DOCSLIB.ORG

N-Here Reference

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
N-Here Reference Economic and Political Liberalisation in the Middle East; the 'Nluslim Brotherhood and the Politics of Succession in Egypt By Mohammed Zahid Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Universi", of Leeds, School of Politics and International Studies March, 2007 The candidate confirms that the Nvork submitted is his/her own and that appropriate credit has been given -*N-herereference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. Acknowledgments I would like to begin by expressing my thanks to God for giving me the ability to start and finish this study. I would like to expressgratitude to my family for helping me throughout my study, especially my mother and father for assisting me during the long 4 years of study. My appreciation goes to many people which assisted me in my work over the last 4 years. My supervisor, Professor Ray Bush has been a great help in providing useful and insightful comments on my work and for assisting me in my field work when I was located in Egypt for 6 months. I made a number of friends in Egypt which helped in the progress of my work. Dr Hassanien Kish, situated at the Center for Criminological and Sociological Research in Cairo was of great help in providing names of contacts and his personal insight into Egyptian life was of great value and benefit. In addition I would like to thank Dr Maha Abdel Rahman, located at the American University in Cairo, for providing advice and guidance during my stay in Egypt, which was much appreciated. A number of friends made my stay in Egypt pleasant, which I had the fortune of coming to know. My friend Said al Banna, who I had the privilege of knowing in the UK, was of great help to me throughout my stay in Egypt. In addition, friends such as Hassan and Hisham made my time in Cairo enjoyable by showing me around and always making me feel welcome into their homes. A special thanks goes to all the ffiends I made from the Al Diwan Languagecenter in Cairo. I would like to thank, Islam, Waleed, Ahmed, Saeedand all the other teachersat the centre for being a great help to me. In addition my fellow studentsat the centre becamegreat friends to whom I would like to express much gratitude as without their companionship Medinat al i Nasr would have been a lonely place. There is no room to mention you all but a big thanks to my room mates Farooq, Umar, Kamran, Aseem, and to Mornin and his family. All of whom provided companionshipto what became our infamous eating place 'sharkawy's' and they were always available to talk to and to relax with over a cup of tea. 11 Abstract This Egypt, by taking thesis explores the process of economic and political reform in ,Iý I- into consideration the role of the Muslim Brotherhood and the politics of succession in Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood is arguably the most important political actor in Egypt, and by looking at how the Muslim Brotherhood developed strength over the decades through a process of change in its shape and character, it will allow an understanding of how it was able to pose a challenge to the Egyptian government at a time of economic reform in 1991 and the consequences, ývhich followed for the process of political change in Egypt. Also, a look at the process of political succession in Egypt, which has risen to the surface over the last 6 years, will allow an understanding into the actors and forces involved in the politics of succession and the consequences, which emerge for the future process of reform, in particular political refon-n in Egypt. III Contents Acknowledgments Abstract Contents Tables vii Abbreviations viii Chapterl- Framing Economic and Political Reform in the Middle East 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Methodology 4 1.3 Field Work 5 1.4 Limitations and Difficulties Experienced in the Field Work 6 1.5 Contribution and Significance of the Study 8 1.6 Chapterisation. 