© Copyright Australian Museum, 2007 Records of the Australian Museum (2007) Vol. 59: 9–26. ISSN 0067-1975

Lord Howe Island (Insecta)

C.N. Smithers

Research Associate, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, [email protected]

Abstract. A brief history of collecting Psocoptera on is given. One new , Mauropsocus (Pseudocaeciliidae: Zelandopsocinae), and three new , Mauropsocus monteithi, Lepolepis trifasciata (Lepidopsocidae) and Nimbopsocus huttoni (Myopsocidae) are described. An additional new genus and species is noted but not formally described and named because adult material has not yet been found. Twentyseven species of Psocoptera are now known from Lord Howe of which fourteen are probably endemic to the island. Of the thirteen non-endemic species eight have widespread distributions beyond the island (some being found in domestic situations); three occur otherwise only in Australia and one is known only from . One species occurs in Australia, , Norfolk Island and . It is anticipated that the fauna is not yet completely known but most of the endemic species are members of the related families Pseudocaeciliidae, Philotarsidae and Elipsocidae. Distribution of the species is summarized in a table.

Smithers, C.N., 2007. Lord Howe Island Psocoptera (Insecta). Records of the Australian Museum 59(1): 9–26.

The first recorded psocopteran from Lord Howe Island, a variety of collecting techniques, amassed a substantial a female specimen of Aaroniella howensis Smithers & amount of material during several visits. Since then Ian Thornton, was collected by Ms Zenta Liepa in 1955 and Hutton has provided additional material collected between described in 1975. This and material collected by the author 2000 and 2003. Some of the material from the Lord Howe in November 1969, February 1971 and August 1971 and Invertebrate Biodiversity Survey has no designated individual by Geoffrey Holloway in September 1971 and March 1974 collector; in the lists of material studied in this paper these formed the basis of the first paper on the Psocoptera of Lord specimens are referred to as being collected by LHIS. Howe Island (Smithers & Thornton, 1975). The author visited Except where indicated otherwise specimens collected the island again in February 1977 (Smithers, 1979). Between by Monteith will be returned to the Museum. September 1978 and October 1979 Tim Kingston collected Other material is in the Australian Museum. Nymphs are not Psocoptera as part of a general survey and in 1979 designated as type material. Geoff. Monteith, of the Queensland Museum, made what Full synonymies and references to the species can be was then the most comprehensive collection of Psocoptera found in Smithers (1967, 1996) and Lienhard and Smithers from Lord Howe. Kingston made a small collection in (2002) or other references given in this paper. names 1980 and Patrick Huber, in 1992–1993, collected a few used are as in Wilson (1994), with later amendments where specimens during a survey of associated with the necessary. Vegetation types mentioned in association with inflorescences of the economically important Thatch Palm, some of the material collected by Monteith are described by forsteriana (C. Moore and F. Muell.) Becc. (Smithers, Pickard (1983); these are referred to as Pickard veg on the 1995). The biggest collection to date is that made during the specimen labels and hence in the text of this paper. Lord Howe Island Invertebrate Biodiversity Survey in which In the species descriptions the following abbreviations are several collectors, based at the Australian Museum, using used: F = length of hind femur; T = length of hind tibia; t1, www.australianmuseum.net.au/pdf/publications/1482_complete.pdf 10 Records of the Australian Museum (2007) Vol. 59 t2, t3 = lengths of hind tarsal segments; rt = relative lengths 171 spp.) (Wilson, 1994), a much more varied topography of hind tarsal segments; ct: numbers of ctenidiobothria (875 metres altitude as opposed to 316 m.) and although on hind tarsal segments. Eye measurements are carried subjected to less collecting effort by specialist collectors it out using the method of Badonnel, i.e.: IO = interocular has yielded a comparable number of species of Psocoptera distance between compound eyes measured from above; D (27, of which 14 appear to be endemic) to that obtained on = anteroposterior measurement of compound eye seen from Norfolk (21, of which 11 appear to be endemic). Fifteen above; P = transverse measurement of compound eye seen species of Psocoptera have been added to the Lord Howe from above; PO = P/D; nymph is abbreviated to n. list in this paper whereas only five additional species have Comparison with collecting experience on Norfolk Island been found on Norfolk since 1978, the latest addition (in suggests that it is very likely that there are more species to 1998) being a single, widely distributed tropical species be recorded from Lord Howe Island. Norfolk Island has (Smithers, Peters & Thornton, 2000). Despite its greater about twice the land area of Lord Howe Island (about 34 (but much more disturbed) area it seems likely that most square kilometres compared to 16 square kilometres for species have now been recorded for Norfolk. On the other Lord Howe). Although Lord Howe and Norfolk have about hand, circumstances on Lord Howe suggest that more species the same number of vascular (459 and 445 species will be found there. This possibility should be remembered respectively) Lord Howe has a larger indigenous flora when considering relationships of the Lord Howe fauna to than Norfolk (241 spp. of vascular plants as opposed to those of other areas (Table 1).

Table 1. Distribution of Lord Howe Island Psocoptera.

Lord Howe species endemic3 widespread4 Australia Norfolk New New Island Caledonia Zealand

Lepidopsocidae Echmepteryx anomala • — — — — — Echmepteryx howensis • — — — — — Echmepteryx madagascariensis1 — • • • — • Lepolepis trifasciata1 • — — — — — Trogiidae Cerobasis annulata1,2 — • • — — — Cerobasis guestfalica1,2 — • • • — • Lepinotus inquilinus1,2 — • • — — — Psoquillidae Rhyopsocidus niger • — — — — — Psyllipsocidae Psocathropos lachlani1,2 — • • — — — Caeciliusidae Stenocaecilius quercus — — • — — — Paracaecilius lemuris1 — — • — — — Valenzuela pteridii1 — — • — — — Ectopsocidae Ectopsocus insularis1 — — — • — — Ectopsocus petersi — • • — — • milleri1 — • • • • • Peripsocus similis1 — • — — — — Pseudocaeciliidae Howeanum huberi • — — — — — Mepleres fasciata • — — — — — Mepleres hollowayi • — — — — — Mauropsocus monteithi1 • — — — — — n.gen. and n.sp.1 • — — — — — Philotarsidae Aaroniella howensis • — — — — — Haplophallus tandus • — — — — — Elipsocidae Pentacladus marmoratus • — — — — — Prionotodrilus parvus • — — — — — Myopsocidae Nimbopsocus huttoni1 • — — — — — Nimbopsocus australis1 — • • • • • number of species: 27 14 9 11 5 2 5 In the table • = species is present in the area indicated at the head of the column; 1 first record for Lord Howe in this paper; 2 species frequently associated with human domestic environment; 3 known so far only from Lord Howe Island; 4 occurs in areas other than above, in some cases almost cosmopolitan, see text for details. Smithers: Psocoptera of Lord Howe Island 11

