WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch From Underground to Elite: Egyptian Bloggers before and after the 2011 Uprising El Sayed, N. This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © Mrs Nadine El Sayed, 2015. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: ((http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail
[email protected] From Underground to Elite: Egyptian Bloggers before and after the 2011 Uprising Nadine El Sayed A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements by the University of Westminster for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, June 2015 DECLARATION I certify that this thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree at the University of Westminster is my own work. El Sayed, 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For putting up with my endless emails, re-writes and edits – sometimes all within two hours of each other – and her constant guidance and support, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Naomi Sakr. For putting up with my complaining, mood swings, self-doubts, bouts of “what did I get myself into” and a whole lot of starry eyes, non-responsive, thesis- contemplating states, I have to thank my family. To my mother, I am endlessly thankful for your constant support, for all those pages you read and re-read and miraculously found interesting even though you had no previous interest in bloggers or media theories and for spending hours discussing - and pretending to be fascinated by - my thesis.