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Molecular Phylogeny of Ochrosia Sensu Lato (Apocynaceae) Based on ITS Sequences Data: an Evidence for the Inclusion of Neisosperma

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Chromosome Botany (2007) 2: 127-132 © Copyright 2007 by the International Society of Chromosome Botany Molecular phylogeny of Ochrosia sensu lato (Apocynaceae) based on ITS sequences data: An evidence for the inclusion of Neisosperma Hendrian1 and Katsuhiko Kondo1・2 1Laboratory of Plant Chromosome and Gene Stock,Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-3 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, 739-8526, Japan 2Author for correspondence: ([email protected]) Received October 3, 2006; accepted October 17, 2007 ABSTRACT. Molecular phylogeny of Ochrosia sensu lato (Ochrosia sensu stricto and Neisosperma) was investigated by maximum parsimony analysis of sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Twenty-one species including two varieties (25 accessions), were defined as the ingroup. Three outgroup species were selected from tribe Vinceae (Kopsia arborea, K. flavida, and Rauvolfia serpentina). The ITS sequence data showed that Ochrosia s.l. is a highly defined monophyletic group (supported with 100% bootstrap value). As shown in the strict consensus tree, all Neisosperma species were placed at the basal part of the tree with N. glomerata and N. nakaiana as the basalmost taxa. All species belong to Ochrosia s.str. were grouped into one clade and nested within Neisosperma resulting in monophyletic Ochrosia s.str. and paraphyletic Neisosperma. This suggested that Neisosperma should be included into Ochrosia, and the two groups are treated as a single genus. The analysis also showed that subdivision of Ochrosia s.l. into sections based on fruit morphology (fibrous vs. massive and thick endocarp) is not supported. KEYWORDS: Internal Transcribed Spacer, Molecular phylogeny, Neisosperma, Ochrosia sensu lato, Ochrosia sensu stricto. Ochrosia sensu lato comprises about 40 species (Hendrian Rauvolfia and Vinca. 2004). The species are widely spread from the Mascarene In opposition to them, Leeuwenberg (1987, 1994), and Seychelles in the west throughout south Asia, Indo- Middleton (1999), and Hendrian (2004) put cavity- China, Malesia, northern Australia, and Pacific Islands as fruited and fibrous-fruited species together into one far east as the Marquesas and Hawaiian Islands. They genus, Ochrosia Juss. In his paper, Hendrian mentioned occur mostly in coastal areas and lowland forests. that despite the diversity in fruit type the species are all Ochrosia was proposed by Jussieu in his Genera very similar in flower and vegetative characters. Plantarum (1789). Within the genus there is a striking Other clear characters found are more useful for delim- diversity in fruit morphology, which has been the basis iting species rather than genera or sections. However, it for recognition of two sections: Ochrosia section Lactaria should be noted that it was based on morphological with a massive, thick endocarp containing two lateral characters only. cavities filled with spongy tissue, and Ochrosia section Until now no phylogenetic approach has been attempted Echinocaryon with an endocarp split into diverging fibers on genus Ochrosia s.l. exclusively, and the relationship (Mueller 1871). between Ochrosia s.str. and Neisosperma is still unclear. Since then, there has been a long and on-going debate In a paper on phylogenetic relationships within Apocy- regarding the relationship between these two groups. naceae s.l. by Potgieter and Albert (2001), Neisosperma Subdivision proposed by Muller was followed by nakaiana and Ochrosia elliptica came out as sister taxa Valeton (1895) - as subgenus, and Pichon (1947), who (unfortunately, in this study, each of the two ‘groups’ was added the third section - Ochrosia section Phragmochro- represented with one species only, so there was not much