Systematic treatment Hill, on path to Kims Lookout, narrow sclerophyll closed of Lord Howe Island Psocoptera scrub, Dodonaea/Cassinia, deplanchei, beating, 24.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, G. Carter. 2nn, broad megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest, , Baloghia LEPIDOPSOCIDAE inophylla, beating, 30.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 1n, western slope of Transit Hill, broad megaphyllous Echmepteryx anomala Smithers & Thornton closed sclerophyll forest, , 24.xi.2000, Echmepteryx anomala Smithers & Thornton, 1975. Rec. Aust. M. Elliott, N. Plunkett-Cole. 1n, eastern slope of Malabar Mus. 29:456. Ridge above Neds Beach, closed rain forest, Drypetes/ , Elaeodendron curtipendulum, beating, Material studied. 1?, 1!, Stephens Reserve, New 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. 1n, just behind beach at Settlement, megaphyllous broad sclerophyll forest, Howea Old Gulch on western footslopes, narrow sclerophyll closed spp., 15– 26.ii.2001, M.S. Moulds. 1!, Base of Round scrub, Melaleuca howeana beating, 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, Face (Mt. Lidgbird), Far Flats, broad megaphyllous closed H. Smith. 3nn, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Ridge above sclerophyll forest, 2–5.xii.2001, C. Reid. 1?, eastern slope of Old Settlement, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya Dawsons Point Ridge above Old Settlement, litter, closed rain (exposed), Drypetes deplanchei, beating, 24.xi.2000, P. forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya (exposed), 1.xii.2000, LHIS. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 1n, eastern slope of Dawsons Point 1!, Stevens Reserve, 5 m, leaf litter, Howea forsteriana, Ridge near top, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, 25.ix.1978, T. Kingston. 1?, Mt. Gower, 350 m, ii.1979, T. Howea belmoreana, beating, 1.xii.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. Kingston. 2??, 3!!, Intermediate Hill, , 180– 1!, north bank of Rocky Run Creek where coastal trail 250 m, 6.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, Transit Hill, rainforest, to Boat Harbour intersects, broad megaphyllous closed pyrethrum knockdown, 18.x.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, sclerophyll forest, Pandanus, ruscifolia, beating, 2!!, Big Creek at Mountain Inn, pyrethrum knockdown, 30.xi.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. 1?, on Boat Harbour walking 11.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, Boat Harbour, rainforest, trail, c. 200 m before harbour, broad megaphyllous closed pyrethrum knockdown, 23.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1!, sclerophyll forest, Pandanus, Atractocarpus stipularis, Dawsons Ridge Top, rainforest, pyrethrum knockdown, beating, 30.xi.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. 2nn, eastern slopes 5.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, Malabar Hill, rainforest, of Roach Island, sclerophyll tall grass, Cyperus, 29.xi.2000, pyrethrum knockdown, 25.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. Lagunaria patersonia, beating, 30.xi.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. 29 specs. eastern end of Old Settlement Beach, broad Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. sclerophyll swamp scrub, Aegiceras, Araucaria heterophylla (host H32 in field notes), beating, 11.xii.2000, G. Cassis. Echmepteryx (Loxopholia) howensis 1?, southern end of Old Settlement Beach, 7.xii.2000, Smithers & Thornton Cassinia tenuifolia, sweep sampling, 11.xii.2000, G. Cassis. Echmepteryx (Loxopholia) howensis Smithers & Thornton. 1975. 1?, Goat House walking track, c. 550 m from junction Rec. Aust. Mus. 29:454. with Erskine Valley track, Intermediate Hill, Pandanus forsteri, hand collected, 6.xii.2000, G. Cassis. 2nn, c. 50 Material studied. 2!!, 3nn, c. 50 m S of summit of Mt. m S of summit of Mt. Eliza on western face, orthophyll Eliza on western face, orthophyll short grass, Poa, Drypetes short grass, Poa, Drypetes deplanchei, beating, 1.xii.2000, deplanchei, beating, 1.xii.2000, H. Smith. 10??, 6!!, H. Smith. 1?, Research Station backyard, 24–26.ii.2001, 3nn, small swampy area behind dunes at southern end of surrounded by Drypetes/Cryptocarya, closed rain forest. Lagoon Beach, turnoff to Intermediate Hill, broad sclerophyll M.S. Moulds. 1n, southern face of Mt. Lidgbird, at base of swamp scrub, Aegiceras, Lagunaria patersonia (host H15 summit tabletop, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya in field notes), beating, 8.xii.2000, G. Cassis. 1n, Western (calcarenite), leaf litter, 3.xii.2000, LHIS. 1?, 2!!, near slope of Dawsons Point Ridge off North Beach Trail, closed airport terminal, 15–26.ii.2001. M.S. Moulds. 1n, Stephens rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya (calcarenite), hostplant: Reserve, New Settlement, megaphyllous broad sclerophyll Melicope polybotrya, beating, 24.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. forest, Howea spp. Olea paniculata, beating, 13.xii.2000, Tarnawski. 1n, Malabar Hill, on path to Kims Lookout, R. Harris. 2??, 2!!, Stephens Reserve, New Settlement, narrow sclerophyll closed scrub, Dodonaea/Cassinia, megaphyllous broad sclerophyll forest, Howea spp., Cassinia tenuifolia, beating, 24.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, G. 15–26.ii.2001, M.S. Moulds. 1n, Stephens Reserve, New Carter. 1n, Lagoon Beach between rubbish tip and airstrip, Settlement, megaphyllous broad sclerophyll forest, Howea closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Alyxia ruscifolia, spp., Howea forsteriana, beating, 13.xii.2000, R. Harris, 1?, beating, 27.xi.2000, M. Elliott, N. Plunkett-Cole. 1!, 1!, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Ridge near top, closed 2nn, eastern end of Boat Harbour beach, narrow closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, 4–8.xii.2001, C. Reid. sclerophyll scrub, Melaleuca/Cassinia, Olea paniculata, 1?, base of Round Face (Mt. Lidgbird), Far Flats, broad beating, 26.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 2!!, Little megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest, Howea belmoreana, Slope, broad-leafed herb vegetation, mixed ferns/herbs, 2–5.xii.2001, C. Reid. 1!, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Melaleuca howeana, beating, 30.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Ridge near top, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, Tarnawski. 1?, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Ridge above Drypetes deplanchei, beating, 1.xii.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. Old Settlement, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya 1!, North Hummock (trail to Intermediate Hill), lowland (exposed), pitfall trap, 24.xi.2000 to 1.xii.2000, LHIS. 1!, mixed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, Atractocarpus junction of Kims Lookout trail and North Beach trail, closed stipularis, beating, 3.xii.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Drypetes deplanchei, 1!, 2??, Site 8, beating fallen branches, Intermediate beating, 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. 1n, Malabar Hill, 100 m, leaf litter, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, Chionanthus 12 Records of the Australian Museum (2007) Vol. 59 quadristamineus, 24.i.1979, T. Kingston. 1!, Balls Pyramid, walking trail first enters Erskine Valley from coast, narrow closed 24.i.1980, No collector. 1?, 2!!, Intermediate Hill, sclerophyll scrub, Melaleuca/Cassinia, pitfall trap, 25.xi–2. rainforest, 180–250 m, 6.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 3??, xii.2000, LHIS. 1!, western face of Mt. Lidgbird, at base of summit 1!, North Bay, scrub, pyrethrum knockdown, 19.xi.1979, tabletop, broad closed sclerophyll scrub, Dracophyllum/ G.B. Monteith. 2??, Erskine Valley, rainforest, pyrethrum , pitfall trap, 25.xi–2.xii.2000, LHIS. 1?, 1!, 4nn, Little Island, coastal track to Erskine Valley, palm litter, 13.xii.2000, knockdown, 24.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, Smoking Tree G. Cassis. 1?, 1n, on Boat Harbour walking trail, leaf litter, closed Ridge, pyrethrum knockdown, 11.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, 21.xi.2000, LHIS. 3nn, 2!!, Mountain Inn, Big Creek, pyrethrum knockdown, Walking trail through Erskine Valley, leaf litter, closed rain forest, 11.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1!, Malabar Hill, pyrethrum Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, LHIS. 1?, 3!!, 3nn, on walking track knockdown, 25.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. to Erskine Valley, adjacent to Salmon Beach, leaf litter, collected at night, 10.xii.2000, G. Cassis. 1?, 2nn, Eastern aspect of Transit Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. Hill near summit, leaf litter, narrow closed sclerophyll scrub, 19. xi.2000, LHIS. 2??, 4nn, ridge below Intermediate Hill, Boat Harbour walking trail, leaf litter, 12.xii.2000, G. Cassis. 4??, 1n, on Boat Harbour walking trail, c. 200 m before harbour, leaf litter, broad megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest, Pandanus habitat, 21.xi.2000, LHIS. 7 specs., point where walking trail first enters Erskine Valley from coast, leaf litter, narrow closed sclerophyll Echmepteryx (Thylacopsis) madagascariensis (Kolbe) scrub Melaleuca/Cassinia, 2.xii.2000, LHIS. 4??, 2!!, 16nn, LHI—site 9. 10 specs., southeastern aspect of Transit Hill near Thylax madagascariensis Kolbe, 1885. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 1885: 184. summit, leaf litter, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus Thylacopsis madagascariensis (Kolbe). Enderlein, 1911. habitat, 24.xi.2000, LHIS. 2!!, Malabar Hill, on path to Kims Palaeontographica 58: 348. Lookout, leaf litter, narrow sclerophyll closed scrub, Dodonaea/ Echmepteryx costalis Banks, 1931. Proc. Hawaii. ent. Soc. 7: 439. Cassinia, 24.xi.2000, LHIS. 2??, 2!!, western slope of Malabar Lepidopsocus costalis (Banks). Zimmerman, 1948. Insects of Ridge S of Kims Lookout trail, leaf litter, broad megaphyllous Hawaii 2: 224. closed sclerophyll forest, Howea belmoreana, 24.xi.2000, LHIS. Thylacopsis albidus Badonnel, 1949. Rev. franc. Ent. 16: 25. 2!!, Stephens Reserve, New Settlement, megaphyllous broad Echmepteryx (Thylacopsis) madagascariensis (Kolbe). Smithers, sclerophyll forest, Howea spp., 15–26.ii.2001, M.S. Moulds. 6??, 1967. Aust. Zool. 14: 8. 3!!, 10nn, eastern slope of Malabar Ridge above Neds Beach, Material studied. 1?, Stephens Reserve, New Settlement, leaf litter, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, 19.xi.2000, LHIS. 1?, 3nn, North Hummock (trail to Intermediate Hill), leaf megaphyllous broad sclerophyll forest, Howea spp., litter, lowland mixed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, 3. 26.ii.2001, M.S. Moulds. xii.2000, LHIS. 1?, 1n, western slope of Dawsons Point Ridge off North Beach Trail, leaf litter, closed rain forest, Drypetes/ Distribution. First record for Lord Howe Island. Previously Cryptocarya (basalt), 20.xi.2000, LHIS. 4??, 2nn, Malabar Hill, known from Madagascar, Réunion, Isle Glorieuse, on path to Kims Lookout, leaf litter, narrow sclerophyll closed Seychelles, East Africa, Ivory Coast, Bioko Is., South scrub, Dodonaea/Cassinia, 24.xi.2000, LHIS. 1?, 1!, Little America, North America, Australia, Hawaii, Bonin Is., Island, coastal track to Erskine Valley, palm litter, 13.xii.2000, G. Marianas, Kermadecs, Chagos Archipelago, New Zealand, Cassis. 1?, 1!, eastern end of Boat Harbour beach, leaf litter, Norfolk Island, Galapagos, , Society Islands, narrow closed sclerophyll scrub, Melaleuca/Cassinia, 3.xii.2000, Indonesia, Bermuda, Jamaica, , Diego Garcìa, Chile, LHIS. 1!, Goat House walking track, c. 1km from junction with Hong Kong, Germany (introduced, in greenhouse). Erskine Valley track, Intermediate Hill, leaf litter, Pandanus, 6. xii.2000, G. Cassis. 1!, southern end of Salmon Beach, Little Island, 27.xi.2000, broad megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest, Howea forsteriana leaf litter, LHIS. 4??, 3!!, 5nn, eastern aspect of Transit Hill near summit, narrow closed sclerophyll scrub, Melaleuca/Cassinia leaf litter, 19.xi.2000, LHIS. 1!, near Goat House Cave, various mosses, lichens and liverworts, leaf litter, Lepolepis trifasciata n.sp. 23.ii.2001, J. Tarnawski. 2??, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Ridge above Old Settlement, closed rain forest, Drypetes/ Material studied. 1! (holotype) (K232557), Lagoon Beach Cryptocarya (exposed), leaf litter, 1.xii.2000, LHIS. 2??, 1!, between rubbish tip and airstrip, litter, closed rain forest, Drypetes/ western face of Mt. Lidgbird, at base of summit tabletop, broad Cryptocarya, 27.xii.2000, LHIS. Paratypes: 12??, 6!!, closed sclerophyll scrub, Dracophyllum/Metrosideros, pitfall trap, Lagoon Beach between rubbish tip and airstrip, litter, closed rain 25.xi–2.xii.2000, LHIS. 1?, 4nn, southeastern aspect of Transit forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, leaf litter, 27.xi.2000, LHIS. 2!!, Hill near summit, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus leaf ridge top, northern end of Roach Island. broad-leafed herb layer, litter, 24.xi.2000, LHIS. 1n, junction of Kims Lookout trail and Ipomoea/Carpobrotus, pitfall trap, 29.xi–7.xii.2000, LHIS. 1!, North Beach trail, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, pitfall Eastern slope of Dawsons Point Ridge above Old Settlement, closed trap, 25.xi–2.xii.2000, LHIS. 3??, 1!, 5nn, Malabar Hill, on path rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya (exposed), pitfall trap, 24.xi–1. to Kims Lookout, narrow sclerophyll closed scrub, Dodonaea/ xii.2000, LHIS. 2??, southeastern aspect of Transit Hill near Cassinia, leaf litter, 24.xi.2000, LHIS. 1?, point where walking summit, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, pitfall trap, trail first enters Erskine Valley from coast, narrow closed sclerophyll 24.xi–1.xii.2000, LHIS. 1?, western slope of Transit Hill, broad scrub, Melaleuca/Cassinia, pitfall trap, 25.xi–2.xii.2000, LHIS. megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest, Howea forsteriana, pitfall 1?, 1!, on walking track to Erskine Valley, adjacent to Salmon trap, 24.xi–1.xii.2000, LHIS. 1!, western face of Mt. Lidgbird, at Beach, leaf litter, collected at night, 10.xii.2000, G. Cassis. 3??, base of summit tabletop, broad closed sclerophyll scrub, 5nn, Little Island, coastal track to Erskine Valley, palm leaf litter, Dracophyllum/Metrosideros, pitfall trap, 25.xi–2.xii.2000, LHIS. 13.xii.2000, G. Cassis. 2??, Mt. Gower, north face, near creek 1?, on Boat Harbour walking trail, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/ crossing of walking track, leaf litter, Chionanthus quadristamineus, Chionanthus, pitfall trap, 26.xi–3.xii.2000, LHIS. 1!, point where Guioa coriacea, Drypetes deplanchei, 19.v.2002, I. Hutton. 1!, Smithers: Psocoptera of Lord Howe Island 13

