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WRA Species Report Family: Simaroubaceae Taxon: Soulamea amara Synonym: NA Common Name: Buwa hati kayu sulamu sulamu pohon Dschiri pangpang bitter tree Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L(Hawai'i) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -1 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 Print Date: 8/30/2012 Soulamea amara (Simaroubaceae) Page 1 of 7 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 n 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L(Hawai'i) WRA Score -1 Print Date: 8/30/2012 Soulamea amara (Simaroubaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Is the species highly domesticated? No evidence] Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. X. Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer, New York 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2003. Vander Velde, N.. The Vascular Plants of [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Indigenous, to at Majruo Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. least on some atolls of the Marshall Islands, but of recent introduction to Majuro. Atoll Research Bulleting. 503: 1-141. Rare. Indo-Pacific as far east as Solomon Islands and Vanuatu in Melanesia and to the Caroline Islands and Marshall Islands in Micronesia." 202 2003. Vander Velde, N.. The Vascular Plants of [Quality of climate match data 2-High] Majruo Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulleting. 503: 1-141. 203 1962. Nooteboom, H.P.. Simaroubaceae. Flora [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No. Coastal tropical species] Malesiana. I(6): 193–226. "The majority of the localities are situated on small islands or islets, and atolls, a peculiarity which it shares with very many other beach plants, such as Pisonia grandis, Suriana maritima, etc. Though its distribution is less erratic as compared with Suriana, it is less common than could be expected; the reason of its preference will probably rather lie in a sort of exacting habitat than in the chances offered by dispersal." 203 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No. Tropical littoral species] Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. X. Flowering "Simaroubaceae are found in moist lowland tropical forest (although Brucea Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, mollis is recorded as a high as 1,800 m in the Philippines, and Odyendea Myrtaceae. Springer, New York gabonensis at 2,500 m in Gabon), dry deciduous forest, and open sandy or savannah- type vegetation. Soulamea amara is a littoral species, Castela and Holacantha are found in desert and dry scrub environments, and Leitneria, Samadera indica and occasionally Pierreodendron inhabit swamp forest." 204 2003. Vander Velde, N.. The Vascular Plants of [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Majruo Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. "Indigenous, to at least on some atolls of the Marshall Islands, but of recent Atoll Research Bulleting. 503: 1-141. introduction to Majuro. Rare. Indo-Pacific as far east as Solomon Islands and Vanuatu in Melanesia and to the Caroline Islands and Marshall Islands in Micronesia." 204 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. X. Flowering "Thirteen species, one widespread in SE Asia and Polynesia (S. amara Lam.),…" Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer, New York 205 2005. Imada, C.T./Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Annotated Checklist of Cultivated Plants of range?? Hawaii] "First Collected: 1995 Locations: Waimea Arboretum & Hawai‘i. The Bishop Museum, Botanical Garden (Confirmed)" http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultiv atedplants/ 205 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? No evidence] 301 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 301 2012. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Khan, N./Flynn, [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence] T.. Hawaiian Vascular Plant Updates: A Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i & Hawai`i's Ferns & Fern Allies. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/supplement.htm 302 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 303 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 304 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia Print Date: 8/30/2012 Soulamea amara (Simaroubaceae) Page 3 of 7 305 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 401 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Shrubs or small trees to 5(–15) m, Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. X. Flowering dioecious or flowers bisexual (S. amara). Leaves unifoliolate or imparipinnate; Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, leaflets opposite, petiolulate, leaves petiolate, entire and often revolute, densely Myrtaceae. Springer, New York pubescent or glabrous on adaxial surface, sometimes with glands." 402 1962. Nooteboom, H.P.. Simaroubaceae. Flora [Allelopathic? Unknown, but co-occurs with other species] "associated with Malesiana. I(6): 193–226. Messerschmidia argentea, Scaevola taccada, and Ochrosia, sometimes (but not in Malaysia) dominant as a rather small shrub along the shore, and of more scattered occurrence as a treelet more inland." 403 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Parasitic? No evidence] "Shrubs or small trees to 5(–15) m…" [Simaroubaceae] Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. X. Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer, New York 404 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Unpalatable to grazing animals? Unknown] 405 1962. Nooteboom, H.P.. Simaroubaceae. Flora [Toxic to animals? Unknown] No evidence Malesiana. I(6): 193–226. 405 2011. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Toxic to animals? Unknown] No evidence Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. X. Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Springer, New York 406 2012.
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