sia Pichon - which characterized by having both numerous to be concluded). fibers and rudimentary lateral cavities. Molecular systematics studies have led to a new and Conversely, Fosberg and Sachet (1972, 1974, 1977) better-supported framework of angiosperm phylogeny resurrected the name Neisosperma for the fibrous-fruited (Endress, Baas & Gregory 2000). The greatest advantage species, and restricted the name Ochrosia Juss. only to of molecular data in systematic appears to be the large the portion containing the type (the cavity fruited species). number of observable characters available for analysis. Thus, they treated Neisosperma and Ochrosia as two Another advantage of molecular data is the wide range of different genera. This application was then followed by substitution rates that exist across nucleotide sites. Markgraf (1979), Boiteau and Allorge (1981), and Molecular data also have the advantage that characters Forster (1993). In the most recent classification of can be selected and defined in a relatively objective Apocynaceae, Endress and Bruyns (2000) also treated manner (Hillis & Wiens 2000). Neisosperma separately from Ochrosia. The two genera Three of the eukaryotic nuclear ribosomal RNA genes were placed in tribe Vinceae, subfamily Rauvolfioideae, are organized in a cluster that includes a small subunit together with Amsonia, Catharanthus, Kopsia, Petchia, gene (16S to 18S), a large subunit gene (26S to 28S), and 127 128 HENDRIAN AND KONDO the 5.8S gene. In addition, two internal transcribed MATERIAL AND METHODS spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) lie between these genes and Plant materials Twenty-one species (25 accessions), there is an external transcribed spacer (ETS) at the 5’ end comprising ten Neisosperma species. and 11 Ochrosia s.str. of the transcribed RNA (Palumbi 1996). species. (including two varieties of Ochrosia mariannensis: The ITS region, defined as the unit containing the var. mariannensis and var. crassicarpa) were defined as ITS1, 5.8S gene, and ITS2, has proven to be valuable for the ingroup in this study. Outgroup taxa were chosen phylogenetic reconstruction in angiosperms. It has become from Rauvolfia (R. serpentina) and Kopsia (K. arborea one of the most popular sequences for phylogenetic and K. flavida), both genera belong to tribe Vinceae. inference at the generic and infrageneric levels in plants. Taxon names, voucher information, and GenBank According to Alvarez and Wendel (2003), during the last accessions numbers were given in Table 1 below. five years, of 244 phylogenetic papers published in the most prominent systematics and evolution journals, two- DNA isolation Leaf material was obtained from living thirds (66%) included ITS sequence data, and more than collections in botanical gardens and arboretum. Samples of one third (34%) were based exclusively on ITS sequences. 11 species were obtained from herbarium specimens. Three The favorable properties of ITS region for phylogenetic and two accessions were sequenced for Neisosperma analysis of angiosperms was discussed in several papers oppositifolia and Neisosperma nakaiana respectively. (Baldwin et al. 1995, Soltis and Soltis 1998, Alvarez and Wendel 2003) Amplification and sequencing Total genomic DNA was Further study on the Ochrosia s.l. complex is much isolated from fresh leaf tissues, silica-dried leaf material, needed. The present study aims to resolve this long- or from herbarium specimens using DNeasy Plant Mini standing question and reconstruct species relationships Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The within Ochrosia s.l. internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using universal ITS5 forward primer (5’-GGAAGTAAA Table 1. List of the species studied Species Vouchers Locality DDBJ acc. no. O. coccinea IV.A.26 (Bogor Bot. Garden) Moluccas, Indonesia AB331864 O. compta 721228 (NTBG) Oahu, Hawaii AB331873 O. kauaiensis 030324 (NTBG) Kauai, Hawaii AB331875 O. mariannensis