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Ochrosia Borbonica J.F. Gmel

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Ochrosia Borbonica J.F. Gmel Ochrosia borbonica J.F. Gmel. © cbnm - M. Paternoster PLAN DIRECTEUR DE CONSERVATION Outils d’aide à la conservation des espèces végétales menacées d’extinction 2003 Dernière mise à jour : 8 novembre 2007 Ochrosia borbonica J.F. Gmel PLAN DIRECTEUR DE CONSERVATION Outils d’aide à la conservation des espèces végétales menacées d’extinction RÉDACTEURS F. PICOT, C. FONTAINE & C. LAVERGNE Coordinateur C. LAVERGNE Prospecteur J. FÉRARD, H. THOMAS Récolteur C. FONTAINE Multiplication ex situ B. ELLAMA, H. FOSSY Responsable conservation de la flore et des habitats S. BARET, F. PICOT Directeur scientifique V. BOULLET Remerciements pour leur collaboration : Patrick ADOLPHE, Max FÉLICITÉ, Fabrice LANGLADE, Jean-Noël RIVIÈRE (CIRAD-Forêts), Gislain VIEILLEDENT (stagiaire au CBNM), et l'ensemble des personnes ayant contribuées à cette étude. Citation : PICOT F., FONTAINE C. & LAVERGNE C. 2003. – Ochrosia borbonica G.F. Gmel. – Plan directeur de conservation : outils d’aide à la conservation des espèces végétales menacées d’extinction. Version 2003 (mise à jour du 8 novembre 2007). Conservatoire Botanique National de Mascarin, Saint-Leu (Réunion), 66 p. Photographie de couverture : fruits d’Ochrosia borbonica J.F. Gmel. © CBNM – M. PATERNOSTER. Conservatoire Botanique National de Mascarin, 2 rue du Père Georges – F-97436 Saint-Leu Tél./Fax.: 0262 249227/248563 – email : [email protected] . La reproduction à des fins commerciales et notamment en vue de la vente est interdite. 2 I - SYNTHÈSE DES CONNAISSANCES ET DE L’ÉTAT DE CONSERVATION 1.1 - IDENTITÉ Nomenclature Ochrosia borbonica J.F. Gmel. Publication originale : Syst. Nat. 2 : 439. (1791). Type : La Réunion, juillet 1771, Commerson s.n. (P, holotype ; BM, FI, G, MPU, P, isotype). Iconographie de référence : Flore des Mascareignes , 121 : 18, t. 4. Synonymes(s) usuel(s) : Ochrosia maculata Jacq. Autre(s) synonyme(s) : Cerbera maculata (Jacq.) Willd., Cerbera undulata Andr., Rauvolfia striata Poir., Ophioxylon ochrosia Pers., Tabernaemontana obtusa Sm., Cerbera borbonica (J.F. Gmel.) Spreng., Chassalia clusiifolia DC., Ochrosia undulata (Andr.) Bojer, Tanghinia maculata (Jacq.) G. Don, Lactaria maculata (Jacq.) Kuntze. Remarques nomenclaturales – Ochrosia borbonica auct. non J.F. Gmel., est un pseudonyme utilisé par erreur. Nom français : Ochrosie de Bourbon. Nom(s) vernaculaire(s) : Bois jaune (Réunion et Maurice), Quinquina du pays (Maurice), Bois Chauve-souris (Seychelles). Remarque terminologie – Le bois de l'arbre est d'une teinte jaunâtre, d'où son nom populaire de Bois jaune. Le Quinquina du pays à la Réunion désigne une autre espèce : Mussaenda landia Poir. var. landia , appelée plus communément Lingue en arbre. Étymologie Genre : [nom bot. fém. (1789), grec latinisé] grec ṓchros , -ou m. [ ochros-] = pâleur // ers, vesce noire [ grec ōchrós , -á, -ón = pâle, blanchâtre, d'un jaune pâle] ; suff. -ia = suffixe de latinisation pour noms grecs et noms propres se terminant par une consonne. Espèce : [adj. géogr. dérivé, néolatin] néolat. Borbonicus , -a, -um [ borbonic-] = de l'île Bourbon , de la Réunion , de Bourbon [néolat. Insula Borbonia f. [borbon-] = île Bourbon, île de la Réunion ; suff. -icus , -a, -um [ -ic-] = suffixe adjectival pour noms latins signifiant "appartenant à, de"]. Remarques – L'arbre, endémique des Mascareignes, a été collecté pour la première fois à la Réunion d'où provient le type de l'espèce. Famille Nom de la famille : Apocynaceae (Apocynacées). Famille optionnelle : aucune. Remarques – Les espèces africaines du genre Ochrosia ont été révisées par LEEUWENBERG en 1987. 3 Position taxonomique Le genre Ochrosia Juss. compte une trentaine d’espèces allant des archipels des Mascareignes et des Seychelles jusqu’au Pacifique (LEEUWENBERG & RUDJIMAN 2005). Ochrosia borbonica J.F. Gmel. est la seule espèce endémique des îles Mascareignes. Historique : le genre Ochrosia a été créé en 1789 par Antoine Laurent de Jussieu ( Generum Plantarum 144). O. borbonica est décrite en 1791 par le botaniste allemand Johann Friedrich Gmelin (1748-1804) à partir d’un échantillon récolté par Philibert Commerson en juillet 1771 à la Réunion. Remarques – Dans la flore de Chine (LI et al . 12995), Ochrosia borbonica est une erreur de détermination. Pour en savoir plus LEEUWENBERG & RUDJIMAN (2005). Description 5 mm © CBNM Figure 1. Inflorescence de Bois jaune montrant des boutons floraux et trois corolles ouvertes. Arbre à latex blanc de 3-15 m de hauteur à cime en parasol, glabre sauf les pétales finement ciliés . Tronc de 7-40 cm de diamètre ; écorce gris foncé, fissurée horizontalement et longitudinalement. Feuilles : verticillées par 3 ou parfois 4 ; nombreuses nervures secondaires subparallèles facilitant l’identification de l’espèce ; pétioles 0,5-3,5 cm, ondulées sur les bords. Inflorescences : cymes terminales et pluriflores, longuement pédonculées (2-12 cm). 