8 Chapter 2- Shifting Sands- The Middle East in between Authoritarianism and Democratisation 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Economic and Political Reform in the Middle East 10 2.2.1 Economic Reform 10 2.2.2 Social and Economic Changes 12 2.2.3 The Shift from Authoritarianism to Political Liberalisation 15 2.3 Islamists Politics, Civil Society and its Challenge to the Arab State 19 2.4 Islamists and Obstacles to Change in the Middle East 29 2.5 The War on Terror and US Foreign Policy towards the Middle East 33 2.6 Arab Criticism of US Foreign Policy Post 9/11 38 2.7 Conclusion 41 Chapter 3- Economic and Political Reform in Egypt: Post 1991 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Background: Economic crisis to Economic Reform 43 3.3 The Egyptian Economy from 1980s to 1991 46 3.4 Economic reform 1991 49 3.4.1 The Economic Agreement - Objectives and Rationale 49 3.4.2 Macroeconomic and Structural Impact of Economic Reform 5" 3.4.3 Privatisation of State Owned Enterprises and Reduction in the Public 54 Sector 3.4.4 The Egyptian Socio-Economic Crisis in the 1990s 58 3.5 Economic Retraction- The Egyptian State and the Rise of Egyptian NGO'S 62 3.6 Economic Crisis, the Egyptian State and Political De- Liberal i sation 68 3.7 Conclusion 71 iv Chapter 4- The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt- Growth and Development, 1928- 1975 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 The Muslim Brotherhood- The Life and Experiences of Hassan Al Banna 73 4.3 The Muslim Brotherhood- Factors and Causes behind Expansion and Growth 76 4.4 The Muslim Brotherhood- From Political Activism to Confrontation 79 4.5 The Muslim Brotherhood- The Turn to Political Violence and Assassination 80 4.6 The Muslim Brotherhood and the Free Officers 83 4.7 The Muslim Brotherhood, Sadat and His Search for Legitimacy 87 4.8 Conclusion 88 Chapter 5- The Muslim Brotherhood- its Transition from the Spirit to Politics 5.1 Introduction 90 5.2 Changing Political Discourse- From Hassan Al Banna to Sayed Qutb 90 5.3 Umar Al Tilemensani and Shifts in the Muslim Brotherhood 94 5.4 The Rise of the New Guard in the Muslim Brotherhood 98 5.5 The New Guard, Politics and Party Alliances 103 5.6 Conclusion III Chapter 6- The Art of Politics- The New Guard, Power and Syndicates 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 The Egyptian State and Professional Syndicates 113 6.3 The New Guard, Syndicates and the Egyptian State 117 6.3.1 The Doctors Syndicate 118 6.3.2 The Engineers Syndicate 121 6.4 The Consolidation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syndicate Politics in the 1980s 122 6.5 The 1991 Gulf War 125 6.6 The Muslim Brotherhood Successin the Lawyers Syndicate 127 6.7 The Egyptian Earthquake 129 6.8 The Egyptian State and its Confrontation with the Muslim Brotherhood 130 6.9 The New Guard- From Syndicates to Civilian Alliances 136 6.10 Conclusion 138 Chapter 7- Political Succession in Egypt in. 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 The Economic and Political Grooming of Gamal Mubarak 140 7.3 The Economic and Political Strengthening of Gamal Mubarak- The 2004 Cabinet Reshuffle and the 2005 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 145 7.4 Challengers and Competitors to the Politics of Succession in Egypt 149 7. ') The Role the Em, * Military the Succession Gamal Mubarak 154 -, of tl-rPtian in of 7.0 The Muslim Brotherhood- Its Influence and Impact on the Succession Process in E ypt 157 7.7 Conclusion 164 V Chapter 8- Continuity and Discontinuitý', in Economic and Political Reform in Egypt 8.1 Introduction 166 8.2 Mubarak's Electoral Promises: Economic and Political Transformation or Stagnation? 166 8.3 Political Succession- Economic and Political Implications 175 8.4 Shifting of the National Democratic Party under Gamal Mubarak? 179 8.5 Egypt-US Relations 181 8.6 Gamal Mubarak, the Muslim Brotherhood, and Implications for the Future Process of Political Reforin in Egypt 182 8.7 Conclusion 188 Chapter 9- Conclusion 190 Appendices- Interviews 198 Interview (A) 199 Interview (B) 202 Interview (C) 205 Interview (D) 208 Bibliography 211 N'l Tables Table 1: Unemployment Rates in the Middle East 14 Table 2: Trends in Voting Patterns and Number of Candidates 124 In Physicians Syndicate (1982-1992) Table 3: Muslim Brotherhood in Boards of Professional Syndicates 128 1992 vii Abbreviations ERSAP- Economic Reform and Structural Ad j. ustment Programme GCC- Gulf Co-operation Council GDP- Gross Domestic Product