var. mariannensis 75s25 (Waimea Arboretum) Guam AB331871 O. mariannensis var. crassicarpa 76s12 (Waimea Arboretum) Guam AB331872 Ochrosia sp. 95s123 (Waimea Arboretum) Tonga AB331870 O. mulsanti MacKee 22097 (L) New Caledonia AB331877 O. silvatica Sevenet 399 (L) New Caledonia AB331878 O. vitiensis Smith 9478 (L) Fiji AB331869 O. sandwicensis Spence 7 (L) Hawaii AB331874 O. grandiflora Veillon 7950 (P) New Caledonia AB331879 O. elliptica 5557 (PTBG) Kauai, Hawaii AB331876 N. oppositifolia1 IV.A.176 (Bogor Bot. Garden) Sumatra, Indonesia AB331858 N. oppositifolia2 82s318 (Waimea Arboretum) Saipan AB331859 N. oppositifolia3 970511.001 (NTBG) Tonga AB331860 N. nakaiana1 740323.001 (NTBG) Ogasawara, Japan AB331862 N. nakaiana2 75s2230 (Waimea Arboretum) Ogasawara, Japan AB331861 N. glomerata VIII.G.191(Bogor Bot. Garden) Moluccas, Indonesia AB331863 N. miana Jaffre 3273 (P) New Caledonia AB331881 N. sevenetti MacKee 31150 (L) New Caledonia AB331883 N. thiollierei MacKee 26988 (P) New Caledonia AB331882 N. kilneri Forster PIF 29925 (BRI) Queensland AB331868 N. poweri Forster PIF 26594 (BRI) Queensland AB331867 N. citrodora IV.A.200 (Bogor Bot. Garden) Papua, Indonesia AB331866 N. acuminata Leeuwenberg et al. 14542 (A) Sulawesi, Indonesia AB331865 Rauvolfia serpentina XXIV.A.XXI.10 Java, Indonesia AB331857 Kopsia arborea IV.A.52 (Bogor Bot. Garden) Java, Indonesia AB331855 Kopsia flavida IV.A.43 (Bogor Bot. Garden) Seram, Indonesia AB331856 ITS SEQUENCES IN OCHROSIA SENSU LATO (APOCYNACEAE) 129 AGTCGTAACAAGG-3’) and ITS4 reverse primer (5’-T were obtained by stepwise addition, with 1000 random CCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3’) (White et al. 1990). addition sequence replicates. Branch support was Polymerase chain reaction was performed in 20 µl, using evaluated through 1000 replicates of bootstrap analysis Promega PCR Core System I (Promega) or
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  • Indole Alkaloids from Ochrosia Elliptica Plant Cell Suspension Cultures

    Indole Alkaloids from Ochrosia Elliptica Plant Cell Suspension Cultures

    Indole Alkaloids from Ochrosia elliptica Plant Cell Suspension Cultures Karl-Heinz Pawelka and Joachim Stöckigt Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Karlstraße 29, D-8000 München 2, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Z. Naturforsch. 41c, 381—384 (1986); received November 7, 1985 Ochrosia elliptica Labill., Apocynaceae, Cell Suspension Cultures, Indole Alkaloid Composition From cell suspension cultures of Ochrosia elliptica Labill. eight different monoterpenoid indole alkaloids were isolated and comprised three alkaloid classes viz. Corynanthe/Heteroyohimbine (tetrahydroalstonine, cathenamine, pleiocarpamine and two methoxylated heteroyohimbines), Strychnos (norfluorocurarine), Apparicine (apparicine and epchrosine). All these compounds except the Strychnos alkaloid are biogenetically closely related to the known alkaloids occurring in Ochrosia plants, although such alkaloids have not previously been detected in O. elliptica. Epchrosine has not before been described as a natural product. Introduction cultures were transferred to new media every 4 weeks. DAX-medium was used to obtain cell sus­ Ochrosia elliptica Labill. [syn. Bleekeria elliptica pensions, which were transferred into fresh medium (Labill.) Koidz., Excavatia elliptica (Labill.) Mgf.] belongs within the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid at weekly intervals. Larger amounts of tissue (kg bearing subfamily Plumerioideae of the tribe range) were grown in 1 1 Erlenmeyer flasks with 300 ml nutrient medium. After a growth period of Rauwolfieae. To date 16 different species of the 21 days at 25 °C (600 lux, 100 rpm shaking) an aver­ genus Ochrosia have been described and their age of 280 g fresh cells (13.2 g dry weight) were alkaloid patterns have been examined in detail [1 ], From these species more than 45 different indole harvested from 1 1 medium.