Mt Gower summit on ridge between creeks 3 (most western) and quadristamineus, 100 m, LHI 347, No 8, 24.i.1979, T. Kingston. 2 (middle), Pittosporum erioloma, Zygogynum, Metrosideros 9??, 11!!, 31nn, S of Clear Place, 6.ii.1980, T. Kingston. 1?, nervulosa, leaf litter, 25.vi.2001, Ian Hutton. 1!, Lagoon Beach Mt. Gower, leaf litter, 100 m, no date, T. Kingston. 1!. Mt. Gower, between rubbish tip and airstrip, closed rain forest, Drypetes/ 350 m, ii.1979, T. Kingston. 1?, 1!, Lord Howe Island Stations: Cryptocarya, pitfall trap, 27.xi.–4.xii.2000, LHIS. 1!, western 007–0037, no date, T. Kingston. 1?, Erskine Valley, leaf litter, no slopes of Roach Island, orthophyll short grass, Poa, pitfall trap, date, T. Kingston. 1?, Erskine Valley, 175 m, leaf litter, Drypetes 29.xi–7.xii.2000, LHIS. 1!, Transit Hill, 60 m, leaf litter, deplanchei, Cryptocarya triplinervis, LHI 454, No 8, 1.viii. T. Chionanthus quadristamineus, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, 26.x.1979, Kingston. 4??, 1!, 10nn, Broken Banyan Apartments, leaf litter, T. Kingston. 2!!, same data, 10.x.1978, T. Kingston. 1, same 7.x.1994, D.S.Horning and D.Horning. 3!!, Lord Howe Island, data, 26.x.1979, T. Kingston. 1!, same data, 8.iv.1979, T. Kingston. no date, D. Horning. 1?, Smoking Tree Ridge summit, Queensland 1?, 1!, Clear place, leaf litter, 6.i.1980, T. Kingston. 1?, south Museum berlesate 130, volcanic soil, 150 m, Pickard veg DaCt, end, Settlement Beach, under bark, Lagunaria, 7.viii.2000, No sieved litter, 7.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, same locality, east face, collector. 1!, 2nn, Transit Hill, north slope, Queensland Museum Queensland Museum berlesate, 163, volcanic soil, Pickard veg berlesate 151, volcanic soil, Pickard veg DaCt, 18.xi.1979, G.B. CfLq, sieved litter, 23.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 2??, Gully at Monteith. 1?, 1!, 2nn, same data, Queensland Museum berlesate Catalina crash, Queensland Museum berlesate 169, volcanic soil, 152, volcanic soil, Pickard veg DaCt, sieved litter, 18.xi.1979, G. 20 m, Pickard veg Hb, sieved litter, 25.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, B. Monteith. 1?, same locality, west base, Queensland Museum 1!, Lagoon Road, opposite museum, Queensland Museum berlesate 118, volcanic soil, 5 m, Pickard veg DaCt, sieved litter, berlesate 122, alluvial soil, Pickard veg DaCt, sieved litter, 5. 4.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, same locality, north slope, xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 5??, 10!!, Lagoon Road, opposite Queensland Museum berlesate 137, Pickard veg Cflq, sieved litter, hospital, Queensland Museum berlesate 119, alluvial soil, 2 m, 18.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, 3!!, North Bay, 5 m, leaf litter, Pickard veg DaCt, sieved litter, 4.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, 1!, Howea forsteriana, 15.xi.1978, T. Kingston. 1?, North Bay, west Malabar summit, Queensland Museum berlesate, 168, volcanic end, 5 m, Queensland Museum berlesate 156, Pickard veg Hf, soil, 200 m, Pickard veg DaCt, sieved litter, 25.xi.1979, G.B. sieved litter, volcanic soil, 19.ix.1979, G.B. Monteith. 3??, 2!!, Monteith. 1!, Boat Harbour, Queensland Museum berlesate 161, Old Settlement, 80 m, litter, Drypetes deplanchei, Cryptocarya 10 m, volcanic soil, Pickard veg CfLq, sieved litter, 23.xi.1979, triplinervis, 18.iv.1979, T. Kingston. 3??, 5!!, same data, 2. G.B. Monteith. 1?, Mount Eliza summit, Queensland Museum vi.1979, T. Kingston. 1!, same data, 8.iv.1979, T. Kingston. 1?, berlesate 154, volcanic soil, 150 m, Pickard veg MnCa, sieved litter, 1!, Stevens Reserve, 5 m, leaf litter, Howea forsteriana, 1.x.1978, 19.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, Dawsons Point Ridge summit, 150 T. Kingston. 1?, 1!, same data, LHI 168, No 8, 25.ix.1978, T. m, Queensland Museum berlesate 120, Pickard veg DaCt, sieved Kingston. 1?, same data, LHI 191, No 8, T. Kingston. 1?, 2!!, litter, 5.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, Little Slope, 50 m, leaf litter, same data, 30.ix.1978, T. Kingston. 1?, Intermediate Hill, leaf Howea forsteriana, LHI 355 No. 8, 22.xi.1979. T. Kingston. 4??, litter, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, Chionanthus quadristamineus, LHI 5!!, Behind Leanda Lei, Queensland Museum berlesate 127, 327, No 8, 24.i.1979, T. Kingston. 2!!, same locality, LHI 316, calcareous soil, Pickard veg Hf, sieved litter, 6.xi.1979, G.B. No 8, 19.i.1979, T. Kingston. 5??, 1!, same locality, North Monteith. Hummock, Queensland Museum berlesate 125, volcanic soil, 180 Specimens collected by other than G.B.Monteith are in the m, Pickard veg CfLq, sieved litter, 6.xi.1979. G.B. Monteith. 1?, Australian Museum; specimens collected by G.B.Monteith are 1!, Intermediate Hill, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, Chionanthus deposited in the Queensland Museum.

Figs 1–8. Lepolepis trifasciata n.sp. Female: (1) fore wing; (2) epiproct; (3) labrum; (4) gonapophyses; (5) structure associated with spermatheca; (6) same, enlarged; (7) lacinia. Male: (8) phallosome. 14 Records of the Australian Museum (2007) Vol. 59

Description Male. Coloration (in alcohol). As in female, equally variable. Female. Coloration (in alcohol). This species exhibits Morphology. General morphology as in female. Length extreme variation in depth of colour, ranging from pale of body 2.2 mm. IO/D: 2.4; PO: 0.86. Fore wing length: testaceous to specimens which are almost black. The 0.98 mm; width: 0.46 mm. Measurements of hind leg: F: variation may be age-related; nymphs are very pale. Parts 0.60 mm.; T: 0.68 mm; t1: 0.29 mm; t2: 0.07 mm; t3: 0.06; are consistently relatively darker than one another through rt: 4.1:1:0.85. Ctenidiobothria absent. Epiproct as in female, the series of specimens. Vertex, postclypeus, labrum and simple, rounded behind, sparsely setose. Paraproct simple, maxillary palps a little darker than the frons, genae darkest. two trichobothria with ornamented alveoli and a few setae Antennae very pale to dark brown. Eyes black. Thoracic nota in distal half. Hypandrium simple, rounded behind, setose. variable, pleura darker. Legs variable with tarsi always paler Phallosome (Fig. 8). than other segments. Fore wings (Fig. 1) pale with basal, middle and preapical irregular brown bands, the colour varies in depth to similar degree as other parts of the body of the same specimen. Abdomen dorsally pale in basal half, where Discussion it is covered by the reduced wings, distally darker where it is exposed. Terminal structures dark. There are now seven species described in the genus Lepolepis Morphology. Brachypterous. Length of body: 2.0 mm. Enderlein: L. bicolor Broadhead (England (on introduced Median epicranial suture distinct, anterior arms very short, ground nuts from Africa), Ile Glorieuse, Réunion, India), L. evanescent near origin. Vertex sharp. Postclypeus very ceylonica Enderlein (Sri Lanka, Taiwan), L. columbiensis slightly bulging. Head strongly pubescent, genal setae Badonnel (Colombia), L. graemei Smithers (Norfolk especially long and stout. Top of eyes about level with vertex. Is.), L. pateriformis New (Aldabra), L. picta Thornton IO/D: 2.3; PO: 0.8. Ocelli absent. Labrum (Fig. 3) with five (Hawaii), and L. trifasciata (Lord Howe Island). The wings distal inner labral sensilla. Lacinia (Fig. 7). Measurements of L. graemei and L. trifasciata are longer than in the other of hind leg: F: 0.62 mm; T: 0.73 mm; t1: 0.29 mm; t2: 0.07 species. When L. graemei was described no mention was mm; t3: 0.06 mm; rt: 4.1:1:0.85. No ctenidiobothria. Fore made of the conspicuous peg-like structure associated with wing length: 1.2 mm; width: 0.5 mm. Fore wing (Fig. 1) the spermatheca and reexamination of the dissection of somewhat elytriform, veinless. Costal and hind margins the genitalia of a female paratype did not reveal any such with thickened band in basal half of wing. Wing surface organ. Having found the organ in the obviously similar L. with vestiture of very narrow scale-like setae as well as trifasciata I reexamined further material of L. graemei and fairly dense cover of well-developed, erect, setae (nearly found that an almost identical structure was, in fact, present. all lost in preservative). Wings reach to about three quarters The spermathecal sac in this genus is very delicate, was of length of the abdomen. Hind wings reduced to a small, probably damaged and the peg-like structure lost when the membranous, flap. Epiproct (Fig. 2) simple, rounded behind, earlier paratype was dissected. The peg-like structure is not sparsely setose. Paraproct simple, two trichobothria with easily homologized with part of the reproductive organs of ornamented alveoli and a few setae in distal half. Posterior any other female psocopterans but, as mentioned above, there spine slightly downwardly curved. Subgenital plate simple, is a possibility of it being homologous to the sheath of the wider than long, sparsely setose. Gonapophyses (Fig. 4). spermathecal duct opening of Mockford (Mockford, 2005). Spermathecal sac membranous, apparently without dentate The spermatheca has not been described for all species of sclerotic ring and without maculae. Associated with the sac is Lepolepis but L. graemei and L. trifasciata share several a large, strongly sclerotized, partly hollow, peg-like structure significant features with each other which they do not share (Fig. 5, Fig. 6 [enlarged]). The structure is pointed at one with other members of the genus for which the spermatheca end, widened at the other and hollow almost to the pointed has been described, such as a lesser degree of wing reduction, end. The wider end of the funnel thus formed is open along similarities in wing pattern, the presence of the peg-like one side. The peg-like structure appears to arise in and be structure associated with the spermatheca and the lack of an integral part of the otherwise thin, membranous wall of spermathecal maculae, which are present in some of the other the sac. It lies in an outwardly-directed tube-like extension species. This suggests that the two species are closely related of the wall the mouth of which is firmly attached to the peg and stand apart from the others of which the spermatheca about half way along it so that part of the peg appears to be has been described. Given that the presence of the peg- inside and part outside the sac tube. There are folds at the like structure is very likely a shared apomorphy it may be base of the tube which suggest that the peg is capable of being reasonable to erect a new genus for their accommodation. moved inwards and outwards along the lumen of the tube I hesitate to do this until further information is available on whilst being attached to its inner wall. The structure is seen in the nature of the spermatheca in those species for which it various positions through the abdominal wall, depending on has not yet been described. the position occupied by the spermathecal sac and is possibly Etymology. The specific name refers to the three broad equivalent to the sheath of the spermathecal duct opening of transverse dark bands across the wings. Mockford (Mockford, 2005). It is large enough to be seen as a sclerotized, peg-like rod in the undissected abdomen. Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. Smithers: Psocoptera of Lord Howe Island 15

