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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Contentious politics and the making of Egyptian public spaces El-Kouedi, Mona Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Contentious politics and the making of Egyptian public spaces Title: Author: Mona El-Kouedi The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ You are free to: Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. CONTENTIOUS POLITICS AND THE MAKING OF EGYPTIAN PUBLIC SPACES MONA EL-KOUEDI SUPERVISOR: PROF. VIVIENNE JABRI A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PHD) KING’S COLLEGE LONDON (KCL) UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THE DEPARTMENT OF WAR STUDIES 2013 1 Abstract My research project is on the political contestations over the making of Egyptian public spaces. It aims at understanding the process through which political actors define and re-define public spaces, particularly in contentious moments, and how public spaces constitute political identities and influence their political choices. Through making use of the Egyptian case study, I identified three different patterns of constituting public spaces: monopolisation, marketisation and securitisation. In my research, I will illustrate these three patterns while highlighting their spatial manifestations in particular episodes of contention. I will investigate the process through which the Egyptian ruling regime and other oppositional groups constitute, contest, define and re-define public spaces during episodes of contention in order to legitimise their political claims. The research answers the questions: How are public spaces constituted, defined and re-defined in contentious events? How and when do they become contested sites between the ruling regime (al nizam) and various opposition groups? How could these different opposition groups manage to mobilise public spaces, altering them from spaces of everyday life, into sites of political activism? How are public spaces implicated in constituting political subjectivities? How do discourses in the public sphere impact on the constitution of public spaces as contested locations? In my thesis, I aim at developing a new approach to understand the notion of the public space. Instead of searching for a new overarching definition of the public space, I stress that it is more important to investigate the process through which public spaces are constituted, negotiated and contested. In doing so, my research challenges dominant definitions that take the notion of the public space for granted and defines it as the space that is open and accessible to everyone. I argue that political actors engage in a process of defining and re-defining public spaces. I also argue that public spaces could be implicated in defining and re-defining these political actors. 2 To my Parents who taught me everything, Akil El-Kouedi and May Hassan Eissa 3 Table of contents ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ................................................................................................... 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 1: ...................................................................................................................................... 24 THE PUBLIC SPACE AND ITS PROBLEMS ............................................................................... 24 UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC SPACE(S) ............................................................................................................ 24 THE PUBLIC SPACE AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE: A MISSING LINK? ......................................................... 28 PUBLIC/PRIVATE DISTINCTION: THE CHALLENGE OF BINARY OPPOSITIONS .................................... 34 AN OPEN AND AUTONOMOUS PUBLIC SPACE? .......................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 2: ...................................................................................................................................... 54 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY: CONTENTIOUS POLITICS AND THE MAKING OF EGYPTIAN PUBLIC SPACES ........................................................................ 54 CONSTRUCTED PUBLIC SPACES AND CONTENTIOUS POLITICS ............................................................... 55 ‘STREET POLITICS’ OF THE MIDDLE EAST? ................................................................................................ 68 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: EGYPT AS A CASE STUDY ............................................................................. 75 Background: Political Contentions Over the Making of Egyptian Public Spaces ........... 76 Patterns of Constituting Public Spaces ............................................................................................. 81 Episodes of Contention ............................................................................................................................ 83 CHAPTER 3: ...................................................................................................................................... 92 THE MONOPOLISATION PATTERN AND THE MAKING OF EGYPTIAN PUBLIC SPACES UNDER NASSER .............................................................................................................. 92 Nasser is in Our House… Nasser is Everywhere! ........................................................................... 92 POLITICAL CONTENTIONS AND THE RISE OF THE MONOPOLISATION PATTERN ................................ 95 Manshiyyah Square and the Manifestations of Political Contentions ................................ 95 EFFECTS AND MANIFESTATIONS OF THE MONOPOLISATION PATTERN ............................................... 99 HegeMony Over the Public Sphere: Discursive Monopoly ........................................................ 99 4 ReMaking Public Spaces: Spatial Monopoly ................................................................................ 102 RESISTANCE WITHIN THE MONOPOLISATION PATTERN: THE 1968 PROTESTS ............................. 116 A Farewell to Nasser’s Hegemony? .................................................................................................. 116 Political Contention and the Re-making of Egyptian Public Spaces: Factory, University, School and Street .............................................................................................................. 121 February 1968: Cairo ............................................................................................................................. 123 NoveMber 1968: Mansoura/ Alexandria ....................................................................................... 144 CHAPTER 4: ..................................................................................................................................
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