IFI's- International Financial Institutions IMF- International Monetary Fund IAF- Islamic Action Front LFSS- Labour Force Sample Survey MB- Muslim Brotherhood NDP- National Democratic Party NGO's - Non-Govemmental Organisations OECD- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAMSCAD- Programme of Action to Mitigate the Social Consequences of Adjustment PLO- Palestinian Liberation Organisation SDR- Special Drawing Rights SFD- Social Fund for Development SOE's- State Owned Enterprises WB- World Bank YMMA- Young Men's Muslim Association viii Chapter I- Framing Economic and Political Reform in the Middle East 1.1 Introduction A causal relationship has been hypothesised between economic and political liberalization, with economic liberalisation viewed as a key driver in the process of political change (Fnedman, 1962; Hayek, 1960). Economic liberalisation is belleved to roll back the state creating political space to exist, in which civil society can develop.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sternfeld-Dissertation-2014
    Copyright by Rachel Anne Sternfeld 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Rachel Anne Sternfeld Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Political Coalitions and Media Policy: A Study of Egyptian Newspapers Committee: Jason Brownlee, Supervisor Zachary Elkins Robert Moser Daniel Brinks Esther Raizen Political Coalitions and Media Policy: A Study of Egyptian Newspapers by Rachel Anne Sternfeld, B.A.; M.S.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2014 Dedication For Robert, who challenged us to contemplate difficult questions. Acknowledgements My dissertation would not be possible without the financial, intellectual and emotional support from myriad groups and individuals. The following are simply the highlights and not an exhaustive list of the thanks that are due. I am indebted to various entities at the University of Texas for providing the funding necessary for my graduate work. The Department of Government provided support for my coursework, awarded me a McDonald Fellowship that supported six months of fieldwork, and trusted me to instruct undergraduates as I wrote the dissertation. The Center for Middle Eastern Studies awarded me FLAS grants that covered two years of coursework and sent me to Damascus in the summers of 2008 and 2010. Beyond the University of Texas, the Center for Arabic Study Abroad (CASA) enabled me to spend a full calendar year in Cairo advancing my Arabic skills so I could conduct research without a translator.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesc November 2006
    The Newsletter of Middle East Studies Center, American University in Cairo November/December 2006 THIS MONTH’S FEATURE: HUMAN RIGHTS IN EGY P T WWW.AUCEGYPT.EDU/ACADEMIC/MESC/ Page 2 INSIDE THIS ISSUE: FROM THE DIRECTOR 3 JOEL BEININ THE CARAVAN DEBATE: AN OVERVIEW 4 GARTH HALL DESKILLING EGYPTIAN POLICE, PRIVATIZING TORTURE 6 HOSSAM EL-HAMALAWY HUMAN RIGHTS IN EGYPT: A SEARCH FOR A PUBLIC ATTITUDE 7 MONA HEIKAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN EGYPT: A 2006 CALENDAR 8 GARTH HALL LECTURE OF AMR HAMZAWY 13 LENKA BENOVA MAKING IRAQ’S OIL WORK FOR IRAQIS 15 RORY A. MCNAMARA BOOK REVIEW, HAMAS: POLITICS, CHARITY, AND TERRORISM 18 WILLIAM JON HUMMEL ALUMNI UPDATES 19 LENKA BENOVA Editor Garth Hall The views expressed here are those of their authors and not necessarily Editor J. Marshall Brown those of MESC, the editor, or the Associate Editor Rory A. McNamara Middle East studies program. Associate Editor Lenka Benova Associate Editor Danny Corbin OCTOBER 2006 Page 3 FROM THE DIRECTOR JOEL BEININ ‘Ashura and the City of Kar- being organized by Dr. Saad hope that everyone bala,” which was on display Eddin Ibrahim. It will take I had a restful ‘eid break at the Falaki Gallery from place shortly after Coptic and that we are all refreshed November 12-28. Christmas (January 6). For and ready to enter the sec- information, contact Dr. The Interdisciplinary Advisory ond half of the fall semester Saad’s student assistant, Committee has approved a with renewed energy and Maria Dayton at mariaday- proposal for a comprehensive commitment. [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • What Inflamed the Iraq War?
    Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Fellowship Paper, University of Oxford What Inflamed The Iraq War? The Perspectives of American Cartoonists By Rania M.R. Saleh Hilary Term 2008 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the Heikal Foundation for Arab Journalism, particularly to its founder, Mr. Mohamed Hassanein Heikal. His support and encouragement made this study come true. Also, special thanks go to Hani Shukrallah, executive director, and Nora Koloyan, for their time and patience. I would like also to give my sincere thanks to Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, particularly to its director Dr Sarmila Bose. My warm gratitude goes to Trevor Mostyn, senior advisor, for his time and for his generous help and encouragement, and to Reuter's administrators, Kate and Tori. Special acknowledgement goes to my academic supervisor, Dr. Eduardo Posada Carbo for his general guidance and helpful suggestions and to my specialist supervisor, Dr. Walter Armbrust, for his valuable advice and information. I would like also to thank Professor Avi Shlaim, for his articles on the Middle East and for his concern. Special thanks go to the staff members of the Middle East Center for hosting our (Heikal fellows) final presentation and for their fruitful feedback. My sincere appreciation and gratitude go to my mother for her continuous support, understanding and encouragement, and to all my friends, particularly, Amina Zaghloul and Amr Okasha for telling me about this fellowship program and for their support. Many thanks are to John Kelley for sharing with me information and thoughts on American newspapers with more focus on the Washington Post .
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt Is an Ally- It Must Act Like One, NFFS Nov
    NAPLES FLORIDA FEDERATION STAR November 2001 "Egypt is an Ally- It Must Act Like One" By Kenneth W. Stein The war against terrorism will not end if we neutralize savage killers, their training facilities and handlers, elusively clandestine bank accounts, and regimes that support them. This is also a battle of definitions, words, and marketing; it is about the contents of malice poured out against the U.S. by Arab newspapers and other Arab media outlets. With dozens of Arab writers and commentators spewing out venom toward the U.S., we need our Arab coalition partners and those who seek our support to reduce their hateful attacks on the U.S. Credit the Jordanian government for reducing anti-American media attacks. Origins for anti-American feeling can be found more or less regularly in the Palestinian, Saudi, Syrian, Iraqi, and London Arab press. But the U.S. has a special and necessary relationship with Egypt; it is in Cairo where the first effort to tone down anti-American anger must start. No, I do not suggest telling others what to write or what to think. But from allies, more should be expected and demanded. Twenty years after President Sadat's assassination, sustaining American foreign aid to Egypt remains central to our national interest. It should not stop. However, if we do not lean on Egypt, a long-time friend and leader of public Arab opinion, no remote chances exist for anti-American feeling to subside in the Middle East. Egypt's influence on Palestinian attitudes is greater than any other Arab state.
    [Show full text]
  • Horizons of the World : Imagining Coexistence in Language Through Understanding and Refiguring of Reality Ayman A
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Doctoral Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects 2008 Horizons of the world : imagining coexistence in language through understanding and refiguring of reality Ayman A. Moussa Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Moussa, Ayman A., "Horizons of the world : imagining coexistence in language through understanding and refiguring of reality" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 188. https://repository.usfca.edu/diss/188 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of San Francisco HORIZONS OF THE WORLD: IMAGINING COEXISTENCE IN LANGUAGE THROUGH UNDERSTANDING AND REFIGURING OF REALITY A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Education Department of Leadership Studies Organization and Leadership Program In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education by Ayman A. Moussa San Francisco May 2008 This dissertation, written under the direction of the candidate’s dissertation committee and approved by the members of the committee, has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education. The content and research methodologies presented in this work represent the work of the candidate alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Narration and Identity
    LUND UNIVERSITY STV 004 Department of Political Science Spring 2006 Supervisor: Anders Uhlin Narration and Identity Dealing with social and ideological heterogeneity in the Kefaya Movement Anna Sundell Abstract In authoritarian regimes all over the world, social movements have attracted atten- tion as loud advocators of political change. Where traditional channels for political opposition are closed, loosely organized networks have paved the way for new strategic coalitions. This phenomenon raises questions about the connection between networks, identity and social action. By using a narrative approach this essay tries to shed light on the shaping of a collective identity, and indirectly collective action, in groups composed of actors from disparate communities with strong identity constructions of their own. The result builds on a field study of the Egyptian reform movement Kefaya. By combining a narrative framework with theories of network conversations the study directs attention to the complex interplay of unity and diversity within the Kefaya movement. It refines the picture of how factions and individuals within an organization use narrative techniques to emphasize personal or subgroup identities. Finally the study underlines the importance of identity also in movements not primarily engaged with ‘identity politics’. Identities are connected to narratives about the world and thereby they are also one of the primary motives of action or non-action. The author requests a greater sensibility to these linkages in future social-movement research. Keywords: Narrative, Social Movement, Network, Identity, Egypt Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................................................................. 2 1.2. AN OVERVIEW OF THEORY AND METHOD.................................................................................. 3 1.3.
