alpen. Es ist auch heute noch ein Zentrum der Strahlerei, die hier schon
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