TROGIIDAE Lepinotus piceus (Hagen). Hagen, 1883. Stettin. ent. Z. 44: 314. Atropos distincta Kolbe, 1888. Jaresb. Ver. f. Naturk. Zwickau Cerobasis annulata (Hagen) 1887: 190, 191. Atropos picea (Hagen). Kolbe, 1888. Jaresb. Ver. f. Naturk. Zwickau Clothilla annulata Hagen, 1865. Ent. mon. Mag. 2: 122. 1887: 190, 191. Atropos annulata (Hagen). Kolbe, 1880. Jber. westf. Prov.Ver. Wiss. Clothilla distincta (Kolbe). Tetens, 1891. Ent. Nachr. 17: 372. Kunst. 8: 135. Lepinotus sericeus (Kolbe). Tetens, 1891. Ent. Nachr. 17: 373, 384. Myopsocnema annulata (Hagen). Enderlein, 1905. Jagersk. Exped. Cuixa canaria Navas, 1927. Bol. Soc. ent. ital. 59: 151. 18: 17. Synonymy: Broadhead, 1949. Ent. mon. Mag. 85: 80. Cerobasis annulata (Hagen). Badonnel, 1955. Pub. cult. Comp. Diam. Angola 26: 32. Material studied. 6??, 8!!, Mt. Gower, 850 m, Zlinia multispinosa Obr, 1948. Pub. Fac. Sci. Univ. Masaryk 306: leaf litter, mossy forest, 2.ii.1979, T. Kingston. 4??, 93, 104. Cerobasis multispinosa (Obr.). Badonnel, 1955. Pub. cult. Comp. 9!!, Intermediate Hill, 100 m, leaf litter, Chionanthus Diam. Angola 26: 32. quadristamineus, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, 24.i.1979, T. Cerobasis bundyi Turner, 1977. J. nat. Hist. 11: 283. Kingston. 2??, 6!!, same data, 19.i.1979, T. Kingston. 1?, Old Settlement, 80 m, leaf litter, Drypetes deplanchei, Material studied. 1!, Mount Gower, litter, 850 m, mossy Cryptocarya triplinervis, 18.iv.1979, T. Kingston. 2??, forest, 27.ix.1978, T. Kingston. 1!, Erskine Valley, 175 m, 3!!, Little Slope, 50 m, leaf litter, Howea forsteriana, litter, Drypetes, Cryptocarya, 12.viii.1979, T. Kingston. 7.i.1979, T. Kingston. same data, 20.xii.1979, T. Kingston. 2!!. Big Slope, 20 m, leaf litter, Howea forsteriana, Distribution. First record for Lord Howe Island. Previously 28.iii.1979, T. Kingston. 1!, Stevens Reserve, 5 m, leaf known from Europe, North America, Australia (in stored litter, Howea forsteriana, 30.ix.1978, T. Kingston. 1!, products), St Helena, Robinson Crusoe Island, Hawaii, North Bay, 5 m, leaf litter, Howea forsteriana, 15.xi.1979, Azores, Morocco, Madeira. In the wild and in domestic T. Kingston. 1?, North End Big Pocket, Mt. Gower, ex leaf situations. litter, canterburyana, Dysoxylum pachyphyllum, 26.iv.2002, I. Hutton. 1!, Little Island, below Far Flats, Cerobasis guestfalica (Kolbe) 10.viii.2001, I. Hutton. 1?, Malabar Hill track, half way to Kims Lookout, 10.viii.2001, I. Hutton. Hyperetes guestfalicus Kolbe, 1880. Jber. westf. Prov.Ver. Wiss. Kunst. 8: 132. Distribution. First record for Lord Howe Island. The large Hyperetes pinicola Kolbe, 1881. Ent. Nachr. 7: 255. number of previously published records indicate an almost Cerobasis muraria Kolbe, 1882. Ent. Nachr. 8: 212. Tichobia alternans Kolbe, 1882. Ent. Nachr. 8: 212. cosmopolitan distribution for this species which is found Hyperetes tessulatus Hagen, 1883. Stettin. ent. Z. 44: 316. indoors and in the wild. Albardia alternans (Kolbe). Jacobson & Bianchi, 1904. Orthop. Pseudoneuropt Russ. Reich p. 496. Cerobasis guestfalica (Kolbe). Roesler, 1943. Stettin. ent. Z. 104: 13. Material studied. 1!, near airport terminal. 15–26.ii.2001, M.S. Moulds. 1!, North Bay, 5 m, litter, Howea forsteriana, 15.xi.1978, T. Kingston. Distribution. First record for Lord Howe Island. Previously known from North America, Europe, Canary Is., Azores, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Sardinia, Morocco, Tunisia, Japan, Mexico, , Australia, Norfolk Is., New Zealand, Hawaii, Bermuda, Kenya, South Africa, Robinson Crusoe Is., Argentina, Brazil, Chile, St. Helena, St. Paul Is., Jamaica, PSOQUILLIDAE Kermadecs, Mauritius. In the wild and in domestic situations. Rhyopsocidus niger (Smithers)

Lepinotus inquilinus v. Heyden Trogium nigrum Smithers, 1995. Gen. appl. Ent. 26: 2. Rhyopsocidus niger (Smithers). Smithers and Mockford, 2004. Ent. Lepinotus inquilinus Heyden, 1850. Stettin ent. Z. 11: 84. mon. Mag. 140: 314. Paradoxides psocoides Motschulsky, 1851. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 24(2): 510. Material studied. 1!, just behind beach at Old Gulch Paradoxenus psocoides (Motschulsky). Motschulsky, 1852. Etudes on western footslopes, narrow sclerophyll closed scrub, entomologiques de 1852 p. 19. Melaleuca, leaf litter, 20.xi.2000, LHIS. 1?, on Boat Clothilla inquilina (Heyden). Brauer & Löw, 1857. Neuroptera austriaca. Wien. p. 32. Harbour walking trail, c. 200 m before harbour, broad Clothilla picea Hagen, 1861. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest, Pandanus, pitfall 4: 8. trap, 26.xi–3.xii.2000, LHIS. 1? (much damaged specimen), Synonymy: Enderlein, 1905. Res. Swedish Exp. Egypt and White Stephens Reserve, New Settlement, Howea forsteriana, Nile p. 25. beating, 9.xii.2000, G. Cassis. Atropos inquilina (Heyden). Kolbe, 1880. Jber. westf. Prov.Ver. Wiss. Kunst. 8: 132. Distribution. Recorded only from Lord Howe Island (as Atropos sericea Kolbe, 1883b. Stettin. ent. Z. 44: 86. Trogium nigrum Smithers). 16 Records of the Australian Museum (2007) Vol. 59