    [Show full text]
  • This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Contentious politics and the making of Egyptian public spaces El-Kouedi, Mona Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Contentious politics and the making of Egyptian public spaces Title: Author: Mona El-Kouedi The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement.
    [Show full text]
  • Tesi Di Laurea APOSTASIA 2.0: Tante Voci Nessuna Identità
    Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue, Economie e Istituzioni dell’Asia e Dell’Africa Mediterranea ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004 Tesi di Laurea APOSTASIA 2.0: tante voci nessuna identità Relatore Ch. Prof. Marco Salati Correlatore Ch. Prof.ssa Ida Zilio Grandi Laureanda Sara Pasqualato Matricola 841286 Anno Accademico 2017 / 2018 Ai miei nonni, Giuseppe e Antonietta 1 INDICE p. 4 ﻻَ إِ ْك َراهَ فِى ال ِد ي ِن :Introduzione Muqaddima p. 10 Prefazione: - Stima degli apostati nel mondo islamico p. 13 - La posizione di al-Azhar e del Marocco riguardo l’apostasia p. 17 -Problematiche dell’ateismo nel mondo islamico contemporaneo p. 22 -La globalizzazione p. 26 p. 29 ”إن شاء هللا Laicitè“- -“Arabs without God” p. 35 -“Non ho bisogno di una religione per avere valori morali” p. 42 CAPITOLI 1. Cos’è l’apostasia? p. 46 2. L’apostasia nelle tre religioni monoteiste p. 49 2.1 -Apostasia secondo la Sharī’a, la Sunna e le scuole giuridiche p. 52 islamiche 2.2 -L’interpretazione degli studiosi: -Ijtihād, -Ișlāh p. 60 3. Principali cause di apostasia p. 63 3.1-Il ruolo del fondamentalismo p. 66 3.2- Il controllo delle autorità, religione e politica p. 71 3.3- La mancanza di risposte ai giovani p. 75 4. Celebri apostati nell’Islām 4.1 -il fulcro egiziano p. 79 4.2 Abu Zayd p. 85 4.3 Farag Foda p. 86 4.4 Nawal al-Sa’dawi p. 91 5. Il Panorama egiziano p. 93 5.1-Apostasia: tabù, reato, atto terroristico p. 99 5.1.1-Costituzione egiziana p.
    [Show full text]
  • The AUC Press September 2011 E-Newsletter
    September 2011 In This Issue Dear Reader, » Over fifty new titles in the AUC Press Fall 2011 Kull sana wintu tayyibin! catalog Welcome back to Cairo for » Winner of the AUC Press those who were away on summer book contest holiday. We hope you enjoyed » University press association your summer and look forward rates Arab World atlas to seeing you at the numerous “outstanding” events the AUC Press has lined up for this fall. This month, the AUC Press is holding, in collaboration with Adam Bookshop, a Neighborhood Book Fair in the Cairo suburb of Maadi. Next month, as we begin to observe the one-hundred-years milestone of Egypt‟s greatest writer Naguib Mahfouz, and approach the centennial of his birth, the AUC Press is hosting various exhibitions and receptions that will include a lecture on the 1988 Nobel laureate by a member of the Swedish Academy, the Nobel institution that awards the prize in literature. As a special tribute to Naguib Mahfouz‟s seventy-year career, the AUC Press is publishing in October The Naguib Mahfouz Centennial Library, a definitive collection of a 20-volume set of hardbound editions that includes all thirty-five of his novels, three collections of his short stories, a series of his short fiction, and the collection of his weekly newspaper columns. The fall calendar promises to be particularly busy and memorable with a series of book and author receptions, including for the forthcoming Grand Hotels of Egypt (AUC Press), and the second Tahrir Book Fair, successfully launched earlier this year. The AUC Press is also very pleased to announce the publication of some exciting 50 new books in its fall catalog, including a wide selection on politics, economic, and social issues, addressing topics 1 of 6 AUC Press Events ranging from Egyptian feminism and American foreign policy in the Middle East, to al-Qaida fundamentalism and the changing Arab FALL 2011 world.
