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Magisterarbeit MAGISTERARBEIT Titel der Magisterarbeit Aktiviert, organisiert und vernetzt euch! Politische Protestkommunikation im Netz am Beispiel der Ägyptischen Revolution Verfasserin Katharina Prinz, Bakk.phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 841 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Magisterstudium Publizistik- u. Kommunikationswissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.- Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Duchkowitsch Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form an keiner anderen Universität eingereicht und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. Datum: Unterschrift: Danksagung Viele – mir wertvollen Menschen – haben eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung dieser vorliegenden Arbeit eingenommen, dafür möchte ich gerne an dieser Stelle DANKE sagen. Mein größter Dank gilt meiner Familie und meinem Freund, sie haben mich seit jeher in jeder Hinsicht unterstützt, besonders in dieser intensiven Phase aufmunternde Worte gefunden und Geduld für so manche Höhen und Tiefen aufgebracht. Weiters ist es mir wichtig, ein Dankeschön meinen FreundInnen und StudienkollegInnen in Wien, sowie auch im Waldviertel auszusprechen. Durch so manche hilfreiche Tipps, anregende Diskussionen und fachliches Material wurde die Arbeit dementsprechend ausgebaut und erweitert. Und vor allem ward ihr mir alle eine große Stütze, vielen lieben Dank! Namentlich erwähnen möchte ich an dieser Stelle meinen Bruder Christian und meine Cousine Katrin, welche meine Arbeit lektoriert haben, vielen Dank dafür! Ganz besonders dankbar bin ich all meinen befragten Experten, welche mir mit ihrem Wissen eine gute Grundlage für den empirischen Teil lieferten! Und nicht zuletzt möchte ich mich für die Betreuung dieser Arbeit, sowie den fachkundigen Beistand bei Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Duchkowitsch bedanken. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Persönliches Erkenntnisinteresse ......................................................................... 10 2 Politischer Protest und Protestkommunikation ....................................................... 12 2.1 Politischer Protest ................................................................................................. 13 3 Der Öffentlichkeitsbegriff ........................................................................................... 15 4 Von der Öffentlichkeit zur Gegenöffentlichkeit ........................................................ 20 4.1 Konzept der bürgerlichen Öffentlichkeit (Habermas) ............................................. 20 4.1.1 Idealtypus der bürgerlichen Öffentlichkeit ...................................................... 22 4.1.2 Kritik am Öffentlichkeitsmodell von Habermas .............................................. 23 4.2 Konzept der proletarischen Öffentlichkeit (Negt/Kluge) ......................................... 24 4.3 Kritik am Öffentlichkeitsmodell von Negt/Kluge ..................................................... 26 5 Gegenöffentlichkeit .................................................................................................... 27 5.1 Medien als Träger von Gegenöffentlichkeit – Alternative Medien .......................... 30 5.1.1 Die Zeitung als Protestmedium – Alternativpresse ........................................ 35 6 Das Internet als „Protestmedium“ ............................................................................. 39 6.1 Das Internet – Geschichte, und Idee ..................................................................... 39 6.2 Charakteristika des Internets ................................................................................ 42 6.3 Protest alias Gegenöffentlichkeit im Netz .............................................................. 44 6.4 Neue Formen von Internetprotest – Von friedlich bis aggressiv ............................ 45 6.4.1 Neue Protestformen im WWW ...................................................................... 46 6.4.2 Verbreitete Protestformen via E-Mail ............................................................. 49 6.4.3 Protestmöglichkeiten via Newsgroups oder Chats ......................................... 50 6.4.4 Weitere Trends der politischen Protestkommunikation im Netz ..................... 50 6.5 Protestmöglichkeiten über WEB 2.0 - Das Social Web ........................................ 51 6.5.1 Das soziale Netzwerk „Facebook“ ................................................................. 52 6.5.2 Twitter ........................................................................................................... 54 6.5.3 Weblogs ........................................................................................................ 55 6.5.4 YouTube ....................................................................................................... 58 6.6 Kontroverse Positionen zum Neuen Netz .............................................................. 60 6.6.1 Netzoptimismus............................................................................................. 60 6.6.2 Netzneutralismus .......................................................................................... 61 6.6.3 Netzpessimismus .......................................................................................... 62 6.7 DISKUSSION: Internet als Protestmedium - Neue Möglichkeiten für Demokratie und Partizipation? ............................................................................................. 63 7 DER UNTERSUCHUNGSGEGENSTAND - Die Revolution in Ägypten .................... 66 7.1 Ausgangslage ....................................................................................................... 66 7.2 Chronologie der Ereignisse – 18 Tage Revolution ................................................ 69 7.3 Ägypten nach Mubarak – Ein kurzer Überblick ...................................................... 74 7.4 Exkurs: Medien in der Arabischen Welt................................................................. 77 8 EMPIRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG ................................................................................ 83 8.1 Forschungsleitende Fragestellungen .................................................................... 83 8.2 Methodik und Forschungsdesign .......................................................................... 84 8.2.1 Das qualitative Experteninterview ................................................................. 84 8.2.2 Die Auswahl der Interviewpartner .................................................................. 86 8.2.3 Kurzbeschreibung der Interviewpartner: ........................................................ 86 8.2.4 Der Leitfaden ................................................................................................ 88 8.2.5 Erfahrungsbericht zu den Experteninterviews ............................................... 92 8.3 Auswertung der Experteninterviews nach Meuser/Nagel ...................................... 92 9 ERGEBNISSE DER EMPIRISCHEN UNTERSUCHUNG ............................................. 96 9.1 Thematische Analyseeinheiten ............................................................................. 96 9.1.1 Protestmedien im Zuge der Ägyptischen Revolution ..................................... 96 9.1.2 Einschätzung der Relevanz des Internets im Zuge der Revolution ................ 98 9.1.3 Fokus der Internationalen Berichterstattung im Zuge der Revolution............. 99 9.1.4 Akteure der Revolution/Protestakteure ........................................................ 102 9.1.5 Spezifische Charakteristika der Ägyptischen Revolution ............................. 103 9.1.6 Ausblick Zukunft Ägyptens .......................................................................... 104 9.1.7 Ausblick Protestkommunikation ................................................................... 105 9.2 Forschungsergebnisse und Interpretation ........................................................... 108 9.3 Resümee und Ausblick ....................................................................................... 130 Quellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................. 136 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 150 Lebenslauf ......................................................................................................................... 151 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abb.1: Massenkommunikation vs. Alternative Kommunikation ........................................... 33 Abb.2: Anzahl von Blogs weltweit, Oktober 2011 ................................................................ 56 Abb.3: Anzahl der aufgerufenen Videos pro Tag ................................................................. 59 Abb.4: Geschlechterverhältnis bezüglich der Facebook-Nutzung in der Arabischen Welt . 80 Abb.5: Facebook-Nutzung und Population in der Arabischen Welt .................................... 81 Abb.6: Typen der Befragung ...............................................................................................
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