PSYLLIPSOCIDAE LHIS. 1?, Mt Lidgbird SE end in dip between Pimple and main cliff. 21.v.2001, leaf litter caught in Birds Nest Fern, Psocathropos lachlani Ribaga Asplenium goudeyi, 1.5 m off ground. Ian Hutton. 1?, Mt Gower N face, following cliff base along from Eddies Cave, Psocathropos lachlani Ribaga, 1899. Riv. Pat. Veg. 8: 157. on ridge between gullies 1 and 2, 26.v.2001, Metrosideros Psocinella slossonae Banks, 1900. Entom. News 11: 432. nervulosa, Dysoxylon pachyphyllum, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, Synonymy: Gurney, 1949. J. Acad. Wash. Acad. Sci. 39: 63. leaf litter, Ian Hutton. 2??, 2!!, Muttonbird Point Booby Axinopsocus microps Enderlein, 1903. Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst. 19: 3. Synonymy: Lienhard & Halperin, 1988. Israel J. Ent. 22: 15. colony area, 22.vi.2001, litter underneath Kikuyu grass, Psoquilla microps (Enderlein). Enderlein, 1908. Zool. Anz 33: 782. Ian Hutton. 1?, Little Slope, broad-leafed herb vegetation, Vulturops floridensis Corbett & Hargreaves, 1915. Psyche 22: mixed ferns/herbs, leaf litter, 7.xii.2000, LHIS. 1!, c. 50 m 142. Synonymy: Mockford, 1993. North American Psocoptera. S of summit of Mt. Eliza on western face, orthophyll short Gainesville. p. 51. grass, Poa, leaf litter, 20.xi.2000, LHIS. 2??, Mt Gower Psocatropos [sic] lesnei Badonnel, 1931. Ann. sci. nat., Zool. N face, base of waterfall, off summit (east one), 26.v.2001, (10)14(16): 254. Boehmeria calophleba, Machaerina insularis, Elatostema Psocathropos microps (Enderlein). Badonnel, 1932. Bull. Soc. grande, Blechnum howeanum, Blechnum geniculatum leaf zool. Fr. 57: 117. litter, Ian Hutton. 1?, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Synonymy: Badonnel, 1944. Rev. franc. Ent. 11: 59. Ridge above Old Settlement, closed rain forest, Drypetes/ Material studied. 1?, 5!!, Mt. Gower, 850 m, leaf Cryptocarya (exposed), leaf litter, 1.xii.2000, LHIS. 2??, litter, mossy forest, 2.ii.1979, T. Kingston. 1 specimen, just behind beach at Old Gulch on western footslopes, narrow Little Slope, leaf litter, Howea forsteriana, 7.i.1979, T. sclerophyll closed scrub, Melaleuca, leaf litter, 20.xi.2000, Kingston. 2??, 3!!, Intermediate Hill, 100 m, leaf litter, LHIS. 1?, eastern end of Boat Harbour beach, narrow closed Cleistocalyx fullagarii, Chionanthus quadristamineus, sclerophyll scrub, Melaleuca/Cassinia, Drypetes deplanchei, 19.i.1979, T. Kingston. 1 specimen, Big Slope, 20 m, leaf beating, 26.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 1?, in forest litter, Howea forsteriana, 28.iii.1979, T. Kingston. behind Research Station, palm and banyan litter, 22.ii.2001, J. Tarnawski. 1?, Get Up Place, trail to Mt. Gower, broad Distribution. First record for Lord Howe Island. Also known closed sclerophyll scrub, Dracophyllum/Metrosideros, from Australia, Europe, Morocco, North America, Cuba, leaf litter, 2.xii.2000, LHIS. 2??, southern end of Old Jamaica, Nicaragua, Mozambique, Angola, Congo, Nigeria, Settlement Beach, sweep sampling, 7.xii.2000, G. Cassis. Madeira, Madagascar, Réunion, , Taiwan, Hawaii. 1?, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Ridge near top, closed Found in the wild and in domestic situations. rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, 1–4.xii.2001, C. Reid. 1!, Goat House walking track, c. 550 m from junction with Erskine Valley track, Intermediate Hill, Cryptocarya triplinervis, hand collected, 6.xii.2000, G. Cassis. 1!, CAECILIUSIDAE bottom of track from Capella to Boat Harbour, 15.xii.2000. 1?, Mt Lidgbird, SE ridge leading to Pimple, 20 m down Stenocaecilius quercus (Edwards) track SE of Pimple summit, 23.v.2001, Alyxia squamulosa, Caecilius quercus Edwards, 1950. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. (1949): Coprosma huttoniana, Xylosma parvifolium leaf litter, Ian 131. Hutton. 2!!, c. 50 m S of summit of Mt. Eliza on western Stenocaecilius quercus (Edwards). Mockford, 2000. Trans. Amer. face, orthophyll short grass, Poa, Drypetes deplanchei, ent. Soc. 125(4): 357. beating, 1.xii.2000, H. Smith. 1?, junction of Kims Lookout trail and North Beach trail, closed rain forest, Drypetes/ Material studied. 4??, 3!!, Mt Gower summit; ridge Cryptocarya, Pouteria myrsinoides, beating, 25.xi.2000, between creeks 2 (middle) and 1 (most easterly), Hedyscepe L. Wilkie, H. Smith. 1?, eastern slope of Dawsons Point canterburyana, Zygogynum howeanum, Cryptocarya Ridge near top, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, gregsonii, leaf litter, 25.vi.2001, Ian Hutton. 1!, Muttonbird 1–4.xii.2001, C. Reid. 2??, 1!, Rocky Run Creek, leaf Point booby colony area, under native grass, Poa poiformis, litter, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, Pandanus forsteri, Coprosma leaf litter, 22.vi.2001, Ian Hutton. 1?, 1!, Track to Malabar putida, 18.v.2002, I. Hutton. 1?, Mt. Lidgbird, W side Hill, 50 m N summit, ex leaf litter, 10.viii.2001, I. Hutton. 1?, valley, between Pimple and summit, litter, Hedyscepe Malabar Hill, on path to Kims Lookout, narrow sclerophyll canterburyana, Macropiper hooglandii, Coprosma closed scrub, Dodonaea/Cassinia, leaf litter, 24.xi.2000, huttoniana, 11.iv.2002, I Hutton. 1?, Rocky Run Creek, LHIS. 2??, c. 25 m above coastal trail to Boat Harbour, Intermediate Hill crossing, litter, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, 750 m from start, close rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Drypetes deplanchei, 18.v.2002, I. Hutton. 1?, 10 m NW . beating, 26.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Malabar Hill track in forest at beginning, leaf litter, Drypetes Tarnawski. 1?, eastern slope of Dawsons Point, ridge near deplanchei, Pouteria myrsinoides, Xylosma maidenii, Alyxia top, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, leaf litter, ruscifolia, 10.viii.2001, I. Hutton. 1?, Creek gully behind 24.xi.2000, LHIS. 1!, junction of Kims Lookout trail and Lord Howe Island Board Office, litter, Howea forsteriana, North Beach trail, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Drypetes deplanchei, Cryptocarya triplinervis, 9.viii. Olea paniculata, beating, 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. 2001, I. Hutton. 1?, Mount Gower, north face, near creek 1?, junction of Kims Lookout trail and North Beach trail, crossing of track, litter, Chionanthus quadristamineus, Guioa closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Olea paniculata, coriacea, Drypetes deplanchei, 19.v.2002, I. Hutton. beating, 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. 2??, 2!!, eastern aspect of Transit Hill near summit, narrow closed Distribution. Previously recorded from Lord Howe Island, sclerophyll scrub, Melaleuca/Cassinia, leaf litter, 19.xi.2000, Tasmania and Australia. Smithers: Psocoptera of Lord Howe Island 17

Paracaecilius lemuris Smithers ECTOPSOCIDAE

Paracaecilius lemuris Smithers, 1994b. Rec. Aust. Mus. 46: 126. Ectopsocus petersi Smithers

Material studied. 1!, junction of Kims Lookout trail and Ectopsocus punctatus Thornton & Wong, 1968. Pacific Ins. Monogr. North Beach trail, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, 19: 137 (?). Pouteria myrsinoides, beating, 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, Ectopsocus petersi Smithers, 1978. Irish Nat. J. 19(5): 144. H. Smith. 1?, southern face of Mt. Lidgbird, at base of Ectopsocus australis Schmidt & Thornton, 1993. Mem. Mus. Vict. summit tabletop, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya 53(2)(1992): 162. (calcarenite), Chionanthus quadristamineus, beating, Synonymy: Smithers, 2003. Ent. mon. Mag. 139: 5. 26.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 1?, west of walking trail to Mt. Gower, at base of Scaly Bark Ridge, closed rain Material studied. 2!!, Malabar Hill, on path to Kims forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, beating, 25.xi.2000, M. Lookout, narrow sclerophyll closed scrub, Dodonaea/ Elliott, N. Plunkett-Cole. 1!, eastern face of Mt. Lidgbird, Cassinia, Dodonaea viscosa, beating, 24.xi.2000, L. closed rain forest, Cryptocarya gregsonii, Zygogynum Wilkie, G. Carter. 1!, Stephens Reserve, New Settlement, howeanum, beating, 26.xi.2000. M. Elliott, N. Plunkett- megaphyllous broad sclerophyll forest, Howea spp., M.S. Cole. 1!, junction of Kims Lookout trail and North Beach Moulds. 1?, Mt Gower summit, ridge between creeks 2 trail, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Baloghia (middle) and 1 (most easterly), Hedyscepe canterburyana, inophylla, beating, 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. 1?, Zygogynum howeanum, Cyptocarya gregsonii, leaf southern face of Mt. Lidgbird, at base of summit tabletop, litter, 25.vi.2001, Ian Hutton. 1?, Stephens Reserve, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya (calcarenite), New Settlement, megaphyllous broad sclerophyll forest, Arthropteris tenella, beating, 26.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Howea spp., Drypetes deplanchei, beating, 13.xii.2000, R. Tarnawski. 1!, Little Slope, broad megaphyllous closed Harris. 1?, 1!, corner Lagoon Rd. and Middle Bay Rd., sclerophyll forest, leaf litter, 30.xi.2000, LHIS. 2??, 4!!, 15–26.ii.2001, M.S. Moulds. 1!, Lagoon Beach, rubbish southern face of Mt. Lidgbird, at base of summit tabletop, tip/airstrip, beating, , 27.xi.2000, M. Elliott closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya (calcarenite), and N. Plunkett-Cole. 1!, walking trail through Erskine Zygogynum howeanum, beating, 26.xi.2000, P. Flemons, Valley, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, leaf J. Tarnawski. 1?, walking trail through Erskine Valley, litter, 2.xii.2000, LHIS. 1!, Lagoon Beach, between rubbish closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, Xylosma tip and airstrip, ex Ochrosia elliptica, beating, 27.xi.2000, maidenii, beating, 25.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. M. Elliott, N. Plunkett-Cole. 1!, Little slope, 50 m, leaf 2??, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Ridge near top, closed litter, Howea forsteriana, 7.i.1979, T. Kingston. 1!, Transit rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, Drypetes deplanchei, Hill summit, Berlesate No 153, Pickard Veg DaCt, sieved beating, 1.xii.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. 1!, Research Station litter, 18.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 3!!, North Bay, scrub, backyard, surrounded by Drypetes/Cryptocarya, closed pyrethrum knockdown, 19.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. rain forest. 1?, 1!, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Ridge Distribution. Previously recorded from Lord Howe Island near top, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, (as Ectopsocus punctatus Thornton and Wong). Also recorded 4–8.xii.2001, C. Reid. 1?, Little Island, below Far Flats, ex from Great Britain, Europe, North America (introduced?), litter, Howea forsteriana, 10.viii.2001. I. Hutton. 1!, Run Egypt, Australia, New Zealand. Common on dead leaves. Creek, Intermediate Hill track crossing, litter, Pandanus forsteri, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, Coprosma putida, 18.v.2002, Ectopsocus insularis Smithers & Thornton I. Hutton. Ectopsocus insularis Smithers & Thornton, 1974a. Rec. Aust. Mus. Distribution. First record for Lord Howe Island. Previously 29(8): 221. recorded from Australia. Material studied. 2??, Mount Lidgbird, east side of valley between Pimple and summit, ex litter, Cryptocarya gregsonii, Hedyscepe canterburyana, 11.iv.2002, I. Hutton. Valenzuela pteridii (Smithers) Distribution. First record for Lord Howe Island. Previously recorded from Norfolk Island. Caecilius pteridii Smithers, 1977. Rec. Aust. Mus. 31: 257. Valenzuela pteridii (Smithers). Mockford, 2000. Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 125(4): 353. Material studied. 1!, Rocky Run Creek, where Intermediate Hill track crosses, litter, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, Pandanus forsteri, Coprosma huttoniana, 18.v.2002, I. Hutton. Distribution. First record for Lord Howe Island. Previously recorded from the Australia and Tasmania (as Caecilius pteridii). 18 Records of the Australian Museum (2007) Vol. 59

