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BBBEHIND CCCLOSED DDDOORS Torture and Detention in Egypt A Middle East Watch Report Human Rights Watch New York !!! Washington !!! Los Angeles !!! London Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch is composed of Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch, Middle East Watch, and the Fund for Free Expression. The executive committee comprises Robert L. Bernstein, chair; Adrian DeWind, vice chair; Roland Algrant, Lisa Anderson, Peter Bell, Alice Brown, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Irene Diamond, Jonathan Fanton, Jack Greenberg, Alice H. Henkin, Stephen Kass, Marina Kaufman, Jeri Laber, Aryeh Neier, Bruce Rabb, Harriet Rabb, Kenneth Roth, Orville Schell, Gary Sick, and Robert Wedgeworth. The staff includes Aryeh Neier, executive director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington director; Ellen Lutz, California director; Susan Osnos, press director; Jemera Rone, counsel; Joanna Weschler, Prison Project director; and Dorothy Q. Thomas, Women's Rights Project director. Executive Directors Africa Watch Americas Watch Asia Watch Rakiya Omaar Juan E. Méndez Sidney Jones Helsinki Watch Middle East Watch Fund for Free Expression Jeri Laber Andrew Whitley Gara LaMarche Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, NW, Suite 910 New York, NY 10017-6104 Washington, DC 20005-1202 Tel: (212) 972-8400 Tel: (202) 371-6592 Fax: (212) 972-0905 Fax: (202) 371-0124 10951 West Pico Blvd., #203 90 Borough High Street Los Angeles, CA 90064 London, UK SE1 1LL Tel: (213) 475-3070 Tel: (071) 378-8008 Fax: (213) 475-5613 Fax: (071) 378-8029 Copyright 8 July 1992 by Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Middle East Watch Middle East Watch was established in 1989 to monitor and promote observance of internationally recognized human rights in the Middle East. The chair of Middle East Watch is Gary Sick and the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb. Andrew Whitley is the executive director; Eric Goldstein is the research director; Virginia N. Sherry is the associate director; Aziz Abu Hamad is the senior researcher; Suzanne Howard is the associate. Behind closed doors: torture and detention in Egypt. p. cm. -- (A Middle East Watch report) 1992 Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-56432-065-0 1. Political prisoners--Egypt. 2. Detention of persons--Egypt. 3. Torture--Egypt. I. Human Rights Watch (Organization) II. Series. HV9843.B44 1992 92-16264 365'.45'0962--dc20 CIP * * * On December 10, 1991 -- the annual anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- the Cairo-based Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR) launched a one-year campaign against torture in Egypt. In its press release announcing the campaign, EOHR stated that torture "is an officially sanctioned policy in Egypt" and that security forces use torture with impunity: [T]he virtually absolute powers vested in the security bodies during the past ten years of the operation of the emergency law have given them an exceptional status, effectively placing them above the law and the judicial system itself. This has made those responsible for torture within these bodies secure against punishment. EOHR appealed to "people of conscience around the country to join hands in a campaign to struggle -- using all peaceful means and transcending all ideological and sectarian interests -- for the noble and humane task of bringing an end to torture in Egypt." Middle East Watch applauds this goal, and by publishing this report joins EOHR's campaign to eradicate torture in Egypt and secure justice for its victims. * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................................................vii Acronyms and Arabic Terms..........................................................................................................................ix Introduction and Summary of Conclusions...........................................................................................1 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................................21 CCCHAPTER OOONENENE The Process of Arrest.........................................................................................................................................27 A. The Role of State Security Investigation.....................................................................27 B. Surveillance by SSI: The Prelude to Arrest and Detention...................................................................................31 C. Knocks on the Door After Midnight................................................................................34 D. Harassment and Arrest of Family Members............................................................39 CCCHAPTER TTTWO Incommunicado Detention...........................................................................................................................43 A. Conditions of Detention.........................................................................................................47 B. Incommunicado Detention at SSI Headquarters in Cairo..................................................................................................................................................49 C. Incommunicado Detention at Other SSI Offices in Metropolitan Cairo...................................................................................................................54 D. Incommunicado Detention at SSI Offices in Provincial Cities ........................................................................................................................55 E. The Use of Military Camps of the Central Security Forces for Incommunicado Detention..............................................................................57 F. Temporary "Disappearances"............................................................................................61 CCCHAPTER TTTHREE Interrogation and Torture During Incommunicado Detention..............................................69 A. Torture During SSI Interrogations: An Overview....................................................70 B. The Prelude to Torture............................................................................................................73 C. The Most Common Methods of Torture in Egypt.....................................................76 D. Purposes of Torture.................................................................................................................80 E. Removal of Detainees from Prison...............................................................................102 CCCHAPTER FFFOUR Government Investigations of Torture Complaints....................................................................115 A. Setting the Tone: Official Denials of Torture..........................................................116 B. The Lack of Criminal Prosecutions of Torturers: "A Problem of Enforcement"..................................................................................................118 C. Government Sensitivity to Growing Publicity About Torture...................................................................................................................................123 D. Blaming the Victims..............................................................................................................126 E. Investigations of Torture Complaints: How Prosecutors Proceed......................................................................................................128 F. The Reluctance to Acknowledge and Investigate Detention by SSI............................................................................................................................132 G. The Failure to Investigate: Lack of Action on Complaints...............................................................................................133 H. Forensic Medical Examinations: Process and Problems..............................................................................................................139 I. Failure to Pursue an Investigation Thoroughly ....................................................144 CCCHAPTER FFFIVE Long-Term Detention of Political Prisoners Without Charge or Trial .................................................................................................................................151 A. Political Detentions in Egypt............................................................................................152 B. Undercounting Political Detainees.............................................................................153 C. Long-Term Detention Without Charge or Trial.....................................................154 D. The Role of the Transfer Police......................................................................................162 CCCHAPTER SSSIXIXIX Scrutiny of Egypt's Human Rights Record.........................................................................................165 A. Egypt's Record: The Assessment of the U.S. State Department......................................................................................................................................166 B. U.S. Aid to Egypt: No Strings Attached.........................................................................168 C. Disinterest by Congress......................................................................................................172
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