    [Show full text]
  • Magisterarbeit
    MAGISTERARBEIT Titel der Magisterarbeit Aktiviert, organisiert und vernetzt euch! Politische Protestkommunikation im Netz am Beispiel der Ägyptischen Revolution Verfasserin Katharina Prinz, Bakk.phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 841 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Magisterstudium Publizistik- u. Kommunikationswissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.- Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Duchkowitsch Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form an keiner anderen Universität eingereicht und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. Datum: Unterschrift: Danksagung Viele – mir wertvollen Menschen – haben eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung dieser vorliegenden Arbeit eingenommen, dafür möchte ich gerne an dieser Stelle DANKE sagen. Mein größter Dank gilt meiner Familie und meinem Freund, sie haben mich seit jeher in jeder Hinsicht unterstützt, besonders in dieser intensiven Phase aufmunternde Worte gefunden und Geduld für so manche Höhen und Tiefen aufgebracht. Weiters ist es mir wichtig, ein Dankeschön meinen FreundInnen und StudienkollegInnen in Wien, sowie auch im Waldviertel auszusprechen. Durch so manche hilfreiche Tipps,
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Bloggers Before and After the 2011 Uprising El Sayed, N
    WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch From Underground to Elite: Egyptian Bloggers before and after the 2011 Uprising El Sayed, N. This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © Mrs Nadine El Sayed, 2015. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: ((http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] From Underground to Elite: Egyptian Bloggers before and after the 2011 Uprising Nadine El Sayed A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements by the University of Westminster for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, June 2015 DECLARATION I certify that this thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree at the University of Westminster is my own work. El Sayed, 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For putting up with my endless emails, re-writes and edits – sometimes all within two hours of each other – and her constant guidance and support, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Naomi Sakr. For putting up with my complaining, mood swings, self-doubts, bouts of “what did I get myself into” and a whole lot of starry eyes, non-responsive, thesis- contemplating states, I have to thank my family. To my mother, I am endlessly thankful for your constant support, for all those pages you read and re-read and miraculously found interesting even though you had no previous interest in bloggers or media theories and for spending hours discussing - and pretending to be fascinated by - my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Coverage of the Military Council November 2011 the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information
    Media Coverage of the Military Council November 2011 The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information Introduction During the month of November, The most two important events at all were the attack on the Tahrir sit-in and the elections. The attack aimed at dispersing the sit-in forcibly, triggering hundreds of thousands of Egyptians to demonstrate. With the ongoing policing approach with the protesters, the sit-in continued and extended after 50 Egyptian had been killed, and thousands had been injured. On the other hand, attention towards the elections was relatively distracted by the events in Tahrir, despite being historic elections. The Military Council was the main focus of the media coverage, whether in relation to the Tahrir sit-in dispersal, or to the arrangements for the elections. Of the most prominent issues in the media scene in relation to the Military Council, Al- Selmi document was in the main focus by the beginning of the month, as well as the attempt to pass broad powers enabling the Military Council to control the capacities and and direction of the future state in Egypt, through constitutional articles. The controversy altered from the document, which the Islamic groups attributed to Ali Al- Selmi, the Vice Prime Minister, and was so reported by the mass media, to the military institution and the Military Council, especially after the violent handling of the sit-in which lasted for almost a week, leaving behind tens of martyrs and thousands of injured, among of which many lost their eyes. The monitoring results showed that Al-Wafd allocated the largest space (19832 square centimeters) to the Military Council, followed by Al-Akhbar (18789 square centimeters), then Al-Masry Al-Youm (13234 square centimeters), then Al-Shorouk (10693 square centimeters), and finally Al-Ahram (550.5 square centimeters).
    [Show full text]