PERIPSOCIDAE PSEUDOCAECILIIDAE

Peripsocus milleri (Tillyard) Howeanum huberi Smithers

Peripsocopsis milleri Tillyard, 1923. Trans. N. Z. Inst. 54: 195. Howeanum huberi Smithers, 1995. Gen. Appl. Ent. 26: 5. Peripsocus reductus Badonnel, 1943. Faune de France 42: 98. Peripsocus eucalypti Edwards, 1950. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm Material studied. 1?, western slope of Dawsons Point (1949): 122. Ridge off North Beach Trail, closed rain forest, Drypetes/ Peripsocus milleri (Tillyard). Smithers, 1967. Aust. Zool. 14: 70. Cryptocarya (calcarenite), Drypetes deplanchei, beating, Peripsocus nitens Thornton & Wong, 1968. Pacific Ins. Monogr. 19: 24.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 1!, southern end 129. Synonymy: Smithers, 1994a. Aust. Entomol. 21: 7. Salmon Beach, vic. Little Island, Xylosoma maidenii, Synonymy: New, 1973. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 12: 346. beating, 27.xi.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. 2!!, Mt. Gower summit, mossy forest, pyrethrum knockdown, 9.xi.1979, Material studied. 1!, Mt. Gower, leaf litter, mossy forest, G.B. Monteith. 1!, Big Creek, Mountain Inn, rainforest, 27.ix.1978, T. Kingston. 3!!, Transit Hill (Nicholls), pyrethrum knockdown, 11.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 60 m, leaf litter, 26.x.1979, T. Kingston. 1!, North Bay, scrub, pyrethrum knockdown, 19.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. Note. In the female from the southern end of Salmon Beach 1!, Erskine Valley, rainforest, pyrethrum knockdown, the tibiae are white and stand out in starker contrast to the 24.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. very dark brown of the body and other parts of the legs than in the other specimens. Distribution. First record from Lord Howe Island. Previously recorded from Tasmania, Australia, New Zealand, Auckland Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. Island, Kermadecs, Norfolk Island, Hawaii, Europe, Canary Islands, Madeira, North America. It is also known to occur Mepleres fasciata (Smithers & Thornton) in New Caledonia (unpublished material in the Australian Pseudoscottiella fasciata Smithers & Thornton, 1975. Rec. Aust. Museum). Corticolous. Mus. 29: 459. Meniscopsocus fasciatus (Smithers & Thornton). Li Fasheng, 1993. Peripsocus similis Enderlein Sci. Tech. Publ. House. Guandong Prov. China p. 382. Mepleres fasciata (Smithers & Thornton). Yoshizawa, 2000. Ent. Peripsocus similis Enderlein, 1903. Ann. hist.-nat. Mus. Hung. Sci. 3(4): 674. 1: 290. [Not Peripsocus similis Badonnel, 1955. Pub. cult. Comp. Diam. Material studied. 1?, Little Slope, broad megaphyllous Angola 26: 180]. closed sclerophyll forest, Howea belmoreana, Howea Redescription of female: Thornton, 1959. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. forsteriana, beating, 30.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. (B) 28: 37. 1?, Little Island, coastal track to Erskine Valley, palm leaf litter, 13.xii.2000, G. Cassis. 1?, Stephens Reserve, New Material studied. 1!, Mt Lidgbird, SE corner above Settlement, megaphyllous broad sclerophyll forest, Howea Pimple; ridge above last cliff leading to summit, Metrosideros spp., 15–26.ii.2001, M.S. Moulds. 1?, Mt Lidgbird, SE nervulosa, Macropiper hooglandii, Hedyscepe canterburyana, ridge leading to Pimple, 100 m down track SE of Pimple Coprosma putida, leaf litter, 23.vi.2001, Ian Hutton. summit, Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii, Macropiper hooglandii, Distribution. First record from Lord Howe Island. Previously Metrosideros nervulosa, leaf litter, 23.v.2001, Ian Hutton. recorded from Singapore, Hong Kong, Fiji, Tonga, Hawaii, Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. Krakatau, Moorea, China. Mepleres hollowayi (Smithers & Thornton) Pseudoscottiella hollowayi Smithers & Thornton, 1975. Rec. Aust. Mus. 29: 460. Meniscopsocus hollowayi (Smithers & Thornton). Li Fasheng, 1993. Sci. Tech. Publ. House. Guandong Prov. China p. 382. Mepleres hollowayi (Smithers & Thornton). Yoshizawa, 2000. Ent. Sci. 3(4): 674. Material studied. 1?, Little Slope, broad-leafed herb vegetation, mixed ferns/herbs, Pennisetum clandestinum, beating, 30.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 2??. Mt Gower summit; ridge between creeks 2 (middle) and 1 (most easterly), Hedyscepe canterburyana, Zygogynum howeanum, Cyptocarya gregsonii, leaf litter, 25.vi.2001, Ian Hutton. 1?, west end of Mt Gower summit on south edge, Metrosideros nervulosa, Zygogynum, Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii, Hedyscepe canterburyana, leaf litter, 15.v.2001, Ian Hutton. 2??, Saddle between Kings Beach and Rocky Rd, 20 m below on E side, grass/vine gap in rainforest, 4–8.ii.2001, C. Reid. 1?, Little Island, coastal track to Erskine Valley, palm leaf litter, 13.xii.2000, G. Cassis. 1?, 1!, Transit Hill (Nicholls), 60 m, leaf litter, Cleistocalyx Smithers: Psocoptera of Lord Howe Island 19 fullagarii, Chionanthus quadristamineus, 10.x.1978, T. Kingston. 1?, Rocky Run Creek, where Intermediate Hill track crosses, litter, Metrosideros nervulosa, Pandanus forsteri, 18.v.2002, I Hutton. Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island.

Mauropsocus n.gen. Belonging to the Pseudocaeciliidae: Zelandopsocinae. Females micropterous. Tarsi 3-segmented. Claws with a minute denticle on one claw of each pair. Subgenital plate incipiently bilobed, each lobe with one large posteriorly directed seta near hind margin. Ventral valve and dorsal valve of gonapophyses with large, pointed apophysis. Setae on head, thorax and abdomen (other than genitalia) include many seated in large, raised alveoli and have distal ends truncate, expanded or extended on one side at the apex. No ocelli. Apical antennal segment distally narrow. Abdominal terga each with well sclerotized posterior transverse band and a more lightly sclerotized anterior band. Type species: Mauropsocus monteithi n.sp. Mauropsocus differs significantly from other genera of the subfamily in having many of the setae conspicuously modified. They arise from greatly exaggerated, raised alveoli and many have the apex of unusual form. The apex of some setae is simply truncate, in others it is distally expanded or the apex is modified so that one side of the apex is extended beyond the other (Figs 10–14). The modified setae are also much thicker than normal setae and in many the base is also modified, being narrowed, neck-like, at the attachment to the alveolus (Fig. 13). The male of M. monteithi is not known but on the basis of the female characters alone its nearest relatives appear to be Zelandopsocus, Austropsocus and Howeanum. Howeanum is known from two species, H. costale (Thornton and New) (Australian) and H. huberi Smithers (Lord Howe Island). The former is macropterous in both sexes and the latter is macropterous in the male and micropterous in the female. Figs 9–18. Mauropsocus monteithi n.gen. and n.sp. Female: (9) head, lateral (setae not shown); (10, 11, 12) modified setae; 13( ) large modified seta at wing apex; (14) fore wing; (15) hind wing; (16) epiproct; (17) paraproct; (18) gonapophyses.

Mauropsocus monteithi n.sp. Description Material studied. 1! (holotype), QM T99350, Big Creek, Female. Coloration (in alcohol). Head dark brown, a paler Mountain Inn, rainforest, pyrethrum knockdown, 11.xi.1979, spot in middle of front of head, in position usually occupied G.B. Monteith. Holotype in the Queensland Museum. by ocelli. A darker mark from eye to antenna base, lateral and anterior transverse margin of postclypeus very dark Etymology. Mauros = Gr. dark, referring to the dark colour brown. Median epicranial suture almost black; anterior of the species. This species is named for Dr Monteith in arms absent. Postclypeus with indistinct, irregular, almost recognition of his immense contribution to Australian transverse, slightly converging dark stripes. Labrum pale. entomology. Antennae brown. Eyes black. Maxillary palps brown. Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. Prothorax dorsally dark. Meso- and metanotum each with 20 Records of the Australian Museum (2007) Vol. 59 dark brown transverse band across posterior part of tergum wing (Fig. 15) smaller, simple, without seta. Epiproct (Fig. in which dark spots are arranged in irregular transverse rows, 16) a simple, lightly sclerotized lobe with a transverse ridge the spots being large alveoli from which arise strong setae. bearing a few long, fine setae. Paraproct (Fig. 17) lightly Anterior part of tergum paler. Legs dark brown except for sclerotized, with a few setae. Subgenital plate (damaged distal half of hind tibia and tarsus, which are slightly paler. in preparation) apparently incipiently bilobed behind with Abdominal terga banded in similar way to thoracic terga i.e a large seta on each lobe. Gonapophyses (Fig. 18). Ventral each tergum darker in posterior part in than in anterior part. A and dorsal valves each with well-developed, long, fine, fine, pale, median longitudinal line from front of mesonotum preapical apophysis. to hindmost abdominal tergum. Morphology. Micropterous. Length of body: 1.7 mm. Male. Unknown. Median epicranial suture very distinct, finer anteriorly, anterior arms absent. Head capsule with raised, enlarged Discussion alveoli giving most of head a rough appearance. Vertex narrow but rounded. Front of head flat. Frons poorly Mockford (1984) reassessed and characterized the genera delimited because of lack of anterior arms of epicranial suture then included in the Philotarsidae and some of the genera and posterior part of epistomial suture. Head from side (Fig. in the Pseudocaeciliidae. As a result he made some 9, setae not shown) short, postclypeus hardly protruding. redistribution of the genera between the families and erected Labrum without lateral styli on anterior margin. Five inner the family Bryopsocidae (for Bryopsocus Thornton, Wong sensilla, two trichoid, three placoid. Genae glabrous, without and Smithers) which he considered to be intermediate enlarged alveoli, therefore having a smoother appearance between the other two families. than rest of head capsule. Antennae 13-segmented but Mauropsocus monteithi is clearly a micropterous short; apical segment strongly narrowed distally. Length pseudocaeciliid belonging to the subfamily Zelandopsocinae of flagellar segments: f1: 0.055 mm.; f2: 0.045 mm. Eyes and it is appropriate to compare it with the five genera of the very small, round, of about 20 spaced ommatidia, placed on family which have 3-segmented tarsi, namely, Zelandopsocus side of head slightly nearer to base of antenna than vertex. Tillyard, Austropsocus Smithers, Novopsocus Thornton, No ocelli. Fourth segment of maxillary palp short, width Howeanum Smithers and Trimerocaecilius Meinander, two-thirds of length. Thoracic and abdominal terga each although the last is not considered a member of the with sclerotized transverse band in posterior part giving the Zelandopsocinae and may not even be a true pseudocaeciliid dorsal view of the insect its strongly banded appearance. (Lienhard, 1998). Integument of each segment anterior to the sclerotized band less heavily sclerotized. More heavily sclerotized part of the Pseudocaeciliidae n.gen. and n.sp. terga bears rows of strongly developed, variously modified The collection includes two remarkable nymphs which setae (Figs 10–12) each arising from an enlarged alveolus. cannot readily be associated with any adults so far collected Mesonotum with one posterior row of setae and two single from Lord Howe Island. They certainly represent an setae representing an anterior row. Integument in heavily undescribed genus and species. The most likely family to sclerotized posterior areas bears more or less evenly spaced which they belong is the Pseudocaeciliidae. As adults are not tiny papillae. Abdominal terga as thoracic but surface papillae yet available this placing must be considered tentative. arranged roughly in transverse rows in some areas. Modified setae in two irregular rows, those of the posterior row on each Material studied. 1n, Southern end of Salmon Beach, vic. segment larger than those of anterior row. Measurement of Little Island, Xylosoma maidenii, beating, 27.xi.2000, C. hind leg: F: 0.26 mm.; T: 0.39 mm.; t1: 0.07 mm.; t2: 0.02 Reid, H. Smith. 1n, Stephens Reserve, New Settlement, mm.; t3: 0.04 mm.; rt: 3.5:1:2. No ctenidiobothria. Claws Drypetes deplanchei, beating, 13.xii.2000, R. Harris. with one minute denticle on one claw of each pair. Outer (Originally preserved on points these two specimens have side of femora sparsely setose, setae fine. Fore tibia bearing been removed and are now stored in alcohol). fine, normal setae overall, outer side with a row of a few larger, blunt-ended setae arising from larger raised alveoli. Description Mesotibia as front tibia but the row of setae on the outer side has expanded truncate tips. Metatibia as mesotibia but Nymph. The following brief description is based mainly on larger setae with expanded truncate apices in a row on the the larger specimen. outer side arise from large alveoli. Pulvillus broad. No coxal Coloration. Head pale straw-coloured, with slightly organ. Fore wing (Fig. 14) reduced to a very small lobe with darker, irregular, band adjacent to the inner margin of the a single, very large, modified apical seta (Figs 13, 14). Hind compound eyes; a similar band on either side of the median Smithers: Psocoptera of Lord Howe Island 21 epicranial suture from vertex to position usually occupied PHILOTARSIDAE by the ocellar tubercle. Postclypeus, genae and labrum straw-coloured. Eyes colourless. Antennae coloured as head. Aaroniella howensis Smithers & Thornton Mesonotum mottled, irregularly straw-coloured; metanotum pale with a brownish spot on each side of midline. Legs Aaroniella howensis Smithers & Thornton, 1975. Rec. Aust. Mus. colourless except for black claws. Abdominal tergites 4–6 29: 466. brownish, other tergites pale. Material studied. 1n, eastern slope, Malabar Ridge, above Morphology. Antennal flagellar segments with well- Neds Beach, beating, 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. developed, porect setae, many longer than segment diameter. Head almost circular in frontal view; front of head, including Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. The frons and postclypeus, strongly concave so that the front of only other known specimen is a single female, the first the head appears hollowed out or bowl-shaped. When viewed psocopteran collected on the Island. from the side the head is very short, the anterior and posterior margins almost parallel to one another, the head as a whole Haplophallus tandus Smithers & Thornton thus somewhat discoid. Epistomial suture not obvious. Rim of bowl-shaped frontal depression and anterior margin of Haplophallus tandus Smithers & Thornton, 1975. Rec. Aust. Mus. mesonotum with a row of large, forwardly-directed setae. 29: 468. Eyes situated very low on sides of head, their lower margin almost in contact with antennal socket. Upper margin of eyes Material studied. 1?, 3!!, Lagoon Beach between rubbish well below level of the rounded vertex. Basal segment of tip and airstrip, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, abdomen with a transverse row of setae; long setae present Alyxia ruscifolia, beating, 27.xi.2000, M. Elliott, N. Plunkett- laterally on either side of posterior end of abdomen. Cole. 1!, Lagoon Beach between rubbish tip and airstrip, Note. The very unusual shape of the head suggests that closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Ochrosia elliptica, it is adapted for some biological activity unusual for a beating, 27.xi.2000, M. Elliott, N. Plunkett-Cole. 2!!, North psocopteran. The circular outline of the head and the fact Bay, pyrethrum knockdown, 19.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1!, that it has an unusual arrangement of forwardly-directed Lord Howe Island, 3–8.ii.1977, C.N. Smithers. setae (sensory?) suggests the possibility of phragmosis. Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. This habit is confirmed for only one genus of wood-boring Psocoptera and suspected in another. Further observations on this species are needed to determine the function of the unusual head shape. The larger of the two specimens (that from Salmon Beach) is in its final nymphal instar. This is indicated by two crescentic black marks on the front of the head in the position usually occupied by the ocellar tubercle in adults and the size of the wing buds, which extend to about half the length of the abdomen. The smaller specimen (from Stephens Reserve) is probably in the third instar, judging by the very short wing buds. The wing buds of the larger are brown. The sex of the larger specimen cannot be determined because the hind end of the abdomen is very membranous and pale and there is no obvious indication of genitalic structures. It is likely that the adults are macropterous (at least in one sex) and that the adult wings are coloured or patterned in some way. Full description and naming must await the collection of adults which, because of the unusual morphological features of the head, should be easily recognized as such, assuming that the adult resembles the nymphs in the unusual head shape described above. Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. 22 Records of the Australian Museum (2007) Vol. 59