4 Fleurs : odorantes courtement pédicellées ou sessiles ; corolle blanche, avec une gorge rose à grenat constituée de 5 pétales soudés à la base formant un tube d’environ 1 cm ; lobes oblongs se recouvrant à droite. Fruit : drupes composées de 2 méricarpes ellipsoïdes caractéristiques, latéralement comprimés. Remarques – Aucunes. Références descriptions : Leeuwenberg & Rudjiman, 121. Apocynacées in Bosser & Guého (eds), Flore des Mascareignes : La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues : 17-19 et pl. 4 (2005). Confusions – Aucune confusion possible à la Réunion. Pour en savoir plus LAVERGNE (1990) ; DUPONT et al . (1998). Variabilité CORDEMOY (1895) décrit une « forme à feuilles plus étroites, aiguës et non obtuses au sommet, quelques fois tachée de jaune pâle . » RIVALS (1952) avait remarqué que l’espèce a des graines plus allongées dans les Hauts de la Rivière des Pluies. Les populations mauriciennes semblent être différentes avec des individus morphologiquement plus petits (arbuste bas) et des fleurs plus grosses (C. LAVERGNE, obs. pers. mars 2006). Des observations plus précises sont nécessaires pour caractériser cette variabilité inter-îles. BILAN IDENTITÉ État des connaissances + ± - Commentaire Taxonomie r Nomenclature r Diagnose descriptive r Variabilité r Variabilité inter-îles Identification r Remarques – Aucunes. Problématiques identifiées Il existe des variations morphologiques entre les populations de Maurice et de la Réunion. Thématiques proposées hiérarchisées 1 – Étudier la variabilité de l’espèce inter-îles. 5 1.2 - RÉPARTITION, USAGES ET STATUTS SITUATION MONDIALE Répartition mondiale Commentaire – Espèce endémique de la Réunion et de Maurice, où elle est considérée comme rare. Ochrosia borbonica J.F. Gmel. a été signalé 20° par erreur dans le sud du Guangdong en Chine, mais également en Indonésie, Malaisie, Singapour, Sri Lanka et au Viêt-Nam (LI et al . 1995). Ces mentions concernent en fait l’espèce O. oppositifolia (Lam) K. Schum., indigène aux Seychelles. OCÉAN INDIEN Figure 2. Répartition mondiale d’ Ochrosia borbonica : espèce présente à la Réunion et à Maurice ( ). R A C S 20° A MAURICE Pour en savoir plus LEEUWENBERG G A RODRIGUES A.J.M. & RUDJIMAN (2005). D RÉUNION A M Usage général : médicinal (tonique et fébrifuge) et bois d’œuvre. Pour en savoir plus BRUNETON (1987) ; CADET (1984) ; DUPONT et al. (1989) ; LAVERGNE (1990) ; GURIB-FAKIM et al . (1995-97). Statut général mondial (indigénat/introduction) : indigène à la Réunion et à Maurice. Rareté mondiale : l’espèce est confrontée à un risque élevé d’extinction à l’état sauvage. Á la Réunion, l’espèce est devenue très rare (MASCARINE 1998- ). Á Maurice, l’espèce est exceptionnelle et n’est connue à priori que par 4 individus (MWF 2006), dont un individu a été observé récemment dans le Control Monitoring Area de Florin (C. LAVERGNE, obs. pers. mars 2006). Raréfaction mondiale : régression vraisemblablement importante, mais non quantifiable à la Réunion. En effet, aucune donnée précise n’est disponible sur la raréfaction de l’espèce dans son aire de distribution, excepté quelques indications sur ses usages en bois d’ébénisterie et médicaux anciens laissant supposer qu’elle était plus abondante dans les deux îles. Menace mondiale Liste Rouge UICN (IUCN 2006) – Taxon non coté. 6 Proposition de cotation (CBNM) : EN (En danger d’extinction). Référence et méthode de cotation – La méthode de cotation est celle de l’UICN (2001). Le critère « A2cd » de la catégorie EN [Réduction de la taille de la population ≥ 50 % estimée ou supposée, depuis trois générations ; les causes de la réduction ne sont pas réversibles, n’ont pas cessé ou sont mal comprises, en se basant sur la réduction de la zone d’occupation, de la zone d’occurrence et/ou de la qualité de l’habitat, ainsi que sur les niveaux d’exploitation réels ou potentiels] s’applique au moins à Ochrosia borbonica . STRAHM (1998) a également proposé la cotation CR (En danger critique d’extinction), considérant que l’effectif total des populations est inférieur à 50 individus à Maurice. Remarques – Ochrosia borbonica figure dans la version 2.3 de la Liste Rouge de l’UICN (IUCN 1994) avec les cotations suivantes : EN A1c+2ce. Il figure également sur la Liste Rouge de l’UICN avec les cotations suivantes (WALTER & GILLETT 1998) : − Réunion : V (Vulnérable) ; − Maurice : E (En danger). Nature : espèce autrefois très appréciée en ébénisterie, les forêts ont été écrémées de la majorité des grands sujets. Sa raréfaction est également due à l’utilisation populaire encore actuelle de l’écorce et du bois comme fébrifuge, mais aussi à la destruction des habitats naturels (défrichement, urbanisation, agriculture, etc.)
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