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Exploiting the Genetic Diversity of Wild Ancestors and Relatives of Wheat for Its Improvement Jagdeep Singh Sidhu South Dakota State University

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Exploiting the Genetic Diversity of Wild Ancestors and Relatives of Wheat for Its Improvement Jagdeep Singh Sidhu South Dakota State University South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018 Exploiting the Genetic Diversity of Wild Ancestors and Relatives of Wheat for its Improvement Jagdeep Singh Sidhu South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons Recommended Citation Sidhu, Jagdeep Singh, "Exploiting the Genetic Diversity of Wild Ancestors and Relatives of Wheat for its Improvement" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2641. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/2641 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXPLOITING THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF WILD ANCESTORS AND RELATIVES OF WHEAT FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT BY JAGDEEP SINGH SIDHU A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Plant Science South Dakota State University 2018 iii This thesis is dedicated to my respected father Mr. Amrik Singh Sidhu, mother Mrs. Harjit Kaur, my dear sister Sukhdeep Kaur and cute niece Samreet. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am grateful to Dr. Sunish Sehgal for giving me an opportunity work in his winter breeding program. My master’s work would not have been possible without his love, help, support and encouragement. I truly respect Dr. Sunish’s considerate nature, his hard work and his care for his students, specifically for me. I learned a plethora from him and looking forward to do the same in future. I am also thankful to Dr. Shaukat Ali for his help and support not only as a pathologist but also as an encouraging person to push us forward. My sincere thanks to Dr. Jose Gonzalez and Dr. Deepthi Kolady for being on my committee and helping in my thesis. I would also like to thank all of my lab mates and friends for their help and support. To name few special personalities: Yeyan, Karan, Nancy, Simran, Jyoti, Rame, Mike, Dilkaran, Abhinav, Sai, Mark, Jasdeep, Navdeep and many more. I owe to all those people and books from which I have learned as little as a single word. Nothing was possible without my families support; big salute to my mother, sister and my uncle, Sr. Chamkaur Singh. Finally, to my mentor – my father Sr. Amrik Singh – because I owe it all to you, many thanks. At last but not least to the force/nature controlling the whole universe. v CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………xiii INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….....1 Literature review ................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Wheat – a general introduction ................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 Importance of wheat ........................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Rising Wheat demands vs stagnant yields .......................................................... 3 1.1.3 Lack of genetic diversity in wheat germplasm ................................................... 4 1.1.4 Origin of wheat ................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Wild relatives of wheat ............................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 Gene pools of wheat ........................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Triticum turgidum subsp. .................................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Importance of different Triticum turgidum subsp. in wheat improvement ...... 10 1.2.4 Mini core collections ........................................................................................ 12 1.2.5 Triticum turgidum subsp. mini core or core collections ................................... 13 1.3 Rye (Secale cereale L.) ........................................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Importance of Rye as a crop ............................................................................. 13 1.3.2 Origin and dissemination of rye ....................................................................... 14 vi 1.3.3 Taxonomy of rye .............................................................................................. 15 1.3.4 Stress tolerance in rye ....................................................................................... 15 1.3.5 Genetic diversity analysis in Rye ..................................................................... 17 1.3.6 Association mapping for tan spot resistance .................................................... 17 1.4 Wheat diseases ........................................................................................................ 19 1.4.1 Leaf rust ............................................................................................................ 19 1.4.2 Fusarium Head blight ....................................................................................... 22 1.4.3 Tan spot ............................................................................................................ 24 1.5 Exploiting wheat-diazotrophic interactions ............................................................ 28 1.5.1 Impact of Nitrogen fertilizer uses ..................................................................... 28 1.5.2 Biological nitrogen fixation .............................................................................. 28 1.5.3 Endosymbiotic associations .............................................................................. 29 1.5.4 Endophytic and associative associations .......................................................... 29 1.5.5 Wheat diazotrophic studies ............................................................................... 29 1.5.6 Potential in wild relatives-diazotroph interactions ........................................... 30 Characterizing wild and domesticated tetraploid wheat species (Triticum turgidum subsp.) for resistance to Fusarium head blight, leaf rust, and tan spot. ............ 31 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 31 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 32 2.3 Material and methods .............................................................................................. 34 vii 2.3.1 Mini core collection .......................................................................................... 34 2.3.2 Fusarium head blight screening ....................................................................... 35 2.3.3 Leaf rust screening ............................................................................................ 38 2.3.4 Tan spot screening ............................................................................................ 40 2.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 42 2.4.1 Fusarium head blight (FHB) screening ............................................................ 42 2.4.2 Leaf rust screening ............................................................................................ 44 2.4.3 Tan spot screening ............................................................................................ 48 2.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 51 2.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 53 Evaluation and identification of ancestors and wild relatives of wheat for their interaction with diazotrophs .............................................................................................. 55 3.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 55 3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 56 3.3 Material and methods .............................................................................................. 59 3.3.1 Plant material .................................................................................................... 59 3.3.2 Growth medium ................................................................................................ 61 3.3.3 Plant growth conditions .................................................................................... 61 3.3.4 Tissue collection and 15N analysis .................................................................... 61 3.3.5 Statistical analysis............................................................................................. 62 viii 3.4 Results ....................................................................................................................
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