ELIPSOCIDAE Pandanus, Metrosideros sclerocarpa, beating, 30.xi.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. 1!, Malabar Hill, on path to Kims Pentacladus marmoratus Smithers & Thornton Lookout, narrow sclerophyll closed scrub, Dodonaea/ Cassinia, Cassinia tenuifolia, beating, 24.xi.2000, L. Pentacladus marmoratus Smithers & Thornton, 1975. Rec. Aust. Wilkie, G. Carter. 4!!, small swampy area behind dunes Mus. 29: 462. at southern end of Lagoon Beach, turnoff to Intermediate Material studied. 2??, western slope of Transit Hill, Hill, broad sclerophyll swamp scrub, Aegiceras, Lagunaria broad megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest, Howea patersonia (host H15 in field notes), beating, 8.xii.2000, forsteriana, H. belmoreana, beating, 24.xi.2000, M. G. Cassis. 1!, Lagoon Beach between rubbish tip and Elliott, N. Plunkett-Cole. 1?, on walking track between airstrip, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Alyxia Salmon and Kings Beach, dune vegetation, orthophyll ruscifolia, beating, 27.xi.2000, M. Elliott, N. Plunkett- short grass, (host H27 in field notes), beating, 10.xii.2000, Cole. 1?, southeastern aspect of Transit Hill near summit, G. Cassis. 1!, Research Station backyard, surrounded by closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, Xylosma Drypetes/Cryptocarya, closed rain forest. 2??, Stephens maidenii, beating, 24.xi.2000, M. Elliott, N. Plunkett-Cole. Reserve, New Settlement, megaphyllous broad sclerophyll 1!, southeastern aspect of Transit Hill near summit, closed forest, Howea spp. M.S. Moulds. 1!, Lord Howe Island, rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, Xylosma maidenii, 3–8.ii.1977, C.N. Smithers. beating, 24.xi.2000, M. Elliott, N. Plunkett-Cole. 1?, western slope of Malabar Ridge S of Kims Lookout trail, Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. broad megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest, Howea belmoreana, beating, 24.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. Prionotodrilus parvus (Smithers & Thornton) 2??, junction of Kims Lookout trail and North Beach trail, closed rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Drypetes Spilopsocus parvus Smithers & Thornton, 1975. Rec. Aust. Mus. deplanchei, beating, 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. 1!, 29: 465. eastern slope of Malabar Ridge above Neds Beach, closed Prionotodrilus parvus (Smithers). Schmidt and New, 2004. Invert. rain forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Dodonaea viscosa, Syst. 18: 161. beating, 25.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. 1!, base of Round Face (Mt. Lidgbird), Far Flats, broad megaphyllous closed Material studied. 3??, 1!, c. 50 m S of summit of Mt. sclerophyll forest, Howea belmoreana, leaf litter, 27.xi.2000, Eliza on western face, orthophyll short grass, Poa, Cassinia LHIS. 3!!, Malabar Hill, on path to Kims Lookout, narrow tenuifolia, beating, 1.xii.2000, H. Smith. 1!, point where sclerophyll closed scrub, Dodonaea/Cassinia, Drypetes walking trail first enters Erskine Valley from coast, narrow deplanchei, beating, 24.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, G. Carter. 1?, closed sclerophyll scrub, Melaleuca/Cassinia, Melaleuca eastern aspect of Transit Hill near summit, narrow closed howeana, beating, 28.xi.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. 4!!, c. sclerophyll scrub, Melaleuca/Cassinia, leaf litter, 19.xi.2000, 50 m S of summit of Mt. Eliza on western face, orthophyll LHIS. 1?, Malabar Hill, on path to Kims Lookout, narrow short grass, Poa, Drypetes deplanchei, beating, 1.xii.2000, sclerophyll closed scrub, Dodonaea/Cassinia, leaf litter, H. Smith. 2!!, eastern slope of Dawsons Point Ridge near 24.xi.2000, LHIS. 1?, 1!, near airport terminal, 15.ii.2001, top, closed rain forest, Cleistocalyx/Chionanthus, Drypetes M.S. Moulds. 1?, Get Up Place, trail to Mt. Gower, broad deplanchei, beating, 1.xii.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. 2??, closed sclerophyll scrub, Dracophyllum/Metrosideros, 4!!, c. 50 m S of summit of Mt. Eliza on western face, Pimelea congesta, beating, 28.xi.2000, C. Reid, H. Smith. 1?, orthophyll short grass, Poa, Drypetes deplanchei, beating, Goat House walking track, c. 550 m from junction with Erskine 1.xii.2000, H. Smith. 1!, southern face of Mt. Lidgbird, Valley track, Intermediate Hill, Howea forsteriana, leaf litter, at base of summit tabletop, closed rain forest, Drypetes/ 23.i.2001, J. Tarnawski and M. Shea. 1!, Stephens Reserve, Cryptocarya (calcarenite), Dysoxylum pachyphyllum, New Settlement, megaphyllous broad sclerophyll forest, beating, 26.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 1?, Malabar Howea spp., Drypetes deplanchei, beating, 13.xii.2000, R. Hill, on path to Kims Lookout, narrow sclerophyll closed Harris. 1 spec. c. 50 m S of summit of Mt. Eliza on western scrub, Dodonaea/Cassinia, Cassinia tenuifolia, beating, face, orthophyll short grass, Poa, Cassinia tenuifolia, beating, 24.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, G. Carter. 1!, western slope of 1.xii.2000, H. Smith. 1?, 1!, Erskine Valley, rainforest, Malabar Ridge S of Kims Lookout trail, broad megaphyllous pyrethrum knockdown, 24.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 7??, closed sclerophyll forest, Howea belmoreana, beating, 12!!, North Bay, pyrethrum knockdown, 19.xi.1979, G.B. 24.xi.2000, L. Wilkie, H. Smith. 1?, 1!, eastern slope Monteith. 1!, Intermediate Hill, 180–250 m, rainforest, of Dawsons Point Ridge above old settlement, closed rain 6.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1?, 1!, Malabar Hill, pyrethrum forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya (exposed), Alyxia ruscifolia, knockdown, 25.xi.1979, G.B. Monteith. 1!, Creek gully beating, 24.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 2??, 2!!, crossing Transit Hill walking track, litter, Cryptocarya eastern slope of Phillip Point (North Head), closed rain triplinervis, Cleistocalyx fullagarii, 9.viii.2001, I. Hutton. forest, Drypetes/Cryptocarya, Drypetes deplanchei, beating, 1!, Stephens Reserve, New Settlement, litter under hoop 24.xi.2000, P. Flemons, J. Tarnawski. 1!, north bank of pine, Araucaria cunninghamii, 30.ix.2001, I. Hutton. Rocky Run Creek where coastal trail to Boat Harbour intersects, broad megaphyllous closed sclerophyll forest, Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. Smithers: Psocoptera of Lord Howe Island 23

MYOPSOCIDAE pale except for light brown fourth segment. Mesothoracic antedorsum brown with pale median line; dorsal lobes pale Nimbopsocus huttoni n.sp. with brown, ovoid area occupying middle part of lobe, median line very dark brown. Mesepisternum mostly dark Material studied. ! holotype (K232524), 4!! (not brown, mesepimeron dark in dorsal part, pale in ventral part. designated paratypes as they are in poor condition), 8 Mesothoracic pleuron mostly pale except for darker area nymphs, on rocks, northern Little Slope, 30.xi.2000, I. above coxa. Prothoracic legs with pale coxa, femur dark Hutton. dorsally, irregularly marked laterally; tibia pale, basally Etymology. This species is named for Dr Ian Hutton in and distally brown. Basal tarsal segment pale; second and recognition of his contribution to knowledge of the natural third segments brown; claws very dark brown. Meso- and history of Lord Howe Island. metathoracic legs similar to prothoracic legs but coxae laterally dark in basal half. Fore wing (Fig. 19) membrane Description mostly finely speckled with brown spots; main veins in basal half of wing, other than Cu2, with alternating lengths of dark Female. Coloration (in alcohol). Head pale brown with and pale sections. Pattern on membrane is of denser spotting pattern of well defined, irregularly-shaped, dark, brown near marginal parts of cells R5, M1, M2, and M3. Hind wing spots. Median epicranial suture pale, flanked on vertex by membrane very faintly tinged with brown. Small spots at end two rows of spots on each side. Four or five curved rows of veins R1, R2+3; some sections of wing margin between of spots on each epicranial plate, running almost parallel end of R2+3 and M slightly darker than rest of margin. with inner margin of compound eye. Position of anterior Abdomen ventrally pale, dorsally with strongly developed arms of epicranial suture indicated by brown line (anterior pattern of irregular, segmentally arranged, very dark brown arms themselves evanescent). Small brown spot below spots of various sizes. lower margin of eye behind which is a much larger spot Morphology. Length of body not measured as all which extends to occupy much of the gena near antenna specimens have shrunken abdomens. Median epicranial base. Frons with a dark brown circle. Postclypeus with suture distinct; anterior arms evanescent. Labrum with 8 seven anteriorly converging brown stripes on each side of external proximal sensilla and 7 marginal sensilla. Marginal midline. Anteclypeus and labrum pale except for two small sensilla consist of 4 trichoid and 3 placoid sensilla. Eyes but obvious dark spots on anterior margin of latter. Scape, small, not reaching level of vertex when seen from side. IO/ pedicel and first flagellar segment of antenna pale (antennae D: 2.46; PO: 0.61. Ocelli small, anterior ocellus not obvious. incomplete on all specimens). Eyes black. Ocelli black, Apex of lacinia with smaller inner tooth and bigger, broad integument between posterior ocelli pale. Maxillary palps outer tooth, apex of which is equipped with several small

Figs 19–24. Nimbopsocus huttoni n.sp. Female: (19) fore wing; (20) epiproct; (21) gonapophyses; (22) subgenital plate; (23) paraproct; (24) entrance to spermatheca. 24 Records of the Australian Museum (2007) Vol. 59 terminal rounded protuberances. Measurements of hind leg: Nimbopsocus australis (Brauer) F: 1.17 mm.; T: 1.87 mm.; t1: 0.62 mm.; t2: 0.08 mm.; t3: 0.1 mm.; rt: 7.75:1:1.25; ct. 22, 1, 1. Fore wing length: 5.0 mm.; Psocus australis Brauer, 1865. Ver. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 15: 908. fore wing width: 1.7 mm. Fore wing (Fig. 19) with Sc present Psocus griseipennis McLachlan, 1866. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (3rd Series) 5: 348. as small, inconspicuous vestige, ending in costal cell. Rs and Myopsocus griseipennis (McLachlan). McLachlan, 1866. Trans. M meet in a point or are fused for a short length. Hind wing ent. Soc. Lond. (3rd Series) 5: 352. with Rs distal to separation from M strongly curved towards Myopsocus australis (Brauer). Kolbe, 1883a. Ent. Nachr. 9: 145. hind margin of wing then curving forward to division into Myopsocus novaezealandiae Kolbe, 1883a. Ent. Nachr. 9:: 145. R2+3 and R4+5; R2+3 reaches wing margin at wing apex. Psocus zealandicus Hudson, 1892. Manual of N.Z. Entomology. Rs and M fused for a length. M very strongly sinuous. End of London. p. 107. Cu1 strongly recurved near wing margin. Epiproct (Fig. 20) Phlotodes griseipennis (McLachlan). Enderlein, 1910. Sitzb. Ges. with transverse band of irregularly spaced setae running more naturf. Fr. Berlin 1910 (2): 67. or less parallel to curved hind margin and a group of sorter, [Not Myopsocus australis (Brauer). Tillyard, 1923. Trans. N. Z. finer setae near middle of hind margin. Paraproct (Fig. 23). Inst. 54: 187]. [Not Myopsocus australis (Brauer). Hickman, 1934. Pap. Proc. R. Subgenital plate (Fig. 22, drawn from non-type specimen) Soc. Tasm. 1933: 85]. with short median posterior lobe bearing 3 terminal setae. [Not Myopsocus griseipennis (McLachlan). Edwards, 1950. Pap. Posterior part of plate glabrous, anteriorly plate with fine, Proc. R. Soc. Tasm (1949): 122.: 104]. scattered setae. Gonapophyses (Fig. 21) with ventral valve Phlotodes australis (Brauer). Smithers & Thornton, 1974b. Trans. short, tapering distally to very fine point. Dorsal valve long, R. ent. Soc. Lond. 126: 125. tapering, curved near distal end. Ninth sternite with simple Phlotodes novaezealandiae (Kolbe). Smithers & Thornton, 1974b: sclerite at entrance to spermatheca (Fig. 24). 125. Nimbopsocus australis (Brauer). Smithers, 2004. Thorntoniana, Male. Unknown. Pub. Espec. UNAM. 20: 159. Nymphs. Large nymphs are easily recognisable by their Material studied. 1!, Stevens Reserve, nr. Signal Point, head pattern, which is similar to that of adults, the large, yellow pan trap, 8–12.xii.1988, D.C.F. Rentz. Specimen in characteristic dark spot on the gena below the eye being Australian National Insect Collection. obvious also in the nymphs. Knobbed glandular setae are present on abdomen and head. Distribution. First record for Lord Howe Island. Previously known from Australia, Tasmania, Norfolk Island, New Distribution. Known only from Lord Howe Island. Zealand, Solomon Islands, Kermadecs, ?India. The presence of this species in India requires confirmation. Found mainly Discussion on bark, cut timber and paling fences carrying algal and fungal growth. Despite the lack of information on the male of N. huttoni it is placed in the genus Nimbopsocus by virtue of the close similarity of the female genitalia to those of the other species of the genus, especially the form of the sclerifications of the 9th abdominal sternite at the entrance to the spermatheca. The overall mottled wing pattern of N. huttoni is made up of much more evenly sized and spaced dark patches than any of the other species in the genus. The black genal patch is large and conspicuous in this species. It has a wing length similar to that of N. australis and N. thorntoni (female wing length: 5.0 mm) which both have longer wings than the smallest species of the genus, N. hickmani (female wing length: 3.4–3.6 mm). Smithers: Psocoptera of Lord Howe Island 25

Acknowledgments. I would like to thank Professor E.L. Hickman, V.V., 1934. A contribution to the study of Tasmanian Mockford for helpful discussion of the spermathecal structures of Copeognatha. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Lepolepis species and on the family placing of Trogium nigrum, Tasmania 1933: 77–89, 6 figs. those responsible for collecting and sorting the many specimens, Hudson, G.V., 1892. An elementary Manual of New Zealand En- Elizabeth Jefferys for pointing out discrepancies in botanical tomology. London. 122 pp., frontis., 20 pls (Psoc.: p. 107, pl. nomenclature, Lance Wilkie for providing electronically handled XVI, figs 2, 2a). collection data and Gerry Cassis for making the Lord Howe Island Jacobson, G.G., & W.L. Bianchi, 1904. Die Orthopteren und Pseu- collections available for study. doneuropteren des Russischen Reiches und der angrenzenden Länder. Petersburg. (Psoc.: pp. 482–496, 48 figs). References Kolbe, H.J., 1880. 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Obr, S., 1948. A la connaissance des Psocoptères de Moravie Smithers, C.N., & E.L. Mockford, 2004. A new genus of Psoquil- (Tchècoslovaquie). Spisy vydavane Prirodovedeckou Fakultou lidae (Psocoptera) for Trogium nigrum Smithers. Entomologists Masarykovy University M2 306: 108 pp., 196 figs. (Publications monthly Magazine 140: 313–315, 3 figs. de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université Masaryk). Smithers, C.N., J.V. Peters & I.W.B. Thornton, 2000. The Pso- Pickard, J., 1983. Vegetation of Lord Howe Island. Cunninghamia coptera (Insects) of Norfolk and Phillip Islands: Occurrence, 1: 133–266. Status and Zoogeography. Proceedings of the Linnean Society Ribaga, C., 1899. Descrizione di un nuovo genere e di una nuova of 121: 101–111. (An errata sheet correcting specie di Psocidi trovato in Italia. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale important printer’s errors made after proof-reading, appeared 8: 156–159, pl. 7. in Proceedings of the Linnean Society New South Wales 122: Roesler, R., 1943. Über einige Copeognathengenera. Stettiner page not numbered [2000]). Entomologische Zeitung 104: 1–14, 13 figs. Smithers, C.N., & I.W.B. Thornton, 1974a. The Psocoptera (Insecta) Schmidt, E.R., & T.R. New, 2004. A systematic and phylogenetic of Norfolk Island. Records of the Australian Museum 29(8): revision of the family Elipsocidae (Insecta: Psocoptera), with the 209–234, figs 1–67. erection of two new families: Lesniidae and Sabulopsocidae. In- Smithers, C.N., & I.W.B. Thornton, 1974b. The Myopsocidae vertebratae Systematics 18: 157–213, 113 figs, 2 Appendices. (Psocoptera) of and New Caledonia. Transactions Schmidt, E.R., & C.N. Smithers, 2004. The genus Howeanum of the Royal entomological Society of London 126(1): 91–127, Smithers (Psocoptera: Elipsocidae) transferred to the Fam- 95 figs. ily Pseudocaeciliidae. General and applied Entomology 33: Smithers, C.N., & I.W.B. Thornton, 1975. The Psocoptera (Insecta) 13–14. of